Asthma Medicines Research Articles

Bibliometric Analysis of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Asthma from 2005 to 2024

Asthma is a complex chronic respiratory disease that affects most people worldwide and imposes a heavy economic and health burden. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is one of the common treatments for asthma; however, there is a lack of bibliometric analysis data on the relationship between bronchial asthma and traditional Chinese medicine. This study analyzes and visualizes current research status and future trends. Relevant English publications on traditional Chinese medicine treatment for bronchial asthma were collected from the Web of Science core collection, and bibliometric analysis was conducted using software like Histcite. A total of 406 articles meeting the criteria were included after manual screening. China (including Taiwan) emerged as the leading contributor, with the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine being the institution with the highest number of publications. 'Journal of Ethnopharmacology' was a significant publication in this domain. The most frequently occurring keyword on the main display platform was 'airway inflammation.' Future research hotspots are expected to focus on intestinal flora and metabolism. This research offers a fresh perspective for understanding developments in this field.

Asthma control and use of short-acting beta-2-agonists for symptom relief in Africa – A narrative review

More than 100 million people in Africa live with Asthma. With appropriate treatment, predominantly inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs), asthma is controllable in most people. However, in Africa, multiple factors constrain the accessibility, availability, and quality of asthma services, which lead to underdiagnosis and sub-optimal treatment of the disease. These constraints include weak healthcare systems and inadequate knowledge of healthcare providers on asthma diagnosis and treatment. There is also a poor awareness of asthma as a long-term disease in the general population. There are several myths and misconceptions about asthma as a disease. There is also poor access to ICSs, the most effective controller medicines for asthma. This is mostly due to the high cost. Furthermore, the non-use or delays in initiating treatment with inhaled steroids commonly leads to overuse and overreliance on rapid relievers of asthma symptoms, and in particular, short-acting beta-2-agonists (SABAs), both in oral and inhaled forms. This practice is very common and contributes to the sub-optimal treatment and resultant poor control of asthma, which is highly prevalent in Africa. In this paper, we highlight the burden of asthma in Africa, the effects of overuse/overreliance of SABA use on asthma control and provide suggestions to reduce the dependency on SABAs to improve asthma treatment and enhance asthma control on the African continent.

MicroED Structures of Fluticasone Furoate and Fluticasone Propionate Provide New Insights to Their Function.

The detailed understanding of fluticasone, a widely prescribed medicine for allergic rhinitis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), has not been complete due to challenges in structural elucidation. The three-dimensional (3D) structure of fluticasone furoate 1 remained undetermined for decades, while the existing structures of fluticasone propionate 2 required refinement against improved data. In this study, we applied microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) to determine the 3D structures of 1 and 2 in their drug formulation state. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were utilized to model solvent effects to determine the preferred geometries in solution. A comparative analysis of structures of 1 and 2 across three states (drug formulation state, in solution, and biologically active state) revealed major conformational changes during the entire transition. Potential energy plots were calculated for the most dynamic bonds, uncovering their rotational barriers. This study underscores the combined use of MicroED and DFT calculations to provide a comprehensive understanding of conformational and energy changes during drug functioning in humans. The quantitative comparison highlights the subtle structural differences that can lead to significant functional changes in pharmaceutical properties.

Contemporary Concise Review 2023: Asthma.

Asthma research and management needs to meet the priorities of the end user-patients, carers and clinicians. A better understanding of the natural history of asthma and the progression of disease has highlighted the importance of early identification of patients with asthma and the potential role of early intervention. Management of mild asthma requires a consistent approach with the same detail and consideration used when managing severe disease. Evidence around treatable traits approaches continues to evolve, supporting the role of a personalized medicine in asthma. Oral corticosteroid (OCS) stewardship continues to be an urgent issue in asthma management. Strategies to taper OCS doses and the implementation of biologic therapies for their steroid sparing benefits will be important steps to address this problem. The concept of remission in asthma provides an ambitious target and treatment outcome.

