In low-voltage networks, phase-unbalanced loads are caused by the presence of single-phase consumers. Furthermore, due to the presence of railway traction substations powered by two phases in the power supply system, there is a problem of electromagnetic compatibility between the traction power supply system and the rest of the electrical power system. An unbalanced mode of operation results in additional energy losses, deterioration in power supply quality, reduced system efficiency and stability, and decreased service life of devices. For most low-voltage networks, the zero-sequence voltage asymmetry coefficient typically exceeds the requirements of power quality standards. To optimize the network operating mode with asymmetric loads, this paper proposes to apply load balancing by phases. The objective of this study is a comparative analysis of algorithms for balancing loads across phases in low-voltage networks to select the most effective one according to the criterion of minimum total costs while observing the specified restrictions on the asymmetry coefficient and voltage levels in the nodes. Materials and methods. An optimization method based on a heuristic algorithm – the particle swarm algorithm – was applied. Power flows and voltage values ​​at the nodes were calculated on a per-phase basis, taking into account active power and voltage losses. The particle swarm algorithm was implemented in the Python programming language. Results. To balance loads, two objective functions have been considered. The first function included the total network operating costs, voltage deviation at the nodes, and the zero-sequence voltage asymmetry coefficient. The second function comprised the total network operating costs and voltage deviation at the nodes. A study of two optimization algorithms has been conducted: based on sensitivity coefficients and the particle swarm algorithm; as well as solely on the particle swarm algorithm. The first algorithm comprised two stages: identifying potential nodes for balancing with the help of sensitivity coefficients, and then determining device power using the particle swarm algorithm. The second algorithm determined the device installation nodes and their power applying the particle swarm algorithm. The results obtained from the two optimization algorithms and two different objective functions have been analyzed. The values ​​of the asymmetry coefficients of zero-sequence voltage and voltages in network nodes in pre-optimization and post-optimization modes have been investigated. According to the obtained results, the lowest total costs will be achieved with two-stage optimization (with the help of sensitivity coefficients and the particle swarm algorithm). This optimization requires an objective function that includes the total cost index and the voltage deviation index at the nodes. Conclusions. When optimizing a network for load balancing, the algorithm applying sensitivity coefficients in combination with the particle swarm algorithm proves to be effective. The objective function should include total network operating costs and voltage deviations. This optimization ensures reduction of active power losses by 12.8% of the pre-optimization losses and decrease of total network operating costs.

Objective: To examine the biomechanical effects of load carriage on gait patterns, joint kinematics, and muscle activity during walking in older adults. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted across five databases (CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, PubMed, and Web of Science) through June 2025. Eight studies met the inclusion criteria. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the ROBINS-I Version 2 tool. Results: Asymmetrical load carriage during walking increases step frequency and step width, shortens step length and the gait cycle, induces lateral trunk tilt, and leads to asymmetric muscle activation between body sides. With increasing load, adverse effects on trunk posture and muscle activation become more pronounced, including a significant increase in contralateral hip joint torque. Symmetrical load carriage up to 5% of body weight has no significant effect on gait and may improve static postural stability in older adults. Conclusion: Both asymmetrical and heavier load carriage impose greater biomechanical demands on gait in older adults. Older adults are advised to carry loads symmetrically and keep the weight below 5% of body mass to maintain gait stability and reduce fall risk.

Method for calculating fatigue test loads of large-scale wind turbine blades considering pre-bending and geometric nonlinearity

Multi-cylinder synchronous control is critical for heavy machinery lifting operations, yet struggles to maintain precision under dynamic and asymmetric loads. Traditional strategies neglect the dynamic coupling between structural strain energy and hydraulic actuation, leading to energy accumulation and synchronization errors. This paper proposes a coordinated coupling control strategy based on dynamic strain energy balance. By decoupling lifting processes from synchronization control and integrating real-time strain energy feedback, the method dynamically compensates for deformation-induced deviations. A multi-physics co-simulation platform (MATLAB/AMESim-Adams) validates the approach, demonstrating significant improvements in synchronization accuracy and stability over conventional methods. Experimental results show the strategy reduces maximum synchronization errors by nearly half under variable loads while suppressing structural fatigue risks. This work advances high-precision multi-cylinder system design, with broader applications in heavy equipment requiring robust cooperative control.

