Assumption Of Unity Research Articles

RIS-assisted near-field localization using practical phase shift model

Our research focuses on examining the problem of localizing user equipment (UE) in the uplink scenario using reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) based lens. We carry out a thorough analysis of the Fisher information matrix (FIM) and assess the influence of various RIS-based lens configurations using an actual RIS phase-dependent amplitude variations model. Furthermore, to reduce the complexity of the maximum likelihood (ML) estimator, a simple localization algorithm-based angular expansion is presented. Simulation results show superior localization performance when prior location information is available for directional and positional channel configurations. The position error bound (PEB) and the root mean square error (RMSE) are studied to evaluate the localization accuracy of the user utilizing the realistic RIS phase-dependent amplitude model in the near-field region. Furthermore, the achievable data rate is obtained in the same region using the realistic RIS phase-dependent amplitude model. It is noticed that adopting the actual RIS phase-dependent amplitude model under the near-field channel increases the localization error and degrades the data rate performance for amplitude value less than one so, the unity assumption of the RIS phase shift model used widely in the literature is inaccurate.

The unity hypothesis revisited: can the male/female incongruent McGurk effect be disrupted by familiarization and priming?

The unity assumption hypothesis contends that higher-level factors, such as a perceiver's belief and prior experience, modulate multisensory integration. The McGurk illusion exemplifies such integration. When a visual velar consonant /ga/ is dubbed with an auditory bilabial /ba/, listeners unify the discrepant signals with knowledge that open lips cannot produce /ba/ and a fusion percept /da/ is perceived. Previous research claimed to have falsified the unity assumption hypothesis by demonstrating the McGurk effect occurs even when a face is dubbed with a voice of the opposite sex, and thus violates expectations from prior experience. But perhaps stronger counter-evidence is needed to prevent perceptual unity than just an apparent incongruence between unfamiliar faces and voices. Here we investigated whether the McGurk illusion with male/female incongruent stimuli can be disrupted by familiarization and priming with an appropriate pairing of face and voice. In an online experiment, the susceptibility of participants to the McGurk illusion was tested with stimuli containing either a male or female face with a voice of incongruent gender. The number of times participants experienced a McGurk illusion was measured before and after a familiarization block, which familiarized them with the true pairings of face and voice. After familiarization and priming, the susceptibility to the McGurk effects decreased significantly on average. The findings support the notion that unity assumptions modulate intersensory bias, and confirm and extend previous studies using male/female incongruent McGurk stimuli.

The Problem with Kapwa: Challenging Assumptions of Community, Sameness, and Unity in Filipina American Feminist Fieldwork

The Problem with Kapwa: Challenging Assumptions of Community, Sameness, and Unity in Filipina American Feminist Fieldwork

Estimating excise tax revenue elasticity and buoyancy for tobacco products and alcoholic beverages: evidence from Greece

ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to estimate excise tax revenue elasticity and buoyancy for tobacco products and alcoholic beverages in Greece, for the period 2000–2020. To this end, we employ core and more extended error correction models. Overall, our empirical results do not confirm the appropriateness of the unity assumption. Policy measures seem to affect excise tax revenues in the long run mostly through the tax-to-base relation. In most cases, excise tax revenues seem to have a larger reaction to changes in the tax base in the short run, which could be associated with different asymmetric effects, in particular the crisis/adjustment and the COVID-19 lockdown effects. Our findings indicate several differences in excise tax revenue elasticity and buoyancy between the two product categories, suggesting that individual product categories should be examined separately for a more precise estimate of tax revenue sensitivity. This implication may assist policy makers to effectively design the related tax policies, especially during abnormal periods like the COVID-19 pandemic, and derive more accurate tax revenue forecasts.

Unity Assumption in Audiovisual Emotion Perception.

