This research aims to examine the impact of green banking, digital transformation, asset quality, and operational efficiency on the financial performance of banks in Indonesia from 2021 to 2024. Using a quantitative approach, the study employs panel data regression with the Random Effects Model (REM) through EViews software. The sample consists of 30 banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, with secondary data from annual reports, financial statements, and sustainability reports. Green banking is measured through a disclosure index, while digital transformation is represented by the ratio of digital intangible assets to total intangible assets. Asset quality is assessed using the non-performing loan (NPL) ratio, and operational efficiency is evaluated by the BOPO ratio. Financial performance is represented by net income, with Return on Assets (ROA) as a control variable. The findings indicate that green banking has a positive impact on financial performance, while digital transformation has a negative effect. Asset quality and operational efficiency, although important, do not significantly influence financial performance. ROA as a control variable shows a positive and significant impact. These results emphasize the need for strengthening green banking practices to promote sustainable financial performance in the banking sector.

This study evaluates the effectiveness of credit monitoring systems and the adequacy of reserves liquidity and provisioning requirements within Guyana’s banking sector. Effective credit risk management is critical in modern financial systems, particularly in light of global concerns regarding problematic debt. Consistent with principles advanced by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS), the research assesses whether banks in Guyana adequately monitor individual credit exposures and maintain sufficient provisions to mitigate potential losses. Using a mixed-methods approach—including literature review, interviews, questionnaires, and field observations—the study examines regulatory oversight by the Bank of Guyana and compares domestic credit risk practices with international standards. It also analyzes trends in financial sector growth and shifts in risk appetite amid Guyana’s rapidly expanding oil-driven economy. Key findings show a significant improvement in asset quality, with non-performing loans (NPLs) declining from 13.98% in 2016 to 3.57% in 2023. This reduction coincides with strong growth in performing loans, largely driven by economic expansion linked to the oil and gas sector. As of December 2023, the banking system remained highly liquid. Average liquid assets exceeded statutory requirements by 81% (G$148.8 billion). Licensed Deposit-Taking Financial Institutions (LDFIs) held G$332.6 billion in liquid assets, reflecting a 15.4% increase over December 2022. While this indicates financial strength, it also suggests excess liquidity potentially stemming from a conservative lending approach. Although banks utilize established credit assessment tools—such as CAMPARI, 4M Risk Analysis, credit scorecards, and SWOT analysis—challenges remain in regulatory enforcement, technological modernization, automation, and institutional capacity. An overly cautious lending stance may constrain credit growth and limit broader access to financing. The study recommends adopting advanced credit scoring technologies, strengthening regulatory frameworks, enhancing automation and capacity-building initiatives, and improving debt monitoring systems. It also calls for a sector-based risk assessment approach and a review of policies restricting private sector foreign borrowing. Overall a balanced strategy that strengthens risk management while improving credit accessibility is essential to support Guyana’s continued economic transformation and financial stability.

Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have become a pivotal component of India’s financial architecture, complementing the banking system by providing credit access to underserved and unbanked segments of the population. The period 2025–2026 marks a transformative phase for the NBFC sector, driven by digital lending innovations, fintech collaborations, telecom-based financial ecosystems, and strengthened regulatory oversight by the Reserve Bank of India (Reserve Bank of India, 2025; 2026). This study examines the structural evolution, economic role, regulatory framework, recent policy developments, and emerging risks within the NBFC sector. Using a descriptive and analytical research design based on secondary data from RBI reports, government publications, financial news sources, and academic literature, the study finds that NBFCs are transitioning into digitally integrated credit intermediaries that play a crucial role in financial inclusion, MSME financing, and infrastructure development (Mishra & Kumar, 2021; World Bank, 2022). However, the sector continues to face challenges related to liquidity risk, asset quality, governance, regulatory compliance, and cybersecurity threats (Kaur & Singh, 2022; CRISIL, 2025). The paper concludes that NBFCs will remain central to India’s financial deepening and inclusive growth, provided that regulatory discipline, technological resilience, and governance frameworks are strengthened. Keywords: NBFC, Financial Inclusion, Digital Lending, RBI Regulation, Fintech, India, Credit Intermediation, MSME Finance.