Ginkgo biloba L. exocarp petroleum ether extract inhibits methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by modulating ion transport, virulence, and biofilm formation in vitro and in vivo

Ethnopharmacological relevanceAs reported in the Ancient Chinese Medicinal Books, Ginkgo biloba L. fruit has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment asthma and cough or as a disinfectant. Our previous study demonstrated that G. biloba exocarp extract (GBEE), an extract of a traditional Chinese herb, inhibits the formation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilms. However, GBEE is a crude extract that contains many components, and the underlying mechanisms of purified GBEE fractions extracted with solvents of different polarities are unknown. Aim of the studyThis study aimed to investigate the different components in GBEE fractions extracted with solvents of different polarities and their antibacterial effects and mechanisms against MRSA and Staphylococcus haemolyticus biofilms both in vitro and in vivo. MethodsThe components in different fractions were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC–HRMS). Microbroth dilution assays and time growth curves were used to determine the antibacterial effects of the fractions on 15 clinical bacterial isolates. Crystal violet staining, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were utilized to identify the fractions that affected bacterial biofilm formation. The potential MRSA targets of the GBEE fraction obtained with petroleum ether (PE), denoted GBEE-PE, were screened by transcriptome sequencing, and the gene expression profile was verified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). ResultsHPLC–HRMS analysis revealed that the four GBEE fractions (extracted with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water) contained different ginkgo components, and the antibacterial effects decreased as the polarity of the extraction solvent increased. The antibacterial activity of GBEE-PE was greater than that of the GBEE fraction extracted with ethyl acetate (EA). GBEE-PE improved H. illucens survival and reduced MRSA colonization in model mouse organs. Crystal violet staining and SEM and TEM analyses revealed that GBEE-PE inhibited MRSA and S. haemolyticus biofilm formation. Transcriptional analysis revealed that GBEE-PE inhibits MRSA biofilms by altering ion transport, cell wall metabolism and virulence-related gene expression. In addition, the LO2 cell viability and H. illucens toxicity assay data showed that GBEE-PE at 20 mg/kg was nontoxic. ConclusionThe GBEE fractions contained different components, and their antibacterial effects decreased with increases in the polarity of the extraction solvent. GBEE-PE limited MRSA growth and biofilm formation by affecting ion transport, cell wall synthesis, and virulence-related pathways. This research provides a more detailed overview of the mechanism by which GBEE-PE inhibits MRSA both in vitro and in vivo and suggests that GBEE-PE is a new prospective antimicrobial with the potential to be used in MRSA therapeutics in the future.

Assessing catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment in adult asthma care: a cross-sectional study of patients attending six public health clinics in Klang District, Malaysia

BackgroundIn Malaysia, asthma is a common chronic respiratory illness. Poor asthma control may increase out-of-pocket payment for asthma care, leading to financial hardships Malaysia provides Universal Health Coverage for the population with low user fees in the public health system to reduce financial hardship. We aimed to determine out-of-pocket expenditure on outpatient care for adult patients with asthma visiting government-funded public health clinics. We examined the catastrophic impact and medical impoverishment of these expenses on patients and households in Klang District, Malaysia.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional face-to-face questionnaire survey carried out in six government-funded public health clinics in Klang District, Malaysia. We collected demographic, socio-economic profile, and outpatient asthma-related out-of-pocket payments from 1003 adult patients between July 2019 and January 2020. Incidence of catastrophic health expenditure was estimated as the proportion of patients whose monthly out-of-pocket payments exceeded 10% of their monthly household income. Incidence of poverty was calculated as the proportion of patients whose monthly household income fell below the poverty line stratified for the population of the Klang District. The incidence of medical impoverishment was estimated by the change in the incidence of poverty after out-of-pocket payments were deducted from household income. Predictors of catastrophic health expenditure were determined using multivariate regression analysis.ResultsWe found the majority (80%) of the public health clinic attendees were from low-income groups, with 41.6% of households living below the poverty line. About two-thirds of the attendees reported personal savings as the main source of health payment. The cost of transportation and complementary-alternative medicine for asthma were the main costs incurred. The incidences of catastrophic expenditure and impoverishment were 1.69% and 0.34% respectively. The only significant predictor of catastrophic health expenditure was household income. Patients in the higher income quintiles (Q2, Q3, Q4) had lower odds of catastrophic risk than the lowest quintile (Q1). Age, gender, ethnicity, and poor asthma control were not significant predictors.ConclusionThe public health system in Malaysia provides financial risk protection for adult patients with asthma. Although patients benefited from the heavily subsidised public health services, this study highlighted those in the lowest income quintile still experienced financial catastrophe and impoverishment, and the risk of financial catastrophe was significantly greater in this group. It is crucial to ensure health equity and protect patients of low socio-economic groups from financial hardship.

