Asymmetric Encryption Algorithm Research Articles

Performance Analysis of symmetric and asymmetric Encryption Algorithms Based on File, Image and Video

The rapid evolution of digital technology has exponentially amplified the generation and sharing of diverse digital data, notably files, images, and videos, over the internet, intensifying the critical need for enhanced security measures to safeguard these prevalent data types. This research presents a comprehensive analysis of various encryption algorithms applied to different data types - files, images, and videos. The study categorizes encryption algorithms into symmetric and asymmetric types, with examples including AES, DES, Triple DES, RSA, Diffie-Hellman, and ECC. The paper further explores specific algorithms used for file, image, and video encryption. The objective is to identify the most efficient encryption algorithm for each data type, thereby enhancing data security in the digital age. The paper emphasizes that while encryption is a crucial tool for data security, it should be used in conjunction with other security measures for comprehensive protection.

An Enhancement of Identity Based Conditional Privacy-preserving Authentication Process in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

In general, Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are permitting the communication between one vehicle with neighboring vehicles, infrastructure, and Road-Side Unit (RSU). In this, vehicle platoon is commonly known as the vehicle driving pattern it categorizes the batching of the vehicle in the on the trot fashion. It has been reviewed as an effective resolution to mitigate the reduction in traffic blockage and to widen the opulence of the travel. However, the malicious activities of any unauthorized person in VANET are increased the damage to authorized vehicles. In this manuscript, the Identity based Conditional Privacy-Preserving Authentication (ID-CPPA) signature scheme is proposed to detect the malignant command vehicle very efficiently by the consumer vehicle. In this, the proposed ID-CPPA method uses one-way hash functions for improving the efficiency of Road-Side Unit (RSU) signing and verification of a messages. In order to provide better concealment to the vehicle, Phase Truncated Fourier Transform based asymmetric encryption algorithm (PTFT-AE) is proposed. Thus, the proposed ID-CPPA-PTFT-AE approach has achieved 28.96%, 37.58%, 31.36% higher security rate and 25.8%, 37.9%, 42.6% lower delay than the existing MPDC-LPNS, PPSR-GS, and WCAA-TST methods respectively.

Review of Encryption-Decryption for Image Data Sharing in Clouds

The proliferation of cloud computing has transformed the way image data is stored, shared, and processed, offering significant benefits in terms of scalability, accessibility, and cost efficiency. However, these advantages come with critical security challenges, particularly in safeguarding image data from unauthorized access and breaches. This review examines various encryption-decryption techniques specifically designed for image data sharing in cloud environments. It explores traditional symmetric and asymmetric encryption algorithms, as well as advanced methods such as homomorphic encryption and lightweight cryptographic solutions tailored for images. The study also evaluates the performance, security effectiveness, and practical applications of these techniques, highlighting their strengths and limitations. By providing a comprehensive overview of current encryption-decryption strategies for image data in the cloud, this review aims to inform researchers and practitioners about the best practices and emerging trends in the field.

Network Architecture and Security Assessment in Industry 4.0 for Smart Manufacturing

Abstract In this paper, we propose a centralized SDN network architecture under a smart factory for the problems under the traditional industrial IoT architecture and carry out the security analysis of industrial IoT to improve the performance of the smart factory network. Briefly describing the industrial SDN network architecture, combined with the design of a blockchain system for smart factories, the hash algorithm and asymmetric encryption algorithm are introduced to anonymize and protect the data. For traditional SDN, propose a blockchain-based SDN and analyze the probability of state transfer between SDNs. In order to solve the security problem at the SDN control level, the blockchain-based distributed SDN control model is proposed, and the PBFT consensus algorithm is introduced to realize the blockchain consensus-based multi-controller decision-making model. Add the MD5 algorithm and compare its performance with the SHA256 algorithm. Set up Adder modules with different bit widths and CSA Tree modules with different bases to calculate the encryption time of the RSA algorithm for various combinations. Set up simulation experiments to compare different malicious nodes and the average trust value of the consensus mechanism proposed in this paper for abnormal nodes in an SDN multi-controller. From the results, it can be seen that the computational speed of the RSA system is the fastest for the system implemented by Montgomery’s algorithm in base 16 and bit width 32 bits, and the time to complete the encryption process of 1024 bits once is only 0.97 ms. However, when the number of nodes is controlled in [0~5000], the rejection rate of abnormal nodes by the PBFT consensus algorithm in this paper basically maintains at about 92%. The consensus node designed and proposed in this paper is able to reject error nodes effectively and effectively secure the SDN smart factory network architecture.