We experience various sensory stimuli every day. How does this integration occur? What are the inherent mechanisms in this integration? The “unity assumption” proposes a perceiver’s belief of unity in individual unisensory information to modulate the degree of multisensory integration. However, this has yet to be verified or quantified in the context of semantic emotion integration. In the present study, we investigate the ability of subjects to judge the intensities and degrees of similarity in faces and voices of two emotions (angry and happy). We found more similar stimulus intensities to be associated with stronger likelihoods of the face and voice being integrated. More interestingly, multisensory integration in emotion perception was observed to follow a Gaussian distribution as a function of the emotion intensity difference between the face and voice—the optimal cut-off at about 2.50 points difference on a 7-point Likert scale. This provides a quantitative estimation of the multisensory integration function in audio-visual semantic emotion perception with regards to stimulus intensity. Moreover, to investigate the variation of multisensory integration across the population, we examined the effects of personality and autistic traits of participants. Here, we found no correlation of autistic traits with unisensory processing in a nonclinical population. Our findings shed light on the current understanding of multisensory integration mechanisms.

МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ОСНОВА ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ КОСМИЗМА ДЛЯ РАЗВИТИЯ ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕОРИИ И ПРАКТИКИ

Th e relevance of the stated issue is connected with the incompleteness of the transformation in modern education, which requires the search for innovative tools and methods to solve existing problems. Th e application of cosmism methodology to pedagogical practice seems important in the context of educational system modernization based on the principles of personality-oriented education and universal values. Taking into account the insuffi cient knowledge of the ontology of pedagogical cosmism, the chosen direction of research seems to be relevant. Th e purpose of the work is to study practice-oriented application of the ideas of cosmism in the framework of humanistic paradigm development to student-centered education in modern educational environment. Results. Th e most signifi cant results of the study, characterizing its scientifi c novelty, are the following:1. Th e methodological basis of the concept of cosmism lies in the assumption of the organic unity of Man, Mankind and the Cosmos, supporting the legitimacy of cosmic consciousness as a concept, defi ning Man as a unique Microcosm. 2. In the framework of the pedagogical concept of cosmism, the main direction is the spiritual education of the child, which consists in the discovery of the “higher self ”, controlling all spheres of the personality. It also involves the improvement of the emotional, mental, physical and spiritual spheres of personality in order to form a unique quality, elevating a person to the next stage of spiritual evolution. 3. Modern trends in educational policy are consonant with the ideas, formed in pedagogical concept of cosmism. Th ey include systemic integrity of the tasks, principles and directions of education and upbringing, regarding education as a process of development, and the ability of self-improvement of the individual. 4. Application of the ideas of cosmism is focused on solving the problems that modern education faces, including the ethical problem of education and the search for the best solutions to develop talents. Th ese problems also include pedagogical assistance to self-improvement, and foundation of a new type of school, supporting sustainable and continuous development. Conclusion. On the basis of the concept of cosmism and of the methodological guidelines of cosmopedagogy, analyzed in the work, it was concluded that comprehensive development of the individual is possible through the disclosure of creative energy aimed at harmonizing the inner world.

Comment on: “Bi-interior ideals of semigroups”

This is about the paper “Bi-interior ideals of semigroups” by M. Murali Krishna Rao in Discuss. Math. Gen. Algebra Appl. 38 (2018) 69–78. According to Theorem 3.11 (also Theorem 3.3(8)) of the paper, the intersection of a bi-interior ideal [Formula: see text] of a semigroup [Formula: see text] and a subsemigroup [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text] is a bi-interior ideal of [Formula: see text]. Regarding to Theorem 3.6, every bi-interior ideal of a regular semigroup is an ideal of [Formula: see text]. We give an example that the above two results are not true for semigroups. According to the same paper, if [Formula: see text] is a regular semigroup then, for every bi-interior ideal [Formula: see text], every ideal [Formula: see text] and every left ideal [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text], we have [Formula: see text]. The proof is wrong, we provide the corrected proof. In most of the results of the paper the assumption of unity is not necessary. Care should be taken about the proofs in the paper.

انعكاسات جائحة كورونا على تطبيق الفروض والمبادئ والمحددات المحاسبية: بحث نظري (Reflections of the Corona Pandemic on Implementation of the Accounting Assumptions, Principles and Determinants: Theoretical Research)