The Rural Banking Institutions play significant role in the socio-economic development of rural India through funding to different sections of rural sector, In the Northern India, Haryana and Punjab has pivotal place in utilizing the services of Rural Banking/Financial Institutions. The Sarva Haryana Gramin Bank (SHGB) and Punjab Gramin Bank (PGM) is committed to cater to the financial needs of rural masses to make them self-reliant and to facilitate them with better and safer saving opportunities, keeping in view the social responsibility with special care for weaker sections of the society. The present study is an attempt to Comparative analysis of financial and operational performance of SHGB and PGM. The main objectives of the study are to examine financial performance, operational performance and bankruptcy level of the banks. For this purpose CAMEL model and Z-Score model have been used besides other statistical techniques to analyse financial and operational performance of this bank. Through CAMEL model capital adequacy, asset quality, management efficiency, earning quality and liquidity level are evaluated and through z-score model bankruptcy level of the bank is evaluated. After identifying the weaknesses through study, significant suggestions have been given. Keywords: Financial Performance, Operational Performance, Capital Adequacy, Asset Quality, Earning Quality, Liquidity Position and Bankruptcy

Banking sector plays a vital role in the growth of an economy and as it extends credit facilities, unfortunately, the probability of misappropriation of funds, diversion of funds is always associated. Credit fraud has been increasingly common in India in recent years and post- liberalization the periodicity, nature and the associated loss due to frauds has also been increased and consequently raises the concern of financial regulators. Apart from eroding customer confidence, frauds pose a number of challenges for the financial system, including reputational risk, operational risk, and business risk. The aim of this study is to review and analyze current trend of frauds in the Indian banking sector, as well as its impact on the continuous rise in the non-performing assets. Moreover, the study aims to bring insight on the impact of GNPAs on the profitability of the banking sector in India. Secondary data of 33 banks covering all public sector and private sector Indian scheduled banks is collected and examined for a period of 17 years i.e., from the year 2005 to 2021, by using linear regression analysis in conjunction with descriptive analysis using SPSS. The study shows that the number of frauds affecting the Indian banking sector have been significantly increasing in recent years, leading to an increase in non-performing assets (GNPAs) and Gross Non-Performing Assets depicts a negative impact on the banking sector's profitability. By keeping in view the recently unearthed scam of ABG Shipyard Limited, worth crore of rupees and to restore the Indian banks' credibility, concerned authorities to take tough action and find new ways to prevent and reduce frauds.

This research examines the key factors influencing the financial stability of Saudi banks by developing an optimal stepwise linear regression model. The research uses financial information gathered from 11 Saudi banks over the period 2014–2021. Six categories for key performance indicators (KPIs) which consist of profitability, liquidity, asset quality, capitalization, bank size and economic growth are included in the model. The Z -score is used as its dependent variable for all stability measures. A model with the lowest standard error should be selected as the best explanatory model among all options while also maintaining the highest adjusted R-squared value. The findings showed that the chosen model has the lowest standard error around (7.209) and the highest adjusted R-squared (71.3%), The study demonstrates that NII1 ratio and CAR statistics alongside bank asset size (log of assets) produce positive effects on stability yet the stability declines when banks use investment ratio statistics or loan impairment ratio indicators. Economic growth (GDP) shows no significant influence. The second phase of this research uses ARIMA and exponential smoothing models which are selected to produce Z -score predictions through 2030. The chosen forecast validation metrics include RMSE, MAE, MAPE and E-square. The standardized forecasts enable banks to compare resulting data with each other. The financial performance data shows different trends. Studies indicate that Arab National Bank and National Commercial Bank will provide consistent financial outcomes. Saudi Investment Bank and Bank Al - Jazira have moderate trends with high forecast precision. Al Rajhi Bank, Samba Financial Group and Saudi British Bank continue to operate steadily. The empirical findings offer support to stakeholders and regulatory authorities in decision-making processes that enable alignment with the Vision 2030 objectives.