High-Performance Encryption Algorithms for Dynamic Images Transmission

With the proliferation of the internet, the issue of image tampering has escalated, necessitating robust image encryption schemes. Despite the multitude of proposed image encryption algorithms, challenges such as slow computational speed, weak security, and suboptimal visibility persist. This study addresses these challenges by introducing a high-performance encryption algorithm tailored for dynamic images—QEDI (Quick Encryption Algorithm for Dynamic Images). QEDI leverages elliptic curve-based asymmetric encryption algorithms and hash algorithms. The process involves using a hash algorithm to calculate the hash of the dynamic image slated for encryption, employing the elliptic curve algorithm to generate public and private keys, and utilizing the asymmetric encryption algorithm to process the image hash, resulting in a signature ciphertext. This ciphertext is embedded into the dynamic image, completing the encryption process. To enhance the execution speed without compromising the image quality and visibility, the bit depth of the dynamic image is reduced before hash calculation, and custom information fields are encapsulated to embed the signature ciphertext into the dynamic image. Experimental evaluations, conducted within a dynamic image generation system, encompassed assessments of security, encryption algorithm execution time, and image quality. The results indicate that utilizing QEDI for dynamic image encryption yields better security compared to EDI (Encryption Algorithm for Dynamic Images). QEDI exhibits minimal impact on image quality, with a noteworthy 69.77% reduction in execution time compared to EDI. Furthermore, when compared to existing algorithms employing image conversion for encryption, QEDI-encrypted images demonstrate enhanced visibility, better image quality, and expedited encryption speed.

Development of information technology for secure file storage based on hybrid cryptography methods

This article explores the development of information technology for secure file storage based on hybrid cryptography methods. It highlights the importance of secure file storage in the digital age and introduces hybrid cryptography as a solution for enhanced data security. The purpose of the article is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the benefits and advancements in hybrid cryptography for secure file storage.The article discusses the differences between symmetric and asymmetric encryption algorithms and introduces hybrid cryptography as a combination of both. It delves into the advantages of hybrid cryptography, emphasizing its ability to provide robust security and efficient data protection. The use of hybrid cryptography in encryption at rest and encryption in transit is examined, highlighting its role in securing stored data and ensuring secure data transmission.Moreover, the article explores the authentication, integrity, and reliability features provided by hybrid cryptography. It discusses the importance of key management and its impact on secure file storage.

Disabling Tracing in Black-Box-Traceable CP-ABE System: Alert Decryption Black Box

In application scenarios such as cloud storage, a symmetric algorithm can be used to encrypt massive data. However, using the symmetric operation and keys in encryption and decryption, it is very difficult to realize an efficient access control system. The asymmetric encryption algorithm ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption (CP-ABE), as a versatile one-to-many encryption algorithm, is considered an ideal access control tool to solve the user’s distrust of the service provider of cloud storage. However, in a traditional CP-ABE system, the malicious users may deliberately leak their attribute keys to others or build a decryption black box (DB) to provide illegal decryption services for benefits, while no one can determine their identities. To deal with the problems, especially the problem of tracing the DB builder, CP-ABE schemes with black-box traceability have been proposed in the past few years. But in this paper, we point out that for now, the tracing algorithms in all existing schemes actually work on an impractical assumption. That is, whenever a DB receives a decryption request, it always performs the decryption algorithm honestlycorrectly. We argue that if a DB finds the decryption request comes from the tracing algorithm, it may intentionally output incorrect decryption results to counter the tracing. Thus, we present the structural defect of the tracing algorithm applied to all known traceable CP-ABE schemes. We describe the construction of an alert decryption black box (ADB) that is capable of distinguishing a tracing ciphertext from a normal one. We also show how an ADB frustrates the tracing algorithm, and furthermore, malicious users can even apply an ADB to frame innocent users.

Robust multifunctional watermarking system based zero-watermarking and polar harmonic Fourier moments

The pseudo-randomness exhibited by chaotic systems has proven valuable not only in plaintext information encryption of images with varying dimensions but also as a key signal for protecting image copyright information. Image copyright protection is a crucial part of image information protection. Currently, digital watermarking technology is predominantly employed for copyright protection of digital images. However, most of the existing watermarking technologies primarily focus on the improvement of watermarking performance, neglecting the security of the watermarking system itself. Drawing inspiration from the Latin square rule, this paper proposes a novel hyperchaotic mapping modulation framework, which is employed to construct a new 3D hyperchaotic mapping and enhance the security of the fragile watermark and the zero-watermark generation process. Additionally, it is integrated into the classical image encryption framework of scrambling-diffusion to safeguard meaningful copyright information. Moreover, a functional watermarking system is designed based on the RSA asymmetric encryption algorithm, least significant bit (LSB), and polar harmonic Fourier moments (PHFMs). The proposed system enables identity verification, tampering location, and copyright authentication simultaneously. During the generation of zero watermarks, the binarization threshold of the PHFMs information matrix is determined by the method of maximum variance. The experimental results demonstrate that this scheme achieves a high level of security, better robustness to both conventional and geometric attacks, and precise localization for different types of tampering attacks.