Arabic Abstract: استهدف البحث دراسة التداعيات الاقتصادية والاجتماعية لجائحة كورونا وانعكاساتها على تطبيق الفروض والمبادئ والمحددات المحاسبية، واعتمد على المنهج الوثائقي (Documentary Approach)، الذي تطلب جمع البيانات من إصدارات المنظمات المحاسبية المهنية الدولية وشركات المحاسبة والمراجعة الدولية الكبرى، وتم تحليل الآراء والإرشادات الواردة في هذه الوثائق باستخدام التحليل الموضوعي (Thematic analysis)، واستمد البحث أهميته من حداثة وأهمية موضوعه، وخلص إلى نتائج أبرزها: أن جائحة كورونا أفرزت مؤشرات اقتصادية ومالية قد تلقي بظلال من الشك على تطبيق فرض الاستمرارية، مما يترتب عليه تأثير سلبي على فرض الوحدة الاقتصادية والمبادئ والمحددات المحاسبية، كما أن مبدأ القياس يواجه صعوبة في التطبيق في ظل جائحة كورونا؛ نتيجة عدم توفر بعض مدخلات القياس الموثوق بها ولجوء المحاسبين للإفراط في استخدام التقديرات الشخصية، خاصة عند استخدام القيمة العادلة، كما تتطلب جائحة كورونا إعادة النظر في تطبيق مبدأ تحقق المصروف ومبدأ تحقق الإيراد وسياسات الاعتراف المحاسبي المعدة على هذين المبدأين، وتزداد الحاجة إلى الإفصاح عن المعلومات المالية وغير المالية في ظل جائحة كورونا، خاصة تلك المتعلقة بالمخاطر والاحتمالات المستقبلية، كما يحتاج المحاسب في ظل آثار هذه الجائحة إلى إعادة النظر في تحليلات التكلفة والمنفعة عند إنتاج المعلومات المحاسبية وزيادة التطبيقات القائمة على الحيطة والحذر، وبناء على هذه النتائج تم اقتراح بعض التوصيات التي من شأنها أن تساعد المحاسبين وأصحاب المصلحة أثناء وبعد جائحة كورونا. English Abstract: This research focuses on the economic and social implications of the Corona pandemic on the implementation of the accounting assumptions, principles, and determinations, based on the Documentary Approach, which require Collects the data from the publications of the international accounting organizations, international accounting, and auditing firms to analyze the opinions and instructions by thematic analysis. The importance of the research lies in the novelty of the topic. The conclusion of this study includes several results, the most important of which are: many financial and economic indicators show up because of the pandemic, these indicators may cast doubt on applications of the continuity assumption, which may hurt unity assumption, accounting principles, and determinations. Besides, the measurement principle faces difficulties on applying according to the lack of reliable measurement inputs which excess the accountants using the personal estimates, especially when using the fair value. Moreover, the pandemic requires a reconsideration of the applying of the principle of expense recognition, the principle of revenue recognition, and accounting recognition policies for these principles. The need for more disclosure of information increases especially those related to future risks and possibilities according to the pandemic. Furthermore, the accountant needs to reconsider the cost-benefit analysis when producing accounting information and the practice that concerns conservatism. According to these results, several recommendations propose to assist the accountants and the stakeholders during and after the pandemic.

Sophisticated Textualism and Sanctions

In this paper I present a difficulty for Matczak’s sophisticated textualism. I argue that, due to his claims about the descriptive character of legal language and the unity of the possible world postulated by the legal text, his theory cannot successfully account for norms that express factors that an authority should take into account when determining the measure of sanction. I reject two replies to this objection that do not require a modification of Matczak’s account. The upshot of my argument is that in order to accommodate norms pertaining to sanctions, Matczak should drop the assumption of unity of the possible world described by the legal text.

Marital Rape in Nigeria: Appraising the information so far

Marital union has the assumption of love, unity, conjugation, protection and approval by the society. Thus sexual relationships within the emblem of marriage are approved by law, society and God. Parties to marital union retain their basic human rights, however the assumption of unity in marriage makes it difficult to access human rights protection, in some countries, by women who are inherently vulnerable to harm and abuse. Marital union is viewed as the mechanism through which a husband gets licensed sexual satisfaction from his wife not minding the means it is obtained. This paper looks at the legality and morality of overlooking acts contravening human right laws, carried out within the ambit of marriage. It questions the legality of upholding marital unity while overlooking the abysmal mental and physical health issues carried out in marriage. This paper provides the conclusion that marital unity should be interpreted alongside with provisions of human right laws; while contradictory legal provisions should stand annulled by reason of its contradiction with human rights provisions. It was recommended that Nigerian laws on exemption of marital rape be reviewed and extended, by so doing partners would be made responsible for their actions in marriage. Keywords : Marital Rape, Women Human Rights, Violence, DOI : 10.7176/JLPG/89-25 Publication date :September 30 th 2019

