Assessment Of Dietary Intake Research Articles

Assessment of maternal dietary intake during pregnancy and its relation with nutritional status of infants at birth

Assessment of maternal dietary intake during pregnancy and its relation with nutritional status of infants at birth

Examining dietary acid load in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a case-control study.

Diabetes is a chronic disease that can cause various complications and has a high prevalence. Evidence increasingly shows that acid-base homeostasis is critical to maintaining normal metabolic function. This case-control study aims to evaluate the relationship between dietary acid load and the risk of type 2 diabetes. This study recruited 204 participants, 92 of whom had just been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, and 102 healthy controls who were matched in age and gender as controls. Twenty-four dietary recall was used for dietary intake assessments. Dietary acid load was approximated using two different methods: potential renal acid load (PRAL) and net endogenous acid production (NEAP), both calculated from dietary recalls. In the case and control groups, the dietary acid load mean scores were 4.18±26.8, 20.84±29.54 mEq/day for PRAL, and 55.11±29.23, 68.43±32.23 mEq/day for NEAP, respectively. When it came to the multiple possible confounders, the participants in the highest tertile of PRAL (OR 4.43, 95% CI: 1.38-23.81, ptrend<0.001) and NEAP (OR: 3.15, 95% CI: 1.53-9.59, ptrend<0.001) had a significantly higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared to those in the lowest tertile. The findings of the present study suggest that a high acid load in the diet may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes. Therefore, it is possible that limiting dietary acid load could lower type 2 diabetes risk in vulnerable individuals.

Dietary patterns in Uganda and their influencing factors: A critical review

Improving the understanding of dietary patterns and underlying factors remains crucial in designing nutritional interventions and policy making. This review sought to provide a holistic picture of the studies covering dietary patterns in Uganda and the associated factors so as to identify gaps in existing literature and provide a basis for nutrition-sensitive interventions. A literature search for publications dating from March 2010 to 2021 was done using the terms dietary diversity, nutrient intake, food consumption and food choices in Uganda. Studies covering populations above 6 months of age, male and female, with exception of diseased populations, were screened. Because of the variability in the methodologies for assessment of dietary intake and dietary diversity, meta-analysis was not conducted. A total of 17,728 articles were found and 25 studies met the inclusion criteria. Nine of the 25 studies reported on dietary diversity indicators and their associated factors. The literature shows that diets in Uganda are mainly composed of starchy staples, especially cereals, roots, tubers and bananas, with legumes constituting the main protein source. The diets are characterized by low consumption of fruits and vegetables as well as animal protein sources. The share of food expenditure allocated to the different food groups corresponded to information on consumption for the different groups. Studies revealed that household food expenditure was higher among urban households, an observation attributable to their high reliance on food purchases to meet food requirements. The share of household expenditure on cereals and staples was reported to decrease with increasing wealth quantile and was lower among urban households. An opposite trend was reported for animal protein sources. Across the different studies, the mean dietary diversity score was above three (3). Nonetheless, intake of micronutrients and the mean dietary energy consumption (DEC) were reported to be lower than the daily recommended values. Given the lack of uniformity in the indicators across the different studies and differences in methodologies especially for dietary diversity scores, the existing research is inadequate for establishing quantitative evidence on the trends in dietary patterns and diversity, gender and age group differences in relation to dietary patterns. There is a need for high-quality, nation-wide research using validated tools and methodologies to measure dietary patterns and trends and explore the relation to gender and age groups. Key words: Food consumption, Food choices, Dietary Patterns, Uganda, Dietary diversity

Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products and Risk of Overall and Cause-Specific Mortality: Results from the Golestan Cohort Study.

Controversy exists regarding the association of dietary advanced glycation end products (dAGEs) with the risk of disease outcomes and mortality. We aimed to examine, prospectively, the association between dAGEs intake and the risk of overall and cause-specific mortality in the Golestan Cohort Study. The cohort was conducted between 2004 and 2008 in Golestan Province (Iran) recruiting 50,045 participants aged 40-75 years. Assessment of dietary intake over the last year was performed at baseline using a 116-item food frequency questionnaire. The dAGEs values for each individual were calculated based on published databases of AGE values of various food items. The main outcome was overall mortality at the time of follow-up (13.5 years). Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for overall and cause-specific mortality were estimated according to the dAGEs quintiles. During 656, 532 person-years of follow-up, 5406 deaths in men and 4722 deaths in women were reported. Participants at the highest quintile of dAGE had a lower risk of overall mortality (HR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.84, 0.95), CVD mortality (HR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.84, 0.95), and death from other causes (HR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.84, 0.95) compared to those in the first quintile after adjusting for confounders. We found no association of dAGEs with risk of mortality from cancer (all), respiratory and infectious diseases, and injuries. Our findings do not confirm a positive association between dAGEs and the risk of mortality in Iranian adults. There is still no agreement among studies investigating dAGEs and their health-related aspects. So, further high-quality studies are required to clarify this association.