Methods for data validation using QR codes

Abstract This article aims to elaborate on a few strategies designed for validating data encoded as a QR code. As the use-cases for such validation schemes vary widely as the demand for such practices is continuously increasing, the present article will represent a comparative study of checksum, hashing, as well as asymmetric encryption algorithms for the offline validation of claims transmitted through the payload of the exchanged data. Results are evaluated based on different criteria impacting the reliability, such as the size of the QR code and the resulting security.

Construction of a secure storage and sharing model for medical data under computer network technology

Abstract This paper constructs a secure storage and sharing model of medical data based on the blockchain technology of computer network technology, and the model mainly designs the encryption process, storage process and sharing process of medical data. The model combines asymmetric encryption algorithm and ciphertext access strategy and designs a hybrid encryption method for secure storage and sharing of medical data through three stages: public parameters and key generation, encryption and decryption. The comprehensive performance of the constructed model is tested, and the security performance indexes are 0.998, 0.989, 0.996 and 0.993 and the execution time of the sharing mechanism is 1~16s, the data upload time is 1200ms, and the data download time is only 200ms.

A Comprehensive Analysis: Evaluating Security Characteristics of Xbee Devices against Zigbee Protocol.

In recent times, the security of sensor networks, especially in the field of IoT, has become a priority. This article focuses on the security features of the Zigbee protocol in Xbee devices developed by Digi International, specifically in the Xbee 3 (XB3-24) devices. Using the TI LaunchXL-CC26X2R1 kit, we intercepted and analyzed packets in real-time using the Wireshark application. The study encompasses various stages of network formation, packet transmission and analysis of security key usage, considering scenarios as follows: without security, distributed security mode and centralized security mode. Our findings highlight the differences in security features of Xbee devices compared to the Zigbee protocol, validating and invalidating methods of establishing security keys, vulnerabilities, strengths, and recommended security measures. We also discovered that security features of the Xbee 3 devices are built around a global link key preconfigured therefore constituting a vulnerability, making those devices suitable for man-in-the-middle and reply attacks. This work not only elucidates the complexities of Zigbee security in Xbee devices but also provides direction for future research for authentication methods using asymmetric encryption algorithms such as digital signature based on RSA and ECDSA.

Exploring and envisioning the application of blockchain technology for privacy data protection

Addressing the issue of data leakage in social networks, this paper presents a classification of users' privacy information and introduces various personal data protection schemes utilizing blockchain technology. These schemes employ timestamp data storage within the blockchain, hash function anonymization techniques, and the Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) asymmetric encryption algorithm for encrypting and digitally signing transmitted data files. This innovative blockchain-based approach effectively tackles privacy leakage concerns in social networks and sets a benchmark for research in data security and social network safety. In this article, we propose a unique blockchain-based data protection scheme, specifically designed for different types of privacy leaks. This innovative solution addresses the pervasive problem of privacy leaks in social networks. However, current methods require more computational power during data interaction, which may hinder performance. Future research will concentrate on optimizing blockchain computational efficiency, aiming to develop a more robust data privacy protection system for blockchain-based social networks. By enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of these privacy protection schemes, we hope to create a more secure environment for users to interact and share information on social platforms, ultimately fostering trust and confidence in digital social networks.

