This research presents a comparative analysis of the lunar eclipse calculation method proposed by Jean Meeus in his textbook Astronomical Algorithms and the classical method described by W.M. Smart in his textbook Textbook on Spherical Astronomy. Lunar eclipses are celestial phenomena that can be accurately predicted using certain astronomical techniques. This research aims to evaluate the differences between modern and classical approaches in the calculation process. This research employs empirical data collection and comparison of calculation results on several lunar eclipses to evaluate the accuracy of both methods in predicting the time, duration, and phase of the eclipse. The findings are then compared with the results from NASA. This research is of the library research variety. The sources and types of data employed in this study include astronomical algorithm books and textbooks on spherical astronomy, as well as journal articles that align with the research theme. The data analysis employed by the researchers is a content analysis of the two books, then described with descriptive and comparative techniques. The principal findings of this study indicate that the two books exhibit discrepancies ranging from 3'50' to 19'18'. In comparison, the divergence with NASA results is 0'5.2', 0'10', 3'44.8', and 19'48' more rapid.

Through the integration of mechanical tracking and connected intelligence, IoT-based solar tracking systems can significantly enhance photovoltaic energy capture and enable smarter operations and maintenance. This review covers recent developments in single- and dual-axis trackers, sensor and actuator hardware, and edge-to–cloud IoT stacks supporting real-time telemetry, remote control of devices, as well as predictive maintenance. Both are supported by open source software and cloud computing technologies. In this paper, we compare open-loop astronomical algorithms and AIoT controllers with sensor-driven closed-Loop approaches (e.g, LDR/photodiaode feedback), considering the tradeoffs between point accuracy, "actuation energy", and lifecycle costs. The standard outcome of performance analyses demonstrates that fixed mounts offer an average increase of 15-30% in single-axis performance (with bifacial modules providing additional benefits), while IoT-enabled analytics reduce downtime and enhance O&M efficiency by anomaly detection and targeted interventions. Utility-scale farms, residential off-grid systems, and agri-food applications such as solar-powered drying and cold storage are all possible applications where increased availability directly reduces post-harvest loss. There are still some obstacles to overcome, including mechanical reliability, site-specific economics, and cybersecurity risks caused by networked control.

Tithinirṇaya is a celebrated astronomical text of the Mādhva tradition, intended primarily to assist in computing the appropriate days for observing a religious fast. For this purpose, it prescribes a procedure to obtain the tithi at sunrise for an observer located at latitude (φ) near 12.780. This work supplies a translation of the text along with mathematical and geometric rationales for the astronomical algorithms presented therein, which are either inadequate or missing in prior publications. The work also investigates the disputed authorship of the text and briefly remarks upon its religious applications.

This article analyzes the classification and correlation between the longitudes of perigee and apogee with crescent moon visibility to understand the influence of these factors on the determination of the beginning of the lunar month. Primary data sources were obtained from calculated classifications of crescent moon visibility based on the longitudes of perigee and apogee from the years 1300H to 1600H for three locations: Sabang, Surabaya, and Merauke. Secondary data were sourced from Microsoft Excel. Data collection was conducted through documentation by studying the books Lunar Tables and Programs from 4000 B.C. to A.D. 8000 and Astronomical Algorithms, followed by calculations using the Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) application. The data analysis technique employed was quantitative descriptive analysis. The results reveal a cyclical pattern between the longitudes of perigee and apogee and the maximum elongation of crescent moon visibility in Sabang, Surabaya, and Merauke. Within the perigee longitude range (15°–345°), the highest maximum elongations were recorded: 12.12° in Sabang, 11.33° in Surabaya, and 11.56° in Merauke, which then declined as they approached the apogee longitude range (165°–195°). The maximum elongation increased again as it moved away from apogee, forming a recurring cycle between perigee and apogee. However, correlation results show no significant relationship between crescent moon visibility and the longitudes of perigee and apogee, as indicated by the low R-square values (0.0005 and 0.0011, respectively). These findings suggest that the longitudes of perigee and apogee are not reliable parameters for determining crescent moon visibility.