Purpose: Commercial banks listed on the NSE have recorded fluctuating market capitalization over the past decade, raising concerns over their solvency and long-term viability. From 2013 to 2024, ROA declined from 4.8% to 3.7%, while ROE fell from 33% to 22%, indicating inconsistent bank performance. Fluctuations in these metrics, including a ROE low of 23% in 2020 and a recovery to 28% in 2022, weaken investor confidence and reduce market efficiency. The objective of the study was to establish the effect of asset quality on the market capitalization of commercial banks listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange. The theoretical foundation was grounded in Portfolio Methodology: Theory. This study adopted a causal research design. The target population for this study consists of all 11 commercial banks listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange from 2018 to 2024. Since the population is fairly small, below 100, a census method was employed. The study used secondary data collected using a secondary data collection schedule. The data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential analysis. Descriptive statistics involved determining the mean, the standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis of each variable under study. The data was analyzed using panel data techniques, which are particularly suitable for handling data that involves multiple entities over several time periods. STATA 15 was employed for data analysis purposes. Findings: The study established that asset quality significantly influences market capitalization of commercial banks listed at the NSE by explaining 63.38 % of the bank variations in market capitalization. The findings conclude that asset quality is a critical determinant of market capitalization, enhancing investor confidence, stability, and long-term market performance of banks. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study recommends that commercial banks strengthen asset quality through effective management of non-performing loans. Regulators should also encourage prudent risk management practices. These strategies will improve investor confidence, stabilize earnings, and significantly boost market capitalization at the NSE.

This article examines the drivers of non-performing loans (NPLs) in Uzbekistan’s commercial banks by combining macroeconomic determinants with bank-specific factors and assesses the effectiveness of early warning systems (EWS) in mitigating the procyclicality of asset-quality deterioration. The empirical narrative relies on official Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan indicators for NPLs and loan portfolios, complemented by recent empirical studies on NPL determinants in transforming banking systems. Particular attention is paid to ownership-related heterogeneity (state-owned vs. other banks), comparability issues between regulatory NPL metrics and IFRS 9-based measures, and the role of loan restructuring practices. The paper derives policy-oriented recommendations aimed at improving disclosure of asset quality, integrating IFRS 9 indicators into supervisory monitoring, and standardizing EWS triggers for timely detection of borrower credit deterioration.

This study examines the influence of capital strengthening, corporate governance implementation, and risk management on financial performance and its implications for the business sustainability of PT BPR Rama Ganda Bogor during 2017–2024. The study is motivated by the critical need to integrate these three elements to maintain the stability and competitiveness of rural banks (BPR) amid global economic challenges, the pandemic, and increasing regulatory pressures. Financial performance is measured using CAR (Capital Adequacy Ratio), LDR (Loan to Deposit Ratio), NPL (Non-Performing Loan), and ROA (Return on Assets), while business sustainability is evaluated based on the bank’s ability to develop products, maintain customer trust, and comply with sustainable finance principles. Descriptive analysis indicates an average CAR of 21.36%, LDR of 90.01%, NPL of 11.30%, and ROA of 3.25%, reflecting adequate capital stability and sufficient liquidity but room for improvement in asset quality. Findings reveal that capital strengthening, corporate governance, and risk management collectively have a significant impact on financial performance. Furthermore, strong financial performance positively influences business sustainability, including regulatory compliance, expansion of sustainable credit portfolios, and maintenance of stakeholder confidence. The study emphasizes that the synergy between capital, governance, and risk management must be internalized integrally into organizational culture and strategy, enabling BPR to manage risks effectively, maintain profitability, and ensure long-term business continuity. The results provide strategic recommendations for BPR and similar microfinance institutions to optimize capital, governance, and risk management as foundations for growth and sustainable operations in an uncertain economic environment.

This study aims to detect indications of financial statement fraud in mining sub-sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2020–2025 period using the Beneish Ratio Index (Beneish M-Score). This study employs a descriptive quantitative approach utilizing secondary data in the form of the companies' annual financial reports. The analysis is conducted by calculating eight Beneish ratios: the Days Sales in Receivables Index (DSRI), Gross Margin Index (GMI), Asset Quality Index (AQI), Sales Growth Index (SGI), Depreciation Index (DEPI), Sales General and Administrative Expenses Index (SGAI), Leverage Index (LVGI), and Total Accruals to Total Assets (TATA), to classify companies into non-manipulators, gray companies, and manipulators. The results indicate that not all mining sub-sector companies fell into the non-manipulators category during the observation period. Several companies were identified as manipulators or gray companies in certain years, indicating the potential for less than fair presentation of financial statements. The DSRI, GMI, AQI, and SGI ratios were the most sensitive indicators in detecting potential manipulation. These findings confirm that the Beneish M-Score method is effective as an early warning system, but cannot be used as definitive evidence of fraud. This research is expected to contribute to the development of accounting literature and provide consideration for auditors, regulators, and investors in improving the quality of transparency and accountability of financial reporting in the mining sector.