Elliptic Curve Implementation and its Applications: A Review

Encryption is regarded as essential within the safety measures used to protect data via unsafe transport methods. Elliptic Curve encryption (ECC), one of the several asymmetric encryption algorithms currently in use, has become popular because of its high level of security and small key sizes. In contrast to Rivest, Shamir and Adleman (RSA), for instance, ECC can keep security levels at a certain level with a smaller key. The primary purpose of ECC is elliptic curve point multiply (ECPM), which also has the largest hardware cost. Numerous hardware applications have been made to accelerate the calculus of the ECPM. This paper discusses the idea behind the cryptography of elliptic curves (ECC's) and the benefits it quicker, moreover believed way of encoding as compared to the RSA public_key encryption techniques that are currently used as standards. ECC's specifications encompass all relevant asymmetry cryptography elements, including electronic signatures & key negotiation processes. The scalar multiplication Key Point (K.P) function, which is the fundamental operation of ECCs, is utilized to accomplish this objective. Where P is a value and k represents an integer and is exists on an elliptic curve. This article explains how ECC contributes to system safety and applications of it in the field of security

Performance Comparison of Symmetric and Asymmetric Encryption Algorithms

İnternet tabanlı teknolojilerin her geçen gün artması, dünyadaki veri oluşumunu da sürekli artırmakta ve veri büyüklüğü genişledikçe kullanıcılar için bilginin güvenliği ve gizliliği risk taşımaktadır. Güvenli olmayan bir iletişim kanalı üzerinden veriler iletildiğinde tehlikeli durumların minimuma indirgenmesi veya tamamen önlenmesi için önerilen yöntemlerden biri kriptografik algoritmalardır. Temeli matematiksel ifadelere dayanan tekniklerin ve uygulamalarının birleşimini içeren tüm şifreleme algoritmaları; verilerin kullanılabilirliğini, gizliliğini ve bütünlüğünü korumayı amaçlamaktadır. Ancak başarımları; seçilen dosya türü, boyutu, karmaşıklığı, anahtar yapısı ve kullanılan bilgisayar platformu(yazılım ve donanım) gibi çeşitli faktörlere göre değişmektedir. Bu faktörler temelinde, üç farklı simetrik(AES, Blowfish, Cast-128) ve asimetrik(ECDH, El-Gamal, RSA) şifreleme algoritması kullanılarak bir uygulama yapılmıştır. “The Da Vinci Code” adlı içerikten üretilen 100 KB, 1, 5 ve 100 MB arasında değişen 4 adet çeşitli metinsel dosya boyutlarının karmaşıklığı; UTF-8 tablo yapısındaki birleşimleridir. Anahtar(gizli ve açık) sistemi; 32 karakterden(256 bit) oluşan mimaridir ve uygulama platformu; yazılım için, Windows, Python VS Code, donanım için, Intel I7-CPU, 16 GB RAM, 4 GB-GPU kullanılmıştır. Literatürde kabul edilen performans kriterleri; şifreleme ve şifre-çözmedeki hızı (s), bellek (MB) ve CPU (%) kullanım oranları temel alınarak başarımları değerlendirilmiştir. Böylece, simetrik ve asimetrik şifreleme algoritmalarının başarımları aynı veri setleri üzerinde karşılaştırılmıştır. Simetrik şifreleme algoritmalarının başarım sonuçlarının daha iyi olduğu gözlemlenmiştir.

Making existing software quantum safe: A case study on IBM Db2

The software engineering community is facing challenges from quantum computers (QCs). In the era of quantum computing, Shor's algorithm running on QCs can break asymmetric encryption algorithms that classical computers practically cannot. Though the exact date when QCs will become "dangerous" for practical problems is unknown, the consensus is that this future is near. Thus, the software engineering community needs to start making software ready for quantum attacks and ensure quantum safety proactively. We argue that the problem of evolving existing software to quantum-safe software is very similar to the Y2K bug. Thus, we leverage some best practices from the Y2K bug and propose our roadmap, called 7E, which gives developers a structured way to prepare for quantum attacks. It is intended to help developers start planning for the creation of new software and the evolution of cryptography in existing software. In this paper, we use a case study to validate the viability of 7E. Our software under study is the IBM Db2 database system. We upgrade the current cryptographic schemes to post-quantum cryptographic ones (using Kyber and Dilithium schemes) and report our findings and lessons learned. We show that the 7E roadmap effectively plans the evolution of existing software security features towards quantum safety, but it does require minor revisions. We incorporate our experience with IBM Db2 into the revised 7E roadmap. The U.S. Department of Commerce's National Institute of Standards and Technology is finalizing the post-quantum cryptographic standard. The software engineering community needs to start getting prepared for the quantum advantage era. We hope that our experiential study with IBM Db2 and the 7E roadmap will help the community prepare existing software for quantum attacks in a structured manner.