Precision care in the treatment of pediatric asthma.

Precision medicine in pediatric asthma involves identification of asthma phenotypes, genetic markers, biomarkers, and biologics that target specific pathways. This review includes a discussion of the efficacy of currently approved biologics for pediatric asthma and most recent advances in biomarker/phenotype identification and genetic associations that affect asthma care. Biologics targeting type-2 mediated pathways have shown success in the treatment of moderate to severe asthma in pediatric and adult patients. In comparative studies, dupilumab, an interleukin-4 (IL-4) alpha receptor inhibitor, and mepolizumab, an IL-5 inhibitor, have shown more improvement in asthma exacerbation rates and lung function compared to other biologics such as tezepelumab, omalizumab and benralizumab. Other methods used to categorize asthma treatment response have been investigated and include use of biomarkers such as fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). Genomic studies are also emerging in precision care for pediatric asthma. An understanding of underlying immunologic and genetic mechanisms affecting the development of asthma in pediatric patients has resulted in the production of numerous targeted therapies that have led to improvement in lung function and reduced exacerbation burden.

Assessment of depression and internalized-stigma among adult asthma patients in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study

ObjectiveSuboptimal asthma control among patients is associated with psychosocial factors, including depression and stigma, hindering effective asthma management. This study aimed to assess depressive symptoms and internalized stigma among adult asthma patients while investigating their relationships with sociodemographic and asthma-related medical factors.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 325 adult asthma patients (aged > 18 years old) were recruited from the National Asthma Centre in Dhaka, Bangladesh, using a researcher-administered questionnaire and convenience sampling. The questionnaire included sections on sociodemographic characteristics, medical data, the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to assess depressive symptoms, and a 22-item stigma scale to assess internalized stigma. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.ResultsThe majority of participants were aged 18–40 years (54.2%), male (53.5%), from rural areas (50.8%), with a monthly family income of < US$250 (55.1%), and diagnosed with asthma for > 5 years (46.5%). The mean PHQ-9 score was 7.36 (± 6), indicating mild depressive symptoms, and the internalized stigma score was 62.2 (± 10.26), indicating moderate internalized stigma. Depression and stigma varied significantly across several factors, including age, education, ED visits, hospitalizations for asthma, number of asthma medicines, home nebulizer use, PEF rate, BMI, comorbidities, and asthma symptom control (p < 0.05). Stigma was correlated with depression and negatively correlated with age and years since asthma diagnosis (p < 0.01).ConclusionThis study highlights associations between depressive symptoms, internalized stigma, and various sociodemographic and medical factors among asthma patients. Notably, stigma was higher among younger adults and recently diagnosed patients. Effective interventions are needed to mitigate stigma and depression in this patient population.

The Impact of Australian Bushfires on Asthma Medicine Prescription Dispensing.

Air pollution can cause numerous health problems and increase the need for medicines to treat and prevent asthma in affected areas. There is limited evidence about the association between airborne particles with a diameter of 2.5 micrometres or smaller (PM2.5) and asthma medicine usage. This study examined the potential association between the levels of PM2.5 and the supply of prescription asthma medicines in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), Australia, during the severe bushfire season between November 2019-January 2020. Daily data was obtained from an ACT air quality monitoring station from November 2019 to January 2020 (study period) and November 2018 to January 2019 (control period, no bushfire). The number and types of government-funded asthma medicine prescriptions were obtained from the Services Australia (government) website by searching under 'Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme Item Reports' and using relevant item codes during the study and control periods. The medians for PM2.5 levels for the study period were significantly higher than those for the control period (p < 0.001). There were increases in the number of dispensed prescriptions of short-acting beta-2 agonists (SABA), inhaled corticosteroids, and long-acting beta-2 agonists combined with inhaled corticosteroids. The greatest difference was seen with the inhaled corticosteroids: a 138% increase. The increase in the number of dispensed asthma prescriptions during the bushfire season should be used to inform the stock holdings of these medicines in preparation for future events to ensure access to lifesaving asthma medicines.