Pilot Study of the Applicability, Usability, and Accuracy of the Nutricate© Online Application, a New Dietary Intake Assessment Tool for Managing Infant Cow’s Milk Allergy

The mainstay treatment of cow's milk allergy (CMA) is to remove cow's milk proteins from children's dietary intake. In this context, dietary intake of children with CMA should be particularly checked and monitored. The objective of this study was to assess the applicability, usability, and accuracy of a new dietary intake (DI) assessment online tool (Nutricate© online application) for managing CMA in children. This study used a pre-existing database of DI from the Nutricate© online application. DIs from 30 CMA children were used to compare micro/macronutrients (energy, protein, calcium, and iron intakes) calculated by Nutricate© and NutriLog© as the reference method. Comparisons were performed using the Pearson correlation analysis and the Bland-Altman plot. The Nutricate© tool usability was assessed via a System Usability Scale questionnaire (SUSq). Correlation coefficient between the levels of micro/macronutrients obtained by Nutrilog© and Nutricate© software were highly significant (p = 0.0001) and were well-correlated (R coefficient > 0.6), indicating a very good concordance between the two methods. This observation was reinforced by the Bland-Altman plot, indicating the absence of proportional or fixed bias for energy, protein, calcium, and iron intakes. The mean SUSq score obtained was 81 ± 14, which is considered to be an excellent score. Nutricate© online application is a reliable method to assess micro/macronutrient (energy, protein, calcium, and iron intakes) intake in CMA children. Applicability and usability of this new dietary intake assessment online tool is excellent.

Dietary intake and health risk assessment of lead and cadmium in green tea from Morocco

Dietary intake and health risk assessment of lead and cadmium in green tea from Morocco

Accuracy of dietary intake assessments using food records based on photographic images captured by visually impaired people.

Traditional methods to assess dietary intake have limited and questionable application in visually impaired people since the lack of vision and low leading role in their diet make it difficult to quantify and detail the food consumed throughout the day. Thus, this study investigated whether it is possible to accurately identify foods and estimate their quantities using food records based on photographic images captured by visually impaired people. A panel of experts composed of nutritionists (n = 20) assessed these records comprising three standardized meals (breakfast; lunch/dinner; snack) from visually impaired people (n = 40) using two different protocols (frontal photo; aerial photo). Each nutritionist reported an estimated food record for each photographic image, which was compared to its respective weighed food record. For both frontal and aerial photos, experts were frequently correct for the number of food items in the meal (95.0% or over for breakfast, 100% for lunch/dinner, and 100% for snacks). All experts identified at least 11 of the 13 food items, but the majority correctly estimated the food amount only for 23% of the items. Compared to the weighed food record, the photographic records underestimated the amount of 61.5% of food items based on frontal photos, and of 76.9% of food items based on aerial photos. While most foods could be identified by photographic images captured by visually impaired people enabling a qualitative assessment of the diet, they could not be quantified accurately by nutritionists.

Contribution of natural food environments to nutritional intake and biomarker status: insights from the women of indigenous santhal communities of Jharkhand, India