A Symmetric Key and Elliptic Curve Cryptography-Based Protocol for Message Encryption in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Unmanned aerial vehicles have found applications in fields such as environmental monitoring and the military. Although the collected data in some of these application domains are sensitive, public channels are deployed during the communication process. Therefore, many protocols have been presented to preserve the confidentiality and integrity of the exchanged messages. However, numerous security and performance challenges have been noted in the majority of these protocols. In this paper, an elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) and symmetric key-based protocol is presented. The choice of ECC was informed by its relatively shorter key sizes compared to other asymmetric encryption algorithms such as the Rivest–Shamir–Adleman (RSA) algorithm. Security analysis showed that this protocol provides mutual authentication, session key agreement, untraceability, anonymity, forward key secrecy, backward key secrecy, and biometric privacy. In addition, it is robust against smart card loss, password guessing, known secret session temporary information (KSSTI), privileged insider, side-channeling, impersonation, denial-of-service (DoS), and man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks. The comparative performance evaluation showed that it has relatively low computation, storage, and communication complexities.

An Asymmetric Encryption-Based Key Distribution Method for Wireless Sensor Networks.

Wireless sensor networks are usually applied in hostile areas where nodes can easily be monitored and captured by an adversary. Designing a key distribution scheme with high security and reliability, low hardware requirements, and moderate communication load is crucial for wireless sensor networks. To address the above objectives, we propose a new key distribution scheme based on an ECC asymmetric encryption algorithm. The two-way authentication mechanism in the proposed scheme not only prevents illegal nodes from accessing the network, but also prevents fake base stations from communicating with the nodes. The complete key distribution and key update methods ensure the security of session keys in both static and dynamic environments. The new key distribution scheme provides a significant performance improvement compared to the classical key distribution schemes for wireless sensor networks without sacrificing reliability. Simulation results show that the proposed new scheme reduces the communication load and key storage capacity, has significant advantages in terms of secure connectivity and attack resistance, and is fully applicable to wireless sensor networks.

A Survey on Hybrid Cryptography for Secure File Storage on the Cloud

Abstract: This paper suggests the use of hybrid cryptography for safe cloud file storage and gives a software to implement it. To establish higher security measures, the application mixes symmetric and asymmetric encryption algorithms. The data is encrypted using symmetric encryption, and the symmetric key is encrypted using asymmetric encryption, guaranteeing that the data is encrypted using a unique key for each user while also protecting the key itself. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm is used for symmetric encryption, whereas the Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) method is used for asymmetric encryption. It has functions like user authentication, file upload/download, and key management. This study illustrates the efficacy of hybrid cryptography for protecting cloud-stored information and gives a framework for implementing it.

Research on the optimization of the path of the agricultural logistics industry under the innovative mode of “blockchain + supply chain finance”

Abstract To promote the development and application of “blockchain+supply chain finance” in the agricultural logistics industry, this paper uses the ECC algorithm in the blockchain model as the basis and implements an asymmetric encryption algorithm based on elliptic curve mathematical theory to optimize the ECC algorithm. Based on the ECC algorithm in the blockchain model, this paper implements an asymmetric encryption algorithm based on elliptic curve mathematical theory to optimize the ECC algorithm. Combining the dynamic variational particle swarm optimization algorithm and the AdaBoost integration algorithm, the DPSO-SVM algorithm is weighted and combined into a strong classifier, and an evaluation model based on AdaBoost-DPSO-SVM is established, and the model is compared with other models. The experimental results show that the data platform based on “blockchain + supply chain finance” can well solve the problem of loss of confidentiality in the process of identifying agricultural products in the agricultural logistics industry. This also shows that through the way of “blockchain + supply chain finance”, it can provide a better development path for the agricultural logistics industry and can truly achieve low-cost commercial communication, i.e. multi-functional integration development.

Improving the IoT and Cloud Computing integration using Hybrid Encryption

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an essential technology in many Internet of Things (IoT) applications, and since sensor nodes suffer from limited resources, it has become possible to overcome storage capacity problems using cloud computing, the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) with cloud computing (CC) seeks to achieve new levels of efficiency in service delivery. Security and privacy are key factors that slow down the rapid and widespread adoption and deployment of both IoT and cloud computing. In the proposed model, an integrated IoT system with cloud computing was developed starting from the analysis, and design, to the implementation to connect IoT devices with the cloud, the security is achieved by using a hybrid encryption mechanism which provides the performance advantages of symmetric and asymmetric encryption algorithms. Where the Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) algorithm is used for key generation and AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) algorithm is used for encryption and decryption of the sensors' data to provide a reliable computing environment. We have implemented the proposed system and showed the results of using CONTIKI COOJA 3.0 that connected with the cloud service provider, Evaluate a set of performance metrics such as power consumption, packet delivery ratio, and the algorithm execution time, in addition to verifying network immunity against the black hole attack.