Exposome and pharmacogenomics: towards precision medicine in childhood asthma

Exposome and pharmacogenomics: towards precision medicine in childhood asthma

Emerging Role of Precision Medicine in Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Respiratory Disease

Precision medicine is the current approach to managing chronic respiratory diseases, especially asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It involves the evaluation of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle variations for each patient. It requires valid and specific biomarkers obtained through genetic studies, biomolecular technology, and omics-based technology to determine targeted therapies. Asthma and COPD have heterogeneous clinical phenotype variations, and giving one standard treatment for asthma and COPD may not necessarily provide the same effectiveness to other patients. The endotype, a specific molecular mechanism in disease pathogenesis, is essential in phenotype variation. The role of precision medicine in asthma and COPD is to determine endotypes through specific biomarkers and to provide specific targeted therapy for achieving personalized treatment in each patient. The application of precision medicine not only provides precise diagnosis and treatment but also enables early detection in individuals at risk and prevention of progression and exacerbation in asthma and COPD.

A Comprehensive Metagenome Study Identifies Distinct Biological Pathways in Asthma Patients: An In-Silico Approach.

Asthma is a multifactorial disease with phenotypes and several clinical and pathophysiological characteristics. Besides innate and adaptive immune responses, the gut microbiome generates Treg cells, mediating the allergic response to environmental factors and exposure to allergens. Because of the complexity of asthma, microbiome analysis and other precision medicine methods are now widely regarded as essential elements of efficient disease therapy. An in-silico pipeline enables the comparative taxonomic profiling of 16S rRNA metagenomic profiles of 20 asthmatic patients and 15 healthy controls utilizing QIIME2. Further, PICRUSt supports downstream gene enrichment and pathway analysis, inferring the enriched pathways in a diseased state. A significant abundance of the phylum Proteobacteria, Sutterella, and Megamonas is identified in asthma patients and a diminished genus Akkermansia. Nasal samples reveal a high relative abundance of Mycoplasma in the nasal samples. Further, differential functional profiling identifies the metabolic pathways related to cofactors and amino acids, secondary metabolism, and signaling pathways. These findings support that a combination of bacterial communities is involved in mediating the responses involved in chronic respiratory conditions like asthma by exerting their influence on various metabolic pathways.

Relationship between effectiveness of asthma management and genetic variants in asthmatic Egyptian children

BackgroundPersonalized asthma medicine research identifies critical genes like ADRB2 and ADH5 that affect disease and treatment outcomes, necessitating a deeper exploration of these genetic influences on asthma prevalence and management in Egyptian children. This study aimed to examine the relationship between asthma control and specific genetic variants in Egyptian children, focusing on four significant SNPs within four key genes.MethodsA cross-sectional genetic study was conducted between December 2020 and May 2021 at two hospitals affiliated with Al-Azhar University to assess gene polymorphisms in adolescent asthmatic patients. Blood samples were taken from participants, with portions dedicated to DNA extraction and serum level measurements. The extracted DNA was then genotyped using the real-time PCR technique, and specific genotypes were identified based on their fluorescence characteristics.ResultsA total of 93 subjects were enrolled in the study. Cases (asthmatic children) had a significantly higher BMI than controls—healthy children—(33.65 ± 3.88 vs. 21.10 ± 3.48, p < 0.001). A notable distinction was observed in residence, with 30.6% of cases from urban areas versus 85.7% in controls (p < 0.001). Cases had a markedly higher incidence of familial asthma history (86.1% vs. 0.0%, p < 0.001), atopy (95.8% vs. 0.0%, p < 0.001), food allergies (80.6% vs. 9.5%, p < 0.001), and animal contact (79.2% vs. 14.3%, p < 0.001) compared to controls. The genetic marker rs4795399's CC allele was found in 10.0% of controls but not in any cases (p = 0.024), and the AA allele of rs7927044 was significantly more common in controlled asthmatics than in uncontrolled ones (p = 0.030).ConclusionThe studied genetic variants were not significantly associated with asthma severity; however, patients with uncontrolled asthma were associated with significantly higher polymorphism of GG and AG alleles of rs7927044. Additionally, there was a significant difference between the asthmatic patients and healthy individuals in terms of the polymorphism of the rs4795399 TT allele.