BackgroundMany indigenous communities reside in biodiverse environments replete with natural food sources but show ​poor access and utilization.MethodsTo understand the links between indigenous food access, dietary intakes, and biomarkers, we conducted a cross-sectional study among women of the Santhal Community (n = 211) from 17 villages in the Godda district of Jharkhand, India. Survey methods included household surveys, dietary intake assessment (24 HDR) and micronutrient and inflammatory biomarkers' estimation.ResultsThe diversity in access to foods from different natural sources expressed as Food access diversity index was low. This led to poor consumption and thus a low Minimum Dietary Diversity. The mean nutrient intake was less than the estimated average requirement for all nutrients. Women with higher dietary diversity scores had higher nutrient intakes. Thiamine and calcium intakes were significantly higher in women consuming indigenous foods than non-consumers. One-fourth of the women had elevated levels of inflammatory biomarkers. The prevalence of iron deficiency was approximately 70%. Vitamin A insufficiency (measured as retinol-binding protein) was observed in around 33.6% women, while 28.4% were deficient. Household access to natural food sources was associated with specific biomarkers. The access to kitchen garden (baari) was positively associated with retinol-binding protein levels and negatively with inflammatory biomarkers, while access to ponds was positively associated with ferritin levels.ConclusionThe findings highlight the role of access to diverse natural foods resources, including indigenous foods, for improving nutrition security in indigenous communities. Nutrition and health programs promoting indigenous food sources should include the assessment of biomarkers for effective monitoring and surveillance.

The relationship between diet, exercise, and inflammation in college students: A cross-sectional study.

Background: Important changes in lifestyle habits, especially diet, typically occur during the transitional period between high school and college and some of these changes may increase the risk of inflammation. Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between lifestyle factors and inflammation in college students. Methods: Students enrolled in a southeastern university participated in this cross-sectional study. Participants completed online questionnaires for assessment of demographics, supplement and dietary intake, sleep quality, and perceived stress. Body composition was measured during a clinic visit via air displacement plethysmography and blood and urine were collected for measurement of C-reactive protein (CRP) and cortisol, respectively. Analysis of variance was used to examine associations between tertiles of CRP levels and lifestyle variables and a linear regression model was fit to investigate whether there were any significant predictors of CRP levels. Results: Analysis included data for 83 participants for whom serum CRP levels and diet intake were available. Approximately 68% of the participants were female; mean age and body mass index (BMI) were 24 years and 23.4 kg/m2, respectively. Alcohol intake was significantly associated with increasing CRP levels (P = 0.017). No other dietary variables or lifestyle characteristics such as sleep quality, perceived stress, or BMI were associated with tertiles of CRP. The best model to predict CRP levels included urinary cortisol, aerobic exercise duration, alcohol, and vitamin E intake (adjusted R2=0.27). Conclusion: Alcohol and vitamin E intake were found to be associated with increased CRP levels.

Assessment of Dietary Intake of Iodine and Risk of Iodine Deficiency in Children with Classical Galactosaemia on Dietary Treatment.

Iodine is an essential mineral required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Iodine plays a critical role in growth and neurocognitive development. Classical galactosaemia is a disorder resulting from an inborn error in galactose metabolism. Its current management consists of life-long lactose and galactose dietary restriction. This study estimated dietary intakes of iodine in infants and children with classical galactosaemia in the Republic of Ireland. The diets of 43 participants (aged 7 months-18 years) with classical galactosaemia were assessed for iodine intake using an iodine-specific food frequency questionnaire. Intakes were compared to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) dietary recommendations for iodine intake. The potential role of iodine fortification of dairy alternative products was also examined. There were no significant differences observed between sex, ethnicity and parental education and meeting dietary iodine recommendations. Differences, however, were seen between age groups, causing the p value to approach statistical significance (p = 0.06). Infants consuming infant formula were likely to meet iodine recommendations. However, over half (53%) of children aged 1-18 years had average intakes below the recommendations for age. For these children, consumption of iodine-fortified dairy alternative milk was the leading source of iodine in the diets, followed by fish/shellfish and eggs. An assessment of iodine intake should be undertaken during dietetic reviews for those with classical galactosaemia. Mandatory iodine fortification of all dairy alternative products would result in 92% of the total population cohort meeting iodine recommendations based on their current consumption.

Amino Acid Intake and Conformance With the Dietary Reference Intakes in the United States: Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2018