Background: Cross-legged sitting posture (CLSP) is common in daily life but may cause asymmetrical loading of the pelvis and spine, potentially leading to postural imbalance and musculoskeletal problems. Although short-term effects of CLSP have been reported, the longterm biomechanical consequences of habitual CLSP remain unclear. Objects: This study compared lumbopelvic alignment and rotational asymmetry between individuals with and without habitual CLSP. Methods: Thirty healthy adults were classified into CLSP (n = 15) and non-CLSP (NCLSP; n = 15) groups based on self-reported sitting habits. Transverse plane pelvic rotation angle (TrPRA) in the supine position and during active straight leg raise (ASLR) was measured using a Smart KEMA motion sensor system, and side-lying lumbopelvic rotation range of motion (SLRR) was assessed with a custom device. Asymmetry index (AI) was calculated for left–right differences. Group comparisons were analyzed using independent t-tests (p < 0.05). Results: Intra-rater reliability of SLRR was very high (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.958–0.986). No significant group differences were found in TrPRA in the supine position (p > 0.05) or AI of TrPRA during ASLR (p > 0.05). However, the CLSP group demonstrated significantly greater AI in SLRR than the NCLSP group (13.21% ± 6.64% vs. 7.06% ± 4.90%, p = 0.008, Cohen’s d = 1.05). In 10 of the 15 CLSP subjects, the direction of lumbopelvic rotation corresponded to the preferred leg-crossing side. Conclusion: Habitual unilateral CLSP is associated with significantly greater lumbopelvic rotational asymmetry during active side-lying movement, which may contribute to functional imbalance and increased injury risk. Preventive and corrective strategies should include limiting prolonged CLSP, adopting ergonomic seating, and implementing bilateral mobility, rotational control, and core stability exercises. Postural retraining with visual feedback and task-specific practice may further promote symmetrical sitting habits in clinical and occupational environments.

The main provisions and equations of the modified theory of inelasticity, which belongs to the class of theories of flow during combined hardening, are considered. The modified theory of inelasticity is the simplest version of the theory of inelasticity, which is integrated into a finite element complex for calculations of the exhausted and residual life of structural materials under conditions of repetition and duration of the thermomechanical loads. The strain tensor is represented as the sum of elastic and inelastic strain tensors, i.e. there is no conventional division of irreversible (inelastic) deformation into plasticity and creep deformation. Elastic deformation follows Hooke's law which is generalized to non-isothermal loading. In the space of stress tensor components, a loading surface is introduced, which expands or contracts isotropically and shifts during loading. For the radius of the loading surface (isotropic hardening), an evolutionary equation is formulated, generalized to non-isothermal loading and recovery of mechanical properties during annealing. The displacement of the loading surface (anisotropic hardening) is described on the basis of an evolutionary equation with a three-term structure, generalized to non-isothermal loading and microstress relief (displacement) during annealing. To separate the monotonic and cyclic deformation in the space of the inelastic deformation tensor, a memory surface is introduced that limits the region of cyclic deformation. To describe placing and ratcheting of an inelastic deformation loop under asymmetrical cyclic loading, a modification of the theory of inelasticity is introduced. The modification of the theory of inelasticity comes down to the fact that when formulating the evolutionary equation for microstresses, the constitutive (material) parameter of the equation for microstresses of the first type is taken to depend on the accumulated inelastic deformation based on different relations for both cyclic and monotonic deformation. To determine the inelastic deformation rate tensor, the associated (gradient) flow law is used. Conditions for elastic and inelastic states are formulated. To describe nonlinear processes of damage accumulation, a kinetic equation of damage accumulation is introduced, based on the work of microstresses of the second type on the field of inelastic deformations. The kinetic equation is generalized to non-isothermal loading and embrittlement and healing processes. The material parameters and functions that close the theory are identified; the basic experiment and the method for their determination are formulated. The material parameters and functions of the bronze alloy BrKh08-Sh at temperatures of 20, 400, 500, 600 °C are given. The theory is verified under cyclic isothermal deformation and fracture (low-cycle strength) under high temperature conditions. Creep and long-term strength under isothermal and non-isothermal loads are also considered. The calculation results are compared with the experimental results.