Buildings that use renewable energy sources, such as sunlight with solar collector technology, are in demand to face climate change. The position of the sun is a pivotal reference for determining the optimum of solar collectors. There are two differences in the optimum results in the equatorial region due to the different perceptions in defining the sun’s position. This study highlights the optimum orientation that is not perpendicular because it reflects the actual position that spreads at the equator. This study aims to prove the sun’s position that spreads in the equatorial region and to show the optimum potential with varied accesses. The investigation is conducted through the angular coordinates of altitude and azimuth. The methodology used is simulation calculation and descriptive analysis by comparison. The simulation calculation uses SunEarthTools.com, based on equations from astronomical algorithms by Michalsky. The validation uses the NOAA Solar Position Calculator, based on equations from astronomical algorithms by Meeus. The targets of the study are to make a profile of the performance of the sun’s position and a profile of the opportunity for the sloped surfaces to accept access. The sun-earth relationship and the season period are the factors that cause differences in the angular range of the sun’s position for each latitude zone. The results prove that the equatorial region has a more spacious range of orientation and a relatively balanced high of elevation in the four main cardinal directions than other regions. The highest points occur twice during the equinoxes for the balanced position between the east and west orientations, and the farthest points happen in the summer solstices for the balanced position between the north and south orientations. The spreading position allows two low-inclined surfaces facing opposite orientations to be exposed simultaneously for long periods, especially in the equinoxes. This study contributes a theoretical insight into the optimum at the equator that has potency for optimum with diverse access.

This research aims to determine the application of Jean Meeus' algorithm in calculating new moon and full moon data. This is a qualitative study using a library approach. The primary source is the book "Astronomical Algorithm" by Jean Meeus, while secondary sources include books, journals, websites, and other information. The research results show that calculating new moon and full moon data using Jean Meeus' algorithm involves several calculation stages: lunation value (k), time in the Julian epoch 2000 (T), M (mean solar anomaly), M' (mean lunar anomaly), F (lunar latitude), and Ω (longitude of the ascending node) in degrees (0⁰ - 360⁰). Then, 14 arguments (components) affecting the planets are calculated in degrees. Next, the average time for moon phases is calculated, considering the influence of lunar and solar ablation and the moon’s light travel time to the observer’s position. Additional correction to the JDE (Julian Day Ephemeris) is required to determine the true phases. Jean Meeus' algorithm is used in the taḥqīqī essential calculation method due to its highly accurate astronomical data corrections for the movements of the Moon and Sun and is part of the heliocentric flow.

A horizontal single-axis tracking bracket with an adjustable tilt angle and its adaptive real-time tracking system for bifacial PV modules

Horizontal single‐axis solar tracking systems with Astronomical tracking algorithm are commonly used in photovoltaic (PV) installations. However, different algorithms can increase the PV installation's performance without implementing new equipment or technologies. In this article, the performance of three tracking algorithms is compared to the Astronomical one. Two algorithms aim at optimizing the received irradiance focusing on the diffuse component. The third one, called Analytical, is presented as a new development in this study, defining the optimal inclination angle depending on all radiation components. The comparison focuses on different parameters like the in‐plane irradiance, DC power output from a monofacial PV system and operational aspects like the performed number of movements. High‐time‐resolution (1 min) simulations are performed with proprietary software taking into account several effects on the effective irradiance and power output estimation, such as shading effects or PV configuration. Eight locations with different climatic conditions are analyzed. All three algorithms derive in higher in‐plane irradiance and power output values than the Astronomical algorithm, although the gain depends on the climatic conditions. At locations with high diffuse fraction, the power output from the Analytical algorithm, which outperforms the others, can be up to 3% higher than the Astronomical one.

A method for controlling a two-axis solar tracker using an astronomical algorithm and a microcontroller is proposed. A practical solution is considered to achieve maximum efficiency of solar panels, which is associated with calculating the position of the sun, determining the desired an-gle for the solar tracker, reading the current angle of the tracker and adjusting its position

This study aims to determine the implementation and accuracy of the Jean Meeus Algorithm in determining lunar and solar eclipses.This research is a qualitative research with a literature approach. The primary data source for this research is a book entitled Astronomical Algorithm by Jean Meeus. Meanwhile, secondary data is all information related to the Jean Meeus algorithm in determining eclipses obtained from various literature such as books, websites, encyclopedias, dictionaries, scientific articles, and other sources of information. The results of this study indicate that determining the eclipse time using the Jean Meeus algorithm involves seven stages of calculation namely; starting with determining the year the eclipse occurred, then determining the gamma value, JDE (Julian Day Ephemeris), the payoff value (k), the saros series, the reference time (To) and the Bessel Element value. The calculation of the Jean Meeus Algorithm is included in the tahkiki essential reckoning method because the calculation process involves astronomical data with very precise corrections for the motion of the Moon and the Sun, This method is also based on the heliocentric flow. In addition, the level of accuracy of Jean Meeus' calculations has a good match with NASA as a comparison, namely with results that are only 1 to 3 minutes apart and the average difference is only in seconds.