BackgroundThe lack of complete amino acid composition data in food composition databases has made determining population-wide amino acid intake difficult. ObjectivesThis cross-sectional study characterizes habitual intakes of each amino acid and adherence to dietary requirements for each essential amino acid (EAA) in the US population. MethodsFood and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies ingredient codes with missing amino acid composition data were matched to similar ingredients with available data so that amino acid composition could be determined for 100% of foods reported in the dietary intake assessment component of NHANES. Amino acid intakes during NHANES 2001–2018 (n = 72,831; ≥2 y) were calculated as relative (mg·kg of ideal body weight−1·d−1) intakes. Data from NHANES 2011–2018 were used to determine the percentage of population consuming less than that recommended by the DRIs for each EAA by age, sex, and race/ethnicity. ResultsRelative intakes of EAAs and NEAAs were greatest in those 2–3 y and lowest in older individuals (≥71 y or ≥80 y). In females aged 2–18 y, relative intakes of EAAs were lowest in non-Hispanic White (NHW; histidine, lysine, threonine, methionine, and cysteine) and non-Hispanic Black (NHB; valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine) populations and highest in the Asian population. In females aged ≥19 y, relative intakes were lowest in NHW (lysine and methionine only) and NHB populations and highest in the Asian population. In males aged 2–18 y, relative intakes of EAAs were lowest in the NHB population and highest in the Asian population. In males ≥19 y, relative intakes were lowest in NHB and NHW (lysine only) populations and highest in the Hispanic population. Less than 1% of individuals aged ≥19 y did not meet the Estimated Average Requirements for each EAA. ConclusionsEAA intakes in the US population exceed recommended minimum population requirements. Future studies can use the method described here to quantify amino acid intake and examine relationships with health and disease.

Assessment of Dietary Intake in Three Cohorts of Advanced Age in Two Countries: Methodology Challenges.

Dietary intake information is key to understanding nutrition-related outcomes. Intake changes with age and some older people are at increased risk of malnutrition. Application, difficulties, and advantages of the 24-hour multiple pass recall (24hr-MPR) dietary assessment method in three cohorts of advanced age in the United Kingdom (UK) and New Zealand (NZ) is described. The Newcastle 85+ study (UK) recruited a single year birth cohort of people aged 85 years during 2006-7. LiLACS NZ recruited a 10-year birth cohort of Māori (indigenous New Zealanders) aged 80-90 years and a single year birth cohort of non-Māori aged 85 years in 2010. Two 24hr-MPR were conducted on non-consecutive days by trained assessors. Pictorial resources and language were adapted for the New Zealand and Māori contexts. Detailed methods are described. In the Newcastle 85+ study, 805 (93%) participants consented to the 24-MPR, 95% of whom completed two 24hr-MPR; in LiLACS NZ, 218 (82%) consented and 203 (76%) Māori and 353 (90%) non-Māori completed two 24hr-MPR. Mean time to complete each 24hr-MPR was 22 minutes in the Newcastle 85+ study, and 45 minutes for Māori and 39 minutes for non-Māori in LiLACS NZ. Dietary assessment of participants residing in residential care and those requiring proxy respondents were successfully included in both studies. Most participants (83-94%) felt that data captured by the 24hr-MPR reflected their usual dietary intake. Dietary assessment using 24hr-MPR was successful in capturing detailed dietary data including information on portion size and time of eating for over 1300 octogenarians in the UK and New Zealand (Māori and non- Māori). The 24hr-MPR is an acceptable method of dietary assessment in this age group.

Assessment of dietary nutrient intake and its relationship to the nutritional status of patients with Crohn's Disease in Guangdong Province of China.

to investigate the association between the dietary nutrient intake and nutritional status of patients with Crohn's disease (CD). sixty CD patients who had been diagnosed but had not begun treatment were enrolled. The dietary nutrient intake was recorded after three days of 24-hour recall and was calculated using NCCW2006 software. The nutrition levels were assessed using the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA). Indicators included body mass index (BMI), mid-arm circumference, the circumference of the upper-arm muscle, triceps skinfold thickness, handgrip strength, and the circumference of the lower legs. eighty-five per cent of CD patients did not meet the necessary energy requirements. Of these, the protein and dietary fiber intake in 63.33 % and 100 %, respectively, were below the standard of the Chinese dietary reference. Many patients had insufficient intake of vitamins, as well as other macro- and micronutrients. An inverse association was observed between the risk of malnutrition and higher levels of energy (1,590.0-2,070.6 kcal/d, OR = 0.050, 95 % CI: 0.009-0.279) and protein (55.6-70.5 g/d, OR = 0.150, 95 % CI: 0.029-0.773). Appropriate supplementation of vitamin E, calcium, and other dietary nutrients helped to reduce the risk of malnutrition. significant deficiencies in dietary nutrient intake were found in CD patients, and dietary intake was associated with the nutritional status of the patient. Appropriate adjustment and supplementation of nutrient intake may reduce malnutrition risk in CD patients. The gap between actual consumption and recommendation indicates a need for improved nutritional counseling and monitoring. Early relevant advice for the dietary guidance of CD patients may be beneficial for long-term effects associated with nutritional status.