Background: This scoping review systematically maps and synthesises contemporary literature on the biomechanics of active below-knee prosthetic devices, focusing on gait kinematics, kinetics, energy expenditure, and muscle activation. It further evaluates design advancements, including powered ankle–foot prostheses and variable impedance systems, that seek to emulate physiological ankle function and enhance mobility outcomes for transtibial amputees. Methods: This review followed the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was conducted on ScienceDirect, PubMed and IEEE Xplore for studies published between 2013 and 2023. Search terms were structured according to the Population, Intervention, Comparator, and Outcome (PICO) framework. From 971 identified articles, 27 peer-reviewed studies were found to meet the inclusion criteria between January 2013 and December 2023. Data were extracted on biomechanical parameters, prosthetic design characteristics, and participant demographics to identify prevailing trends and research gaps. This scoping review was registered with Research Registry under the following registration number: reviewregistry 2055. Results: The reviewed studies demonstrate that active below-knee prosthetic systems substantially improve gait symmetry and ankle joint range of motion compared with passive devices. However, compensatory trunk and pelvic movements persist, indicating that full restoration of natural gait mechanics remains incomplete. Metabolic efficiency varied considerably across studies, influenced by device design, control strategies, and user adaptation. Notably, the literature exhibits a pronounced gender imbalance, with only 10.7% female participants, and a reliance on controlled laboratory conditions, limiting ecological validity. Conclusions: Active prosthetic technologies represent a significant advancement in lower-limb rehabilitation. Nevertheless, complete biomechanical normalisation has yet to be achieved. Future research should focus on long-term, real-world evaluations using larger, more diverse cohorts and adaptive technologies such as variable impedance actuators and multi-level control systems to reduce asymmetrical loading and optimise gait efficiency.

Abstract Introduction While the inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) is traditionally described as comprising three components-the cylinders, reservoir, and pump-a critical fourth element, the kink resistant tubing (KRT), is often overlooked. Mechanical failure remains a leading cause of IPP revision, yet data on long-term failure mechanisms and locations are limited. Objective This study aims to characterize trends in mechanical failure of the Coloplast Titan Touch, focusing on timing, failure site, and implications for surgical technique and device design. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of all IPP revisions performed by a single surgeon at one center from January 2013 to December 2023. Only Coloplast Titan Touch devices were included. All procedures were done via a penoscrotal approach using a no-touch technique. A total of 164 revisions were identified; 128 were due to mechanical failure and included in the analysis. Failure sites (cylinders, pump, reservoir) were determined from operative reports and for the KRT categorized by breakdown location at the level of the pump, reservoir, or cylinder. Results Out of 1901 Coloplast Titan Touch implants, 128 (6.7%) required removal and replacement due to mechanical breakdown. The mean and median time to failure were 58.0 and 55.2 months (range: 11.8–116.3). Of the 128 cases, 123 (96%) were attributed to KRT failure. Other causes included two cylinder-aneurysms and three frozen pump valves. Among the 123 KRT failures: 91.8% (113/123) occurred at the KRT–strain relief boot (SRB) junction at the pump, 4.1% (5/123) at the KRT-SRB junction at the cylinder, 2.4% (3/123) at the KRT connector, 1.6% (2/123) at the KRT–reservoir junction. Notably, 20% of KRT-SRB fractures showed sidewall erosion at tubing overlap sites, exposing the internal PDS filament. Conclusions Most mechanical failures stemmed from KRT breakdown, particularly at the KRT-SRB junction at the pump. We hypothesize that this failure pattern results from repeated mechanical stress during inflation, possibly caused by simultaneous up-and-down hand motion and inward wrist deflection. Additionally, the triangulated KRT configuration of the Coloplast Touch may cause asymmetric stress loading on a single KRT and friction due to overlapping tubing paths, especially towards the reservoir side. This stress localization likely explains the pattern of single KRT fracture. Friction-related wear, compounded by tubing overlap, may further exacerbate sidewall erosion and eventual structural failure. In response to these findings, the following surgical modifications were implemented: tissue interposition between KRTs to prevent friction, avoidance of acute bends at the SRB junction, positioning of cylinder KRT-SRB junction proximal to the corporotomy exit, careful tailoring of KRT length to reduce angulation and mechanical stress, and switching to the Coloplast Classic pump with in line KRT formation to avoid tubing overlap and distribute the mechanical stress sustained during inflation on all 3 KRT-SRB junctions. KRT breakdown-particularly at the pump’s KRT-SRB junction-is the predominant cause of Coloplast Titan Touch failure. Design modifications, including reinforcement of KRT sidewalls and revision of its triangulated layout, may improve durability. In the interim, targeted surgical techniques may help reduce and delay mechanical failure, enhancing IPP longevity. Disclosure Any of the authors act as a consultant, employee or shareholder of an industry for: Coloplast