Titanium reactors for redox-sensitive hydrothermal experiments: An assessment of dissolved salt on H2 activity-concentration relations

Fixed-volume titanium alloy hydrothermal reactors permit research into fundamental aspects of mineralogy and aqueous geochemistry at the T-P conditions encountered on the frontiers of submarine and terrestrial geothermal system exploration. The impressive mechanical strength of new titanium alloys facilitate studies involving fluids and minerals at conditions up to 500 °C and 50 MPa. The corrosion resistance of titanium is a well-known attribute that also allows experiments to be performed in acidic, NaCl-bearing aqueous fluids. Titanium, however, can suffer irreversible surface reactions in aqueous fluids at high temperatures that may produce or consume appreciable concentrations of dissolved hydrogen (H2(aq)), complicating the interpretation of redox processes in homogenous and heterogeneous chemical systems. Here we report results of hydrothermal experiments designed to examine the direction and magnitude of changes in dissolved H2(aq) in deionized water and NaCl bearing aqueous fluid contained within a newly constructed Ti alloy (Ti-6242) reactor. The redox sensitivity of these and related experiments, however, required testing and assessing surface passivation involving pre-treatment with nitric acid at moderately high temperature. Results indicate that passivation procedures were required to render the Ti surface of the reactor unreactive in both low and high hydrogen-bearing fluid (H2O and NaCl-H2O systems). Once passivated, experiments were then conducted at 400 °C to assess the effect of dissolved NaCl on dissolved H2(aq) concentrations coexisting with the well-known HM (hematite-magnetite) redox buffer. These data indicate highly non-ideal activity-concentration relations for H2(aq) in the NaCl bearing fluids. Accordingly, the common assumption of unity for the activity coefficient of dissolved H2(aq) in hydrothermal fluids is not supported. The implications of this are important for accurate redox reconstruction for compositionally variable natural and experimental hydrothermal systems at elevated temperatures and pressures. The experimental strategy of monitoring the rate and magnitude of H2(aq) production and consumption in situ, during on-going experiments, provides quantitative insight on the effectiveness of the passivation process and the usefulness of redox buffers in hydrothermal geochemical applications.

Violation of the Unity Assumption Disrupts Temporal Ventriloquism Effect in Starlings

When stimuli from different sensory modalities are received, they may be combined by the brain to form a multisensory percept. One key mechanism for multisensory binding is the unity assumption under which multisensory stimuli that share certain physical properties like temporal and/or spatial correspondence are grouped together as deriving from one object. In humans, evidence for a role of the unity assumption has been found in spatial tasks and also in temporal tasks using stimuli that share physical properties (speech-related stimuli, musical and synesthetically congruent stimuli). In our study, we investigate the role of the unity assumption in an animal model in a temporal order judgment task. When subjects are asked to indicate which of two spatially separated visual stimuli appeared first in time, performance improves when the visual stimuli are paired (in time) with spatially non-informative acoustic cues, a phenomenon known as the temporal ventriloquism effect. Here, we show that European starlings perform better when one singleton acoustic cue is paired with the first visual stimulus as compared to pairing with the second visual stimulus. This shows, in combination with our previous study, that a non-informative singleton acoustic cue, when temporally paired with the first visual stimulus, triggers alerting while, when temporally pairing with the second visual stimulus, it prevents a temporal ventriloquism effect because the unity assumption is violated. Thus, the unity assumption influences sensory perception not only in humans but also in an animal model. The importance of the unity assumption in this task supports the idea that the temporal ventriloquism effect, similar to the spatial ventriloquism effect, is based on multisensory binding and integration but not on alerting effects.