The tool for calculating prayer times continues to develop. Likewise, there are several different formulas for calculating prayer times, both with the addition of altitude correction and without altitude correction. This article uses the prayer time formula which takes into account altitude corrections into an application called Islamic Astro Time which uses Matlab programming with solar data from the astronomical algorithms formula by Jean Meeus. This article is an experimental qualitative with descriptive analysis. This article finds that the calculation of prayer times in the Islamic Astro Time application using varying altitude levels results in different times. The difference in results starts from 2 minutes at a building height of 250 meters to more than 2 minutes depending on the level of height. The higher the position of the person praying, the greater the difference between the start of the prayer and the lower place. So that every Muslim who wants to pray must pay attention to the altitude correction factor with the sun's position approaching the horizon, namely the time of dawn, late dawn (ṭulū'), maghrib, and evening prayers.

Modern astronomy increasingly depends on computational thinking. Although\nsome astronomy courses for undergraduates use computing, high school astronomy\ncourses often have little computing. Created as a part of a research experience\nfor teachers in astronomy and another in computer science, this project\nleverages robotic telescope images and astronomical algorithms to determine the\ndistance to a star cluster using variable stellar photometry. Students\ninvestigate Python and Jupyter Notebook to analyze astronomical images to\ncalculate the interstellar distance to a star cluster across the Milky Way.\nStudents will learn how to write Python code that runs in a Jupyter Notebook\nsuch that the brightness of stars in an astronomical image can be determined.\nThe real astronomical image data will be directly manipulated and analyzed by\ncode the students create. Student project files and teacher solution files are\nprovided. Code is open source, and materials are available for classroom use.\n

The synthesis and study of any solar plants is associated with the need to identify regular features of the effector movement, the angular position of which is controlled in Euclidean space. This information can be obtained by processing data on the angular position of the Sun in predetermined geographical coordinates. However, any algorithm for calculating the solar position is time-localized, which means it cannot be used to uniformly analyze the annual and daily cycle of the Sun. To solve this problem, this research applies a new principle of processing calculation results, which is staged as follows. Using NREL SPA the astronomical algorithm, which is based on non-linear trigonometric equations, construct two-dimensional surfaces of azimuths of zenith angles. By approximating these surfaces with high-order polynomials and differentiating these polynomials in time, find azimuthal surfaces from zenith angular velocities, accelerations, and jerks. The calculated coefficients of the polynomials are tabulated for future use in evaluative calculations for structural and parametric synthesis of electrical systems for tracking the Sun in a given geographical location. To test the agreement with available local-time online algorithms, this research uses the MIDC SPA Calculator. Comparing the results of polynomial approximation with the output of this online calculator shows a good coincidence of the results and a low level of errors.

Performance evaluation of a multi-degree of freedom hybrid controlled dual axis solar tracking system

In this paper, we investigate the observations of Venus in daytime that are recorded in the Goryeosa (History of the Goryeo Dynasty, A.D. 918-1392). There are a total of 167 accounts of such observations in this historical book, spanning a period of 378 yr (from 1014 to 1392). These include six accounts where the days of the observation are not specified and two accounts where the phase angles are outside the calculation range of the equation used in our study. We analyze the number distribution of 164 accounts in 16 yr intervals covering the period from 1023 to 1391. We find that this distribution shows its minimum at around 1232, when the Goryeo dynasty moved the capital to the Ganghwa Island because of the Mongol invasion, and its maximum at around 1390, about the time when the dynasty fell. In addition, we calculate the azimuth, altitude, solar elongation, and apparent magnitude of Venus at sunset for 159 observations, excluding the eight accounts mentioned above, using the DE 406 ephemeris and modern astronomical algorithms. We find that the average elongation and magnitude of Venus on the days of those accounts were ~40° and -4.5, respectively, whereas the minimum magnitude was -3.8. The results of this study are useful for estimating the practical conditions for observing Venus in daylight with the naked eye and they also provide additional insight into the corresponding historical accounts contained in the Goryeosa.