In shipbuilding, thick dissimilar joints of steel and aluminum are in great demand to reduce the weight and the center of gravity of the ship. On the one hand, the dissimilar joints lead to a reduction in CO2-emissions as result of lower fuel consumption and on the other hand to a higher ship stability. The joining process used for manufacturing ships employs an explosive welded adapter to join both dissimilar parts. However, the production of these adapters is complex, time-consuming, and costly. Furthermore, these adapters have an oversized thickness, depending on the material thickness of the steel and the aluminum alloy, in order to achieve the required seam strength. There is a high interest for an efficient alternative. In this study, high-power laser beam welding processes are developed for joining steel S355 (thickness t = 5 mm) with aluminum alloy AA6082 (t = 12 mm) in lap configuration with two intersecting laser beams and additional material to increase weld seam quality. Within this framework, two laser beam sources with a max. output power of PL = 6 kW are used to weld dissimilar joints with additional material filled groove. In the course of the welding process development, the influence of the parameters regarding the groove depth on the metallurgical and mechanical properties is investigated. Adequate process parameters are transferred to laser beam welding of adapters. The adapters are characterized, for example, by using metallographic analysis as well as tensile tests under symmetrical and asymmetrical loading. A result is that the adapters reach a max. tensile force of approximately 35 kN and the break occurs outside of the dissimilar joints. The results increase the application potential of laser beam welded dissimilar joints in the field of shipbuilding.

This study examines the control and synchronization of an orderly connected network of three-phase bidirectional power converters, serving as the grid interface for an energy storage system. The primary objective is to ensure stable operation under single-phase and non-symmetrical three-phase grid conditions. The control employs independent phase voltage regulation for compatibility. To achieve seamless coordination of an unlimited group of converters, the paper proposes a synchronization method based on a modified Kuramoto model. This method is designed to be compatible with independent phase control during asymmetric grid states. The proposed approach utilizes a structured connection graph, defined by phase shift magnitude, to synchronize the converter group. A brief overview of the tools for synchronizing oscillator groups is provided. A computer model was developed to study the operating modes of this converter class under both symmetrical and asymmetrical loads. Simulation studies confirmed the viability of the synchronization method. Furthermore, the research results were successfully applied in the design and implementation of a physical 10 kW grid - connected uninterruptible power supply prototype, demonstrating practical feasibility.

This study investigated the distribution of phoneme load and structural organization of the modern Sino-Korean (MSK) phonological system using a dataset of 3000 standardized monosyllabic readings. Drawing on Wang’s theory of functional load and Kong and Li’s computational model, we analyzed the patterns of functional contrast between initials and finals based on binary and unary oppositions, structural load metrics, and phonological saturation. The analysis revealed that 87.54% of the total phoneme load was concentrated in binary oppositions, whereas only 37.0% of all theoretically possible initial–final combinations were realized. This pattern of functional contrast reflects a system governed by phonological economy, prioritizing communicative efficiency over combinatorial completeness. Syllables with rare initial–final combinations tend to exhibit higher functional contrast potential but lower structural stability, whereas frequent combinations form a compact core that bears the majority of the system's communicative burden. These patterns suggest that the MSK system exemplifies a highly function-centric structure, optimizing the contrast through selective saturation and asymmetrical phoneme load allocation. Although the analysis is based on standardized readings and is limited to monosyllabic forms, it establishes a theoretical and methodological foundation for phoneme load analysis in non-tonal languages. The proposed model can be extended to corpus-based data from historical layers of Sino-Korean or tonal Sinitic dialects. This model offers a typologically adaptable framework for understanding the phonological economy and patterns of functional contrast across languages.