Observations of the Temperature and Humidity Structure Parameter Over Heterogeneous Terrain by Airborne Measurements During the LITFASS-2003 Campaign

The turbulent structure parameters of temperature ( $$C_T^2$$ ) and humidity ( $$C_Q^2$$ ), and their cross-structure parameter ( $$C_{QT}$$ ), are investigated using data collected with the airborne-measurement platform Helipod during the LITFASS-2003 campaign. The flights took place within the atmospheric surface layer over heterogeneous terrain including forests, a lake and farmland. We find variability in $$C_T^2$$ along such flight legs, with values of $$C_T^2$$ over forested surfaces one order of magnitude larger than over farmland, and two orders of magnitude larger than over the lake. However, a quantitative relationship between the magnitude of $$C_Q^2$$ and the surface type is not found, most likely due to a similar surface latent heat flux between the land-use types. However, when the different flight legs are taken together and data grouped by land-use type, values of $$C_Q^2$$ are significantly lower over the lake than over the other surfaces. A classification of $$C_{QT}$$ is only possible between water and land surfaces, with lower values over water. We find the correlation coefficient $$R_{QT}$$ in the range of 0.4–1.0, which is less than unity, and thus violates the assumption of unity in Monin–Obukhov similarity theory.

The Legislative Logic of Electoral Reform in Ukraine

Since the end of Communist rule, Ukraine has undertaken three major electoral reforms, moving from a single-member district majoritarian system, to a mixed-member system, to a closed-list proportional representation system, and back to the mixed-member system. Some argue that political parties are primarily motivated by the desire to maximise seats or improve their ability to impact on policy. I argue that existing theories of electoral reform often assume that parties are unitary actors during electoral reform. My analysis of electoral reform in Ukraine clearly demonstrates significant intra-party dissonance on electoral system preferences. This result questions the usefulness of the party unity assumption.

Assessing the Role of the 'Unity Assumption' on Multisensory Integration: A Review.

There has been longstanding interest from both experimental psychologists and cognitive neuroscientists in the potential modulatory role of various top–down factors on multisensory integration/perception in humans. One such top–down influence, often referred to in the literature as the ‘unity assumption,’ is thought to occur in those situations in which an observer considers that various of the unisensory stimuli that they have been presented with belong to one and the same object or event (Welch and Warren, 1980). Here, we review the possible factors that may lead to the emergence of the unity assumption. We then critically evaluate the evidence concerning the consequences of the unity assumption from studies of the spatial and temporal ventriloquism effects, from the McGurk effect, and from the Colavita visual dominance paradigm. The research that has been published to date using these tasks provides support for the claim that the unity assumption influences multisensory perception under at least a subset of experimental conditions. We then consider whether the notion has been superseded in recent years by the introduction of priors in Bayesian causal inference models of human multisensory perception. We suggest that the prior of common cause (that is, the prior concerning whether multisensory signals originate from the same source or not) offers the most useful way to quantify the unity assumption as a continuous cognitive variable.

The unity assumption facilitates cross-modal binding of musical, non-speech stimuli: The role of spectral and amplitude envelope cues.

An observer's inference that multimodal signals originate from a common underlying source facilitates cross-modal binding. This 'unity assumption' causes asynchronous auditory and visual speech streams to seem simultaneous (Vatakis & Spence, Perception & Psychophysics, 69(5), 744-756, 2007). Subsequent tests of non-speech stimuli such as musical and impact events found no evidence for the unity assumption, suggesting the effect is speech-specific (Vatakis & Spence, Acta Psychologica, 127(1), 12-23, 2008). However, the role of amplitude envelope (the changes in energy of a sound over time) was not previously appreciated within this paradigm. Here, we explore whether previous findings suggesting speech-specificity of the unity assumption were confounded by similarities in the amplitude envelopes of the contrasted auditory stimuli. Experiment 1 used natural events with clearly differentiated envelopes: single notes played on either a cello (bowing motion) or marimba (striking motion). Participants performed an un-speeded temporal order judgments task; viewing audio-visually matched (e.g., marimba auditory with marimba video) and mismatched (e.g., cello auditory with marimba video) versions of stimuli at various stimulus onset asynchronies, and were required to indicate which modality was presented first. As predicted, participants were less sensitive to temporal order in matched conditions, demonstrating that the unity assumption can facilitate the perception of synchrony outside of speech stimuli. Results from Experiments 2 and 3 revealed that when spectral information was removed from the original auditory stimuli, amplitude envelope alone could not facilitate the influence of audiovisual unity. We propose that both amplitude envelope and spectral acoustic cues affect the percept of audiovisual unity, working in concert to help an observer determine when to integrate across modalities.