Pop-up satellite archival tag (PSAT) technology that records depth, temperature, and light-level data has expanded the understanding of free-swimming behavior for numerous pelagic animals. Astronomical algorithms using these light-level data have allowed geolocation estimates of daily longitude and latitude. However, many pelagic animals have a crepuscular behavior pattern in which individuals are at depths below the photic layer during the day, thus precluding the use of traditional light-based movement algorithms for geolocation in such species as swordfish. A principal component analysis (PCA) of temperature profiles is described herein that utilizes depth and temperature data rather than light to estimate the horizontal movement between the initial location of tag release and transmission. PSAT data from swordfish (n=4), blue marlin (n=14), white marlin (n=2), and black marlin (n=1) were used to generate daily coordinate estimates. The marlin data provided sufficient light information to derive geolocation estimates using two light-based state space models, while the hydrographic PCA model was used to derive comparison estimates. Comparisons of the two model types show an average root mean square difference of 175.4 km demonstrating that the PCA model can be used to extract the movement of tagged swordfish and other pelagic species demonstrating crepuscular behavior. Integration of this PCA-based geolocation methods with both the best available estimates of the ocean temperature at the time of tag deployment and the existing light-based geolocation models would provide additional information on fine-scale movement of tagged fish.

Astronomically, Easter falls on the first Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox. In Indonesia, Christian holidays including Easter are regulated by the Ministry of Religious Affairs based on the recommendation of Indonesian Church Union (PGI) and Bishops Conference of Indonesia (KWI). This study objective is to formulate a simple time marker by using Meeus Astronomical Algorithm to determine Christian holidays in Indonesian Gregorian calendar. Another objective is to evaluate the Christian holidays on Indonesian calendar between 1960 and 2015. Finally, this study would also provide prediction for future Christian holidays. This study finds out that the Christian holidays on Indonesian calendar are proven as methodologically accurate. It indicates that Meeus Astronomical Algorithm can produce accurate calculation for determining Christian holidays in Indonesia in the future.
 KEY WORDS:Meeus astronomical algorithm, christian holidays, Indonesian calendar

Solar cell is the most cost effective and simple device to harvest solar energy as compared to other systems. Many types of single junction solar cell are available in market but their main problem is low efficiency. This paper focuses on the performance investigation of high efficiency multijunction solar cell using two axis solar tracker. High solar concentration is needed for multijunction solar cell with accurate solar tracking to get maximum energy output. Solar tracker is based upon the astronomical algorithm of solar tracking. Tracking System consists of GPS module, AVR microcontroller, stepper motors with drive modules and some other accessories. The tracking system takes geographical location data from GPS to calculate sun position for tracking.

Solar cell is the most cost effective and simple device to harvest solar energy as compared to other systems. Many types of single junction solar cell are available in market but their main problem is low efficiency. This paper focuses on the performance investigation of high efficiency multijunction solar cell using two axis solar tracker. High solar concentration is needed for multijunction solar cell with accurate solar tracking to get maximum energy output. Solar tracker is based upon the astronomical algorithm of solar tracking. Tracking System consists of GPS module, AVR microcontroller, stepper motors with drive modules and some other accessories. The tracking system takes geographical location data from GPS to calculate sun position for tracking.

Abstract This article discusses the design, operation, and performance evaluation of a unique cable‐operated 6.24 kWp commercial‐size solar tracking system called iPV dual‐axis tracker or iPV DAT with a position detector to gain the maximum power from the sunlight. Compared with other solar tracking systems, low cost, simplified hardware structure, and controlling algorithm are the advantages of this system. The operating method of the 6.24 kWp iPV DAT follow a simple pull and release of the steel cables connecting the corners of the PV module frame to the electric motors and directed by an electronic control system. The steel cables attached to the corners of the module frame also provide an extra stability in the event of high wind of up to 220 km/h. The accuracy of the tracking effect is managed by an astronomical algorithm that enables a full 360° azimuth rotation and altitude tilt of −40° to 40° (0 = horizontal). The controller algorithm also includes backtracking capability that allows optimization of ground cover ratio. Performance evaluation of the iPV DAT installed and operated in Taiwan for 12 months is compared with a fixed‐tilt PV system. An average electricity gain of 30.1% and performance ratio of 93% are realized using iPV DAT.