Numerical study of the thermo-mechanical behaviour of energy tunnels under terrain asymmetric loads in cold regions

This study presents a computational–experimental assessment of two industrial centrifugal fans used in cement production, focusing on aerodynamic optimization and energy efficiency validation. The first case concerns a Farin Kiln Filter Fan initially constrained by existing inlet duct geometry, which caused vortex formation, flow asymmetry, and a pressure loss exceeding 15%. CFD analyses identified major inlet vortices and asymmetric splitter loading, guiding a redesigned configuration with an expanded fan body (1982–2520 mm), an increased outlet width (1808–1858 mm), and a vortex breaker to stabilize inlet flow. CFD simulations indicated a flow rate of 601,241 m3/h, static pressure of 2200 Pa, and total pressure of 2580 Pa, achieving an 83% efficiency. Field validation confirmed a 34.4% reduction in shaft power, 30% decrease in torque, and 4% gain in efficiency, corresponding to 449 MWh/year energy savings and 180 t CO2/year emission reduction, assuming 8000 operational hours. The second case involves an Induced Draft (ID) Fan designed for 441,643 m3/h flow at 990 rpm. Transient CFD simulations using the SST k–ω model captured rotor–stator interaction and confirmed the effectiveness of the design revisions in suppressing swirl and flow separation. The optimized design achieved 8653 Pa static pressure, 9203 Pa total pressure, and 83% efficiency under design conditions. Field measurements showed a 26.2% drop in shaft power and 19.6% improvement in efficiency, yielding 2527 MWh/year energy savings and an estimated 1011 t CO2/year emission reduction. Overall, the CFD-guided redesign framework demonstrated strong alignment between simulations and field measurements, highlighting the method’s practical relevance for improving fan performance and energy sustainability in industrial systems.

Understanding the internal load characteristics of the knee joint is essential for investigating unilateral knee injuries associated with running. This study examined the differences in the location and magnitude of von Mises stress in the internal structures of bilateral knee joints during the stance phase of gait following 10km running at submaximal speeds. A healthy male recreational runner participated in this study. We employed a synergistic approach, integrating subject-specific knee joint angles, reaction forces, and moments derived from musculoskeletal modeling to inform and drive the finite element (FE) modeling of running. This methodology ensured a detailed and accurate representation of knee joint mechanics. The peak stresses of the bilateral knee menisci, tibial cartilage, and five main ligaments were quantified using a FE model during the stance phase. The meniscus, tibial cartilage, anterior (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial (MCL), lateral collateral ligament (LCL) and experienced larger loads in the non-dominant limb across most phases of stance. Additionally, fatigue elevated the peak loading on the non-dominant limb's ACL, PCL, and LCL during the gait stance phase but diminished the load on these ligaments in the dominant knee joint. For Patellar ligament (PL), the non-dominant side showed maximal stress at initial contact, while the dominant side dominated during the remaining stance phases. This proof-of-concept substantially enhances our understanding of the impact of running-induced fatigue on bilateral knee loading. It provides a detailed analysis of factors leading to unilateral knee overload during extended running. These insights are essential in formulating targeted strategies to reduce injury risks.

Low velocity impact on adhesive joints represents a worst-case scenario in a bonded structure, so their residual tensile strength is a crucial indicator for damage tolerance of the bonded structures. In this study, narrow double lap joints were tested under two transverse impact energy levels to provide a conservative assessment of damage tolerance. Residual tensile tests were conducted after impact, showing a 49% reduction of pristine joint strength after a 2J impact, and a further reduction (57% of pristine joint strength) post a 3J impact. Residual tensile strength of impacted double lap joints was found to correlate to that of the joints with a similar artificial defect length and location near the inner adherend. The failure mechanisms in the double lap joints were explained via X-ray computed tomography and high-speed photography. 2D FE models were developed using surface interactions based on a virtual crack closure technique in ABAQUS Standard. The FE models capture the residual tensile strength reduction trend, confirming the underlying mixed-mode fracture-controlled failure mode influenced by the asymmetrical damage and loading.

Background: Asymmetrical load carrying can impair balance and increase fall risk, especially in older adults. This study compared postural control in 33 older (mean age 72.2 ± 11.0 years) and 27 younger (mean age 33.5 ± 15.8 years) adults. Methods: Participants performed three 20 s quiet standing trials on a force plate: no load, 3 kg left shoulder load, and 3 kg right shoulder load. Center-of-pressure (COP) variability, range, mean velocity, and sample entropy were computed. This was a quasi-experimental study with a mixed-design ANOVA (Group as between-subjects factor; Load and Plane as within-subjects factors). Results: Younger adults showed better overall stability than older adults across conditions. Older adults had larger COP range than younger adults with no load and with the right-sided load. Notably, no significant difference in COP range was found between groups with the left-sided load. Key statistical findings included the significant Load × Group interaction (F(2, 116) = 3.9, p = 0.024, ηp2 = 0.06) for COP range. Conclusions: A small asymmetrical load on the left side may be associated with postural control in older adults, possibly through familiar sensory cues. Conversely, a right-sided load appears to negatively impact their balance. These findings highlight the differential effects of load side on postural control in older individuals.