This study investigates credit unions’ expansion into non-core lending and its association with risk and financial resilience. Using US credit union call report data from 1994 to 2024, we measure the share of purchased loans, lease receivables, and loans held for sale in non-core lending. We document robust conditional, within-credit-union associations that point to a clear risk trade-off. Credit unions with higher non-core exposure grow faster in terms of loans and membership but exhibit weaker financial buffers, including lower net worth ratios and weaker economic solvency, alongside higher delinquency. Decomposition tests indicate that loans held for sale are most strongly associated with adverse buffer and asset quality patterns, while purchased loans and lease receivables display smaller and less uniform relationships. Scale interactions suggest that these associations are generally weaker for larger institutions for both membership and assets. Post-COVID estimates indicate that the baseline relationships are broadly stable, while the growth link is becoming stronger.

Russian financial institutions participating in the experiment on the development of partnership financing have started to increase the volume of transactions based on Islamic principles since 2023. Among them are banks and other public organizations. In this sector, it is especially important to take into account the long-term experience accumulated by Islamic financial institutions in disclosing information about their activities in annual reports. The purpose of the study is to assess the disclosure of information about the activities of Islamic financial institutions in annual reports and to develop theoretical approaches to its improvement for further use by Russian participants in partnership financing. The work uses comparative and deductive analysis methods , as well as logical and systemic approaches. The authors assessed the disclosure of information in annual reports by Islamic financial institutions based on more than 30 ratios grouped by categories of profitability, liquidity, asset quality, and capital adequacy. The authors identified the key indicators that Islamic financial institutions present to stakeholders for making investment decisions based on the information in annual reports. The results show that for investors of financial organizations, including those operating on the principles of the “Islamic window” (including Russian organizations participating in partnership financing), it will be constructive to disclose key indicators of Islamic financing operations in terms of six indicators (the CAMEL model modified by the authors) and five adjusted indicators of the performance index of these operations (Islamic Performance Index). The main conclusion of the study is the thesis on the need to adapt the modified CAMEL model by Russian participants in partnership financing to improve the quality of information disclosed in annual reports on their business models and attract investor funds to the industry.

This paper examines bank failures during the subprime mortgage crisis, emphasizing sibling dynamics within multi-bank holding companies (MBHCs). While traditional risk indicators effectively predict failures for one bank holding companies (OBHCs), they exhibit limited explanatory power for MBHCs, where internal capital markets and interdependencies across affiliates shape risk outcomes. We extend the standard failure framework by incorporating group-level characteristics that capture sibling network structure and the distribution of risk across affiliates. Using pre-crisis data from 2006 to 2007, we show that group structure significantly influences failure risk. Larger sibling networks reduce individual bank failure risk through diversification, while greater size dispersion across affiliates increases vulnerability by constraining internal resource allocation. Beyond these aggregate effects, we introduce a weakest link approach that identifies the most distressed affiliate based on extreme tail risk in capitalization, asset quality, liquidity, earnings, and income volatility, capturing organizational fragility that aggregate measures miss. Concentrated vulnerabilities at a single affiliate significantly amplify failure risk throughout the holding company, even after controlling for traditional bank-level fundamentals and parent-level characteristics. These findings, derived from the 2007–2010 crisis, a severe stress test of holding company structures, identify organizational dynamics: resource competition among siblings and concentrated vulnerabilities at the weakest affiliate. Supervisory frameworks should explicitly account for within-group interdependencies rather than relying solely on individual bank metrics or aggregate indicators when monitoring bank holding company structures.