The combined effect of oxidative stress and TRPV1 on temperature-induced asthma: Evidence in a mouse model

Temperature is one of the possible activators for asthma. As global warming continues, the health hazard of high temperatures is increasing. It is unclear, nevertheless, how high temperatures affect asthma. The research aims to examine how asthma is affected by high temperatures and underlying molecular mechanisms. The BALB/c mice were adopted in a model of asthma. The mice were exposed at 24 °C, 38 °C and 40 °C for 4h on weekdays from day 1 to day 30. After the experiment, the lung function was measured in vivo, and then serum protein, pulmonary inflammation and immunohistochemistry assay was assessed in vitro. As the temperature increased from 24 °C to 40 °C, there was a significant increase in serum protein, while there is no discernible difference in serum protein of OVA-sIgE and OVA-sIgG between the OVA (38 °C) group and OVA (24 °C) group. The immunohistochemistry assay showed a change in the pro-inflammatory cytokines. The histopathological analysis exhibited the change of airway structure after high-temperature exposure, especially for exposure at 40 °C. The results of signals protein showed a remarkable rise of TRPV1 for OVA+40 °C. Our results revealed that high temperatures may make asthmatic airway dysfunction severe, and the higher the temperature, the more serious asthma. The oxidative stress and TRPV1 receptor can be a potential drug target for asthma. It will provide a new tool for precision medicine in asthma.

Efficacy of individualized homoeopathic medicine in bronchial asthma

Efficacy of individualized homoeopathic medicine in bronchial asthma

Personalized Medicine in Severe Asthma: From Biomarkers to Biologics.

Severe asthma is a complex and heterogeneous clinical condition presented as chronic inflammation of the airways. Conventional treatments are mainly focused on symptom control; however, there has been a shift towards personalized medicine. Identification of different phenotypes driven by complex pathobiological mechanisms (endotypes), especially those driven by type-2 (T2) inflammation, has led to improved treatment outcomes. Combining biomarkers with T2-targeting monoclonal antibodies is crucial for developing personalized treatment strategies. Several biological agents, including anti-immunoglobulin E, anti-interleukin-5, and anti-thymic stromal lymphopoietin/interleukin-4, have been approved for the treatment of severe asthma. These biological therapies have demonstrated efficacy in reducing asthma exacerbations, lowering eosinophil count, improving lung function, diminishing oral corticosteroid use, and improving the quality of life in selected patients. Severe asthma management is undergoing a profound transformation with the introduction of ongoing and future biological therapies. The availability of novel treatment options has facilitated the adoption of phenotype/endotype-specific approaches and disappearance of generic interventions. The transition towards precision medicine plays a crucial role in meticulously addressing the individual traits of asthma pathobiology. An era of tailored strategies has emerged, allowing for the successful targeting of immune-inflammatory responses that underlie uncontrolled T2-high asthma. These personalized approaches hold great promise for improving the overall efficacy and outcomes in the management of severe asthma. This article comprehensively reviews currently available biological agents and biomarkers for treating severe asthma. With the expanding repertoire of therapeutic options, it is becoming increasingly crucial to comprehend the influencing factors, understand the pathogenesis, and track treatment progress in severe asthma.

The Potential of Campanula takesimana Callus Extract to Enhance Skin Barrier Function.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a prevalent inflammatory skin disease characterized by epidermal barrier dysfunction and Th2-skewed inflammation. Campanula takesimana (C. takesimana), a Korean endemic plant grown on Ulleng Island, has long been associated with a traditional alternative medicine for asthma, tonsillitis, and sore throat. In this study, we reported the effect of C. takesimana callus extract on upregulating epidermal barrier-related proteins dysregulated by Th2 cytokines. C. takesimana callus extract induced the expression of skin barrier proteins, such as filaggrin, claudin-1, and zonula occludens-1, in both human primary keratinocytes and Th2-induced AD-like skin-equivalent models. Additionally, RNA sequencing analysis demonstrated that C. takesimana callus extract partially restored Th2 cytokine-induced dysregulation of the epidermal development and lipid metabolic pathways. Considering the advantages of callus as a sustainable eco-friendly source of bioactive substances, and its effect on skin barrier proteins and lipid metabolic pathways, C. takesimana callus extracts can possibly be utilized to improve the integrity of the skin barrier.