Fear, Loathing, and the First Amendment: Optimistic Skepticism and the Theory of Free Expression

Communitarian free speech theories give out a siren call. They naturally appeal to most Americans because they reflect the assumptions of moral unity on a national level normally associated with theories of communitarianism. In reality, however, such theories are both invidious and dangerous, for two reasons. First, they ignore the well-established reality of interest group politics and self-promotion that has long marked our nation’s form of democracy. Second, in so doing these theories, either intentionally or unknowingly, provide an attractive cover for an attempt to impose a particular ideological perspective on a very diverse society. To understand the proper role of free speech theory in American democracy, once initially needs to grasp — indeed, embrace — the politics of conflict and the clash of self-interests that inherently mark a pluralistic democracy. A constitutionally imposed principle of free expression flows not from some notion of a morally homogeneous society or a universal collaborative commitment to the pursuit of some mythical “common good,” but rather from recognition of the foundational role of liberal individualism in America’s adversary form of democracy. Of course, this does not imply that we live as individuals in a vacuum, rather than as part of a broader society. But that is exactly the point: We guarantee free expression for every member of society, regardless of our agreement with either the substance or motive for their speech, because we recognize from the outset that we all must work together, paradoxically, to make sure that we will still be able to continue competing with each other. The First Amendment, then, does for political battles what the Marquess of Queensberry Rules were intended to do for the sport of boxing: it imposes rules of behavior that temper and control the invidious impulses of the participants in the adversary conflicts. In this way, the First Amendment helps preserve the values of individual worth inherent in a commitment to liberal democratic thought while simultaneously protecting against the dangers of tyranny.

From classrooms to conflict in Rwanda

This book is one of the few published works that discusses how education may not always promote peace building in post-conflict situations, such as Rwanda. In addition, it is the first book to offer a comprehensive, longitudinal analysis of education in Rwanda, an issue of continuing importance. While this is King's first book on Rwanda, she has published many articles and book chapters on Africa, and specifically Rwanda, and is a former fellow of the Africa Initiative. As the author states (p. 1), ‘Schooling plays a key role in the country's transformation. The Rwandan government is currently investing significantly in schools and placing tremendous faith in the power of education as a tool of unity and reconciliation.’ According to King, this assumption of unity and reconciliation must be examined. While other authors have looked at post-conflict education in Rwanda, analysis has focused solely on secondary education, without an examination of historical trends in the education system. Other works have examined how ethnicity and education interact, but have not focused on a specific case. Overall, King's book is a successful presentation of the ways in which the role of education in peace building is often overlooked and simply regarded as a ‘good thing’ (p. 163), without examining the ways in which education can also foster inter-ethnic conflict.

Subjective crossmodal correspondence and audiovisual integration

Research on multisensory integration often makes use of stochastic (race) models to distinguish a response performance enhancement in Reaction Times (RTs) due to multisensory integration from an enhancement due to the probability summation. Only when performance on a multisensory task supersedes that of the race-model it is attributed to multisensory integration. An important factor affecting multisensory integration is the unity assumption, i.e. the degree to which an observer infers that two sensory inputs are of the same source or event. Apart from the obvious spatial and temporal correspondence, other, often more subjective, similarity estimates might play a role as well. Here we investigate how subjective crossmodal correspondence influences multisensory stimulation. Observers first matched the loudness of a 100ms white noise burst to the brightness of a 0.86째 light disc (6.25 cd/m2) presented for 100ms on a darker (4.95 cd/m2) background, using a staircase procedure. In a subsequent speeded detection experiment, the observers indicated as fast and accurately as possible whether an audiovisual, auditory only or visual only target was located to the right or left from fixation. The subjectively matched loudness as well as +5dB and -5 dB loudness values were used as auditory stimuli. Auditory detection was generally faster than visual detection and audio-visual detection was generally fastest. However, only when the subjectively matched loudness was used as auditory stimulus did audio-visual detection supersede the predictions made by the racemodel. This result demonstrates the importance of subjective correspondence in multisensory integration, and may explain earlier results that found a surprising lack of integration. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2014

Time and causality: editorial

Time and causality: editorial