The study examined the effect of risk management practices on the financial stability of listed deposit money banks in Nigeria, with a focus on credit, market, operational, and liquidity risk management. Using a dynamic panel data approach, the study analyzes data from 130 observations across listed banks to determine how different risk management practices influence financial stability, measured through capital adequacy, asset quality, liquidity ratios, and earnings performance. The lagged financial stability variable is included to account for the persistence of past performance on current stability outcomes. The results indicate that past financial stability positively and significantly affects current stability, highlighting the cumulative nature of bank performance. Credit risk management and operational risk management exhibit negative and statistically significant effects on financial stability, suggesting that inadequate credit assessment, high non-performing loans, and weak operational controls undermine banks’ financial resilience. Conversely, market risk management shows a positive and significant effect, indicating that effective management of interest rate and foreign exchange exposures strengthens stability. Liquidity risk management, though positive, is not statistically significant, implying that its influence may depend on specific institutional and macroeconomic conditions. Based on these results, the study recommends strengthening credit and operational risk frameworks, adopting proactive market risk strategies, continuous risk monitoring, and reinforcing regulatory oversight. These measures can enhance banks’ resilience, protect depositor funds, and promote the stability of the Nigerian banking sector.

ABSTRACT: The banking sector plays a crucial role in the economic development of India, and its performance is significantly influenced by the monetary policy decisions of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). This study aims to examine the impact of RBI’s monetary policy on the profitability and Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) of scheduled commercial banks in India. The research focuses on understanding how changes in policy rates affect lending behavior, asset quality, and overall financial performance of banks. Primary data were collected from bank officials through a structured questionnaire, and appropriate statistical tools, including the chi-square test, were used for analysis. The findings reveal that a majority of respondents perceive a strong relationship between monetary policy changes and bank profitability, as well as between policy rates and NPAs. The study also highlights operational challenges faced by banks in effectively transmitting monetary policy decisions, particularly during periods of monetary tightening. Additionally, the research emphasizes the importance of risk management practices, technological efficiency, and staff training in mitigating the adverse effects of policy changes. The chi-square test results confirm that RBI’s monetary policy has a significant effect on both profitability and asset quality of banks, leading to the acceptance of the alternative hypothesis. The study concludes that effective policy transmission, proactive risk management, and supportive regulatory measures are essential to ensure financial stability and sustainable performance of the Indian banking sector. KEYWORDS: Monetary Policy, RBI, Bank Profitability, Non-Performing Assets, Scheduled Commercial Banks

Type of the article: Research ArticleAbstractThe balance between stability and profitability in banking systems has gained renewed urgency as rising interest rates, persistent inflation, and credit risks reshape the global financial landscape. Regulators, such as the IMF, ECB, and OECD, emphasize that while robust capital buffers are indispensable for resilience, excessive capitalization may constrain lending. In contrast, weak asset quality undermines returns regardless of capital strength. Against this backdrop, this article aims to explore how capital adequacy and asset quality jointly influence bank profitability. The analysis uses IMF Financial Soundness Indicators for 133 countries over 2010–2024 and applies two-way fixed-effects panel regressions with Driscoll-Kraay robust inference. The results reveal a consistently concave relationship: Tier 1 capital to assets is positively related to return on assets (ROA) with diminishing returns, though the turning point lies at an implausible 161.7%. In contrast, Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets shows an economically plausible peak around 26.3%, with gains tapering beyond that level. Within typical ranges (15-20% RWA), a one percentage point increase in capital is associated with a 0.06-0.03-point rise in ROA, but additional accumulation yields little benefit. Asset quality exerts a strong negative influence, with a 1-point increase in non-performing loans lowering ROA by 0.04-0.05 points, while liquidity remains statistically insignificant. These findings highlight that capital deepening contributes to profitability only up to moderate levels, and that poor asset quality can offset the benefits of stronger capital buffers, underscoring the need for integrated regulatory approaches to stability and performance.