Trends in cost and consumption of essential medicines for non-communicable diseases in Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Uzbekistan, from 2019 to 2021.

Access to medicines is a global priority. Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Uzbekistan have different approaches to pricing policies for pharmaceuticals. The aim of this study was to analyze recent trends in the consumption and prices of non-communicable disease (NCD) medicines in Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Uzbekistan, in the outpatient setting. We included medicines for asthma and COPD, cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, epilepsy, and mental disorders. Sales data for pharmaceutical products in community pharmacies were extracted from a commercial database. Changes in consumption and prices were analyzed across all included NCD medicines, by disease category and pharmacological group. Consumption of NCD medicines was highest in Georgia, at twice the levels in Azerbaijan, and four times levels in Uzbekistan. Average prices of NCD medicines, weighted by consumption, increased by 26% in Georgia, but decreased by 3% in Azerbaijan and by 0.1% in Uzbekistan. Prices increased for all disease groups in Georgia (from +13% for epilepsy medicines to +86% for cancer), varied by group in Uzbekistan (from -22% for epilepsy medicines to +47% for cancer), while changes in Azerbaijan were smaller in magnitude (from -4% for medicines for cardiovascular disease to +11% for cancer). Cancer medicines had markedly higher prices in Uzbekistan, and asthma and COPD medicines had markedly higher prices in Azerbaijan and Uzbekistan. Georgia showed the highest outpatient consumption of NCD medicines, suggesting the broadest access to treatment. However, Georgia also saw marked price increases, greater than in the other countries. In Georgia, where there was no price regulation, widespread price increases and increases in consumption both contribute to increasing pharmaceutical expenditures. In Azerbaijan and Uzbekistan, increases in outpatient pharmaceutical expenditures were primarily driven by increases in consumption, rather than increases in price. Comparing trends in consumption and pricing can identify gaps in access and inform future policy approaches.

The Effect Of Increasing Concentrations Of Sodium Saccharin As Sweetener On Physical Properties Of Salbutamol Dispersible Tablet With Mannitol As Filler

Salbutamol one of asthma medicine which can be made in to dispersible tablet with the addition of sodium saccharin as sweetener. This study aimed to determine effect of increasing concentration of sodium saccharin as sweetener on physical properties and patient acceptabelity of the tablet. The tablet was made into 5 formulas with the 0% of sodium saccharin concentration as Formula 1, 0.2% as Formula 2, 0.4% as Formula 3, 0.6% as Formula 4, and 0.8% as Formula 5. The tablet made by direct compression method. The evaluation of granule including flow time test, angle of repose, and compressibility test. The tablet evaluation including organoleptic, weight uniformity, size uniformity, friability, hardness, wetting time, disintegration time, content uniformity, and hedonic test. The results of the physial properties were the hardness F1 until F5 subsequently 1.70, 1.54, 2.48, 2.67, and 2.73 Kp; the disintegration time F1 until F5 subsquently 55.67, 56.67, 56.67, 57.00, and 58.00 seconds; the friability test 1.09, 1.98, 0.77, 0.65, and 0.63%. The results showed that there were significant differences among all the formulas. It could be concluded that increasing concentration of sodium saccharin as sweetener in salbutamol dispersible tablet increase physical properties and could be made as preferable and acceptable tablet.

Holistic Management of Pediatric Patients with Asthma through the Family Medicine Approach: A Case Series

Introduction: Asthma is a global problem, with around 100-150 million people estimated to suffer from this disease. Based on data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), around 8.4% of people in the United States suffer from asthma. Asthma requires holistic treatment, one of which is family medicine. However, there is a lack of data or research discussing this matter. Hence, this case report aims to provide an overview of family medicine in asthma, especially in children. Case: This study is a case series report involving four pediatric patients with asthma. Data collection was performed by conducting home visits and hetero-anamnesis. Many things affect asthma treatment apart from pharmacology, including family medicine. In this case series, the role of the family proved significant in the patient's healing and daily functioning. Conclusion: Family medicine is a type of holistic management critical in various diseases, especially asthma. Support from the patient’s family and environment has an essential role in the success of asthma therapy in children.