Abstract The unavailability of embedded-atom method (EAM) potential for the Platinum–Barium (Pt–Ba) alloy system, which is an enticing choice as cathodes for magnetron amplifiers due to their high electron emission coefficient and excellent work function. The parameterization of an EAM potential for this alloy system has been described in part 1 portion. Studying different deformation mechanisms is crucial for these kinds of alloy systems in order to implement them in critical engineering applications. Tensile and creep characteristics have already been reported in part 1, along with the validation of density, cohesive energy, and elastic properties. Here, a list of other fundamental properties, such as lattice constant, surface energy, and lattice thermal conductivity, have been investigated via molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and compared with density-functional theory (DFT) analysis to concretize the accuracy of the potential. Thereafter, MD simulation has been used to study the deformation behavior of single crystal BaPt2 compound under asymmetric cyclic loading having “R” (stress ratio) of −0.2, −0.4, and −0.6 at different temperatures ranging from 300 K to 1600 K using the parameterized EAM potential. A constant strain rate of 108/s has been used in this present study. Although variations in strain axis are not significant, an increase in ratcheting strain with the increment in temperature and an increase in strain accumulation with the decrease in magnitude of stress ratio have been observed. Strain amplitude decreases and stabilizes at a terminal value, as observed from the strain cycle plot.

Failure of porous granular rocks by fluid overpressure encompasses both natural and artificial phenomena. To better comprehend the mechanisms behind the formation and propagation of the fractures leading to failure, we subject multi-axially confined Vosges sandstone specimens to cavity expansion until sample failure. The specimens are prevented from invasion of pressurizing fluid by an internal soft jacket covering the borehole. Interlaced radial and orthoradial deformation bands appear around the cylindrical injection hole during initial fluid pressure build-up; at later stages, tensile cracks appear from the boundary of the hole. The cracks are dominantly mode I, and propagate mostly in straight line as pressure is increased, thus following their initial trajectories, apart from some instances of crack coalescence. In the experiments with radial symmetry of loading (equal far-field stresses), crack propagation does not show preferential orientation (opposite cracks or star-shaped cracks) and the fractures propagate with a slight angle to the bedding planes toward the sample boundary. In the experiments with asymmetric loading, the emancipating cracks initiate near the top and bottom of the borehole wall (region of largest tensile stress). For a particular experiment where the applied axial load is parallel to the bedding plane of the specimen, cracks propagate initially with a slight angle to the bedding planes, and then, en echelon cracks parallel to the bedding are observed during later deformation stages. The experimental results indicate that initial crack patterns are mainly controlled by the deviatoric stress state, while at much later deformation stages, crack propagation is mostly influenced by material anisotropy. The observations with equal far-field stresses also suggest that the number of propagating cracks influences the breakdown pressure: the more cracks there are, the higher the pressure peak in the hole, which is consistent with theoretical analyses of fracture mechanics.

Abstract This paper introduces a novel approach to modeling load distribution in rolling bearings, aimed at advancing the development of an interpretative framework for signatures derived from electrical monitoring. In a first part, an alternative to the computation of Harris' integrals is presented, based on the assumption of non-collinearity between the applied force, F→, and the displacement, d→, that it causes between the bearing rings center. This hypothesis leads to the determination of the value of a corrective angle, which ensures compliance with Newton's first law within the component for all possible load distributions during bearing rotation. This angle is then analyzed with respect to mechanical parameters such as the load distribution factor and the material's mechanical behavior. In a second part, the electrical response is investigated using a simplified electromechanical model of the contact between rolling elements and rings, and compared to the response obtained from the conventional Harris' approach. The results show that introducing this corrective angle slightly affects the overall bearing resistance during rotation, particularly in cases of asymmetrical load distribution. Moreover, the findings highlight the emergence of a frequency component in the electrical response, arising from the evolution of the load distribution, which is commonly attributed to the presence of a defect.

Structural behaviour of indeterminate continuous reinforced concrete beams with shear reinforcement and asymmetric loading