Commercial banks are key in modern economies by mobilizing savings, allocating credit, and supporting sustainable economic growth. In recent years, growing climate risks, regulatory pressures, and stakeholder expectations have expanded the definition of bank performance beyond traditional financial indicators to include sustainability considerations. Green finance has therefore emerged as a strategic mechanism through which banks can align profitability objectives with environmental responsibility. Despite increasing policy attention and voluntary sustainability frameworks, the extent to which green finance influences the performance of commercial banks in developing economies such as Ghana, remains insufficiently documented. This study sought to assess the effect of green finance on the performance of commercial banks in Ghana, focusing on profitability, asset quality, and long-term financial sustainability. The study adopted a desktop review research design guided by a positivist research philosophy. Relevant studies were identified using key search terms related to green finance, green banking practices, sustainable finance, commercial bank performance, and climate finance. The findings from the reviewed studies indicate that green finance generally have positive influence on the performance of commercial banks. Banks engaging in green lending, environmentally screened investments, and sustainable finance practices tend to record improvements in profitability, asset quality, and performance stability. These gains are largely associated with enhanced risk management, reduced exposure to environmentally risky assets, and alignment with emerging sustainable growth sectors. The study concludes that green finance represents a viable pathway for enhancing the performance of commercial banks in Ghana, provided it is embedded within core banking strategies and supported by strong institutional and regulatory frameworks. In view of these findings, the study recommends that policymakers should support enabling frameworks and incentives to support effective green finance integration among commercial banks in Ghana. Keywords: Green finance; Commercial bank performance; Sustainable banking; Financial sustainability; Environmental risk management

This study analyzed data on the performance of public sector banks (SBI and BOB) and private sector banks (HDFC Bank and ICICI Bank) from 2018 to 2023 in India. The financial status and performance of banks are crucial for the ‎economy. By using descriptive statistics, important financial ratios, the CAMEL framework, multiple regression analysis, and Efficiency analysis, the study concludes on the major differences and trends. The findings of the study reflect the major ‎improvement in the performance of Private Sector banks, especially HDFC Bank, in respect of ‎efficiency, profitability, asset quality in terms of ROA, ROE, NIM, and NPA ratios. It was ‎also highlighted in the study that few improvements have been made in the performance of ‎public sector banks, but still, they fail to compete in terms of efficiency, profitability, and asset ‎quality with Private Sector banks. Moreover, the study also distinguished that the changes in ‎the macroeconomic variables do impact the bank’s performance. Therefore, the study also ‎indicates the possible additional determinants that can be further investigated. The ‎findings of the study are hence significant for bank managers and policymakers while ‎taking necessary corrective measures and recommendations for the improvement in the ‎financial health and competitiveness of public sector banks. The key recommendation of the ‎study, hence, is to adopt efficient operational and risk management practices.

This study aims to assess and describe the financial performance of Bank Mandiri and Indonesian Sharia Bank (BSI) based on the RGEC analysis results during the period 2020–2024. The research method used is quantitative with a descriptive quantitative approach. The population of the study includes all banks registered and operating in Indonesia during the 2020–2024 period, or more specifically certain banks such as conventional banks and sharia banks. The samples selected are Bank Mandiri as the representative of conventional banks and Indonesian Sharia Bank (BSI) as the representative of sharia banks for the 2020–2024 period. The sample selection is based on relevance, availability of data, and representation of each bank type. The results show that Bank Mandiri demonstrates superior performance compared to Indonesian Sharia Bank (BSI) on most key RGEC indicators. Bank Mandiri maintains asset quality with significantly lower NPF, as well as records better efficiency in asset and capital utilization through higher ROA and ROE. Additionally, Mandiri’s operating margin (NOM) is much stronger and more stable. Although both banks have very strong capital adequacy (CAR) and good governance (GCG), operational efficiency (BOPO) remains a challenge for both, even though BSI shows slightly better BOPO figures. Overall, Mandiri is more aggressive in financing distribution and efficient in generating profit, while BSI is still in the process of post-merger stabilization with reasonably healthy performance but with room for improvement in operating margin and efficiency.

This study investigates the interplay between asset quality, financial ratios, and market valuation in Indian commercial banks over a twelve-year period (2014–2025). Using a hybrid approach combining Structural Equation Modeling, correlation analysis, and trend evaluation, the research examines whether Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) influence market capitalization directly or through Return on Equity (ROE) as an intermediary. The findings reveal that NPAs exert a significant negative impact on both ROE and market value, while Net Interest Margin (NIM) emerges as a strong positive determinant of valuation. Conversely, Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), though vital for regulatory compliance, shows no direct effect on market prices. Mediation analysis challenges conventional assumptions, indicating that profitability alone does not fully explain valuation dynamics. These insights underscore the need for integrated strategies addressing asset quality and operational efficiency, offering practical implications for policymakers, investors, and bank management in strengthening resilience and optimizing shareholder value.