Assessment of Dietary Phosphorus Intake and Implementation of Parental Phosphate Education in Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease.

Management of dietary phosphorus intake is a challenge in children with chronic kidney disease and is governed by regional food sources and culinary practices. The aim of this study was to evaluate dietary intake of phosphorus in these children and assess the utility of parental phosphate education for control of hyperphosphatemia. This prospective study included children aged 2-18 years with CKD stages 2-5D. Phosphorus intake was assessed by 24-hour dietary recall, analyzed using food processor software, and interpreted based on dietary reference intake (DRI) and suggested dietary intake (SDI). Parents of those with hyperphosphatemia were subjected to a structured phosphate education, and serum phosphate was monitored every 2 months for 6 months. Seventy children were recruited (mean age 9.4 ± 3.4 years, CKD5/5D: 51% (n = 36)) with median duration of CKD being 3.8 (IQR2,6) years. In the overall cohort, 50% (35/70) had phosphorus intake exceeding DRI with no significant difference between groups [CKD 5/5D,52.7% (n = 19) vs CKD2-4 47% (n = 16), P = 0.63]. Mean daily phosphorus intake was comparable between children with and without hyperphosphatemia [908 ± 279 mg vs 814 ± 302 mg, P = 0.1]. Based on DRI, 44% of children with normal serum phosphate and 58% with hyperphosphatemia had increased dietary intake of phosphorus (P = 0.15). Based on SDI, 26% with normal serum phosphate and 94% with hyperphosphatemia had increased dietary phosphorus intake (P < 0.001). Hyperphosphatemia was observed in 51% (CKD 2-4); 33% CKD5-5D 66%, P = 0.6). Among 29 children completing 6 months of follow up, there was a significant reduction in mean serum phosphate levels (P = 0.001) which was independent of age, stage of CKD or intake of phosphate binders. At end of the study, hyperphosphatemia persisted in 34%. Compared to DRI, dietary assessment of phosphorus intake based on SDI was significantly associated with hyperphosphatemia in children with CKD 2-5D. In the majority, repeated parental structured phosphate education over 6 months was useful in managing hyperphosphatemia.

CORRELATION BETWEEN INTAKE OF DIETARY PHYTOCHEMICALS AND CIRCULATING ADIPONECTIN LEVEL IN TYPE 2 DIABETIC NIGERIANS: AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY

Background: Regular consumption of dietary phytochemicals as part of dietary pattern has been suggested as a possible effective dietary strategy of modulating circulating adiponectin level in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, findings from previous studies across different ethnic groups are inconsistent. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between intake of dietary phytochemicals and circulating level of adiponectin among a group of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a specialist hospital in north eastern Nigeria. Methods: Dietary intake assessment was done using a semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire and intake of dietary phytochemicals was calculated as dietary phytochemical index. The study subjects were categorized in to four quartiles according to their median intake of dietary phytochemicals. Fasting plasma glucose and adiponectin were measured among the study subjects. Analysis of variance and partial correlation analyses were used to determine the relationships between the study variables. Results: Higher circulating adiponectin level was observed among subjects with higher intake of dietary phytochemicals in the fourth quartile compared to the subjects with lower intake of dietary phytochemicals in the first quartile (9.8 ± 2.5µg/mL vs 8.2 ± 2.3µg/mL, p-value for trend &lt; 0.05).There was a statistically significant positive correlation between intake of dietary phytochemicals and plasma level of adiponectin, among the study subjects, regardless of gender and independent of age and BMI and duration of diabetes mellitus (r = 0.20, p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: We conclude that among subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus in this study, consumption of a diet rich in phytochemicals has the potential to improve circulating adiponectin level. We recommend further interventional studies to establish the role of dietary phytochemicals in the optimization of the management of type 2 diabetes

Habitual Dietary Fibre Intake and Lifestyle Characteristics in Relation to Functional Constipation Among Adults in Malaysia

The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) recommend consuming at least 25 g of dietary fibre daily. Adults with low fibre intake have an increased constipation risk. However, little research has been done on the habitual dietary fibre intake and lifestyle characteristics of functional constipation in Malaysian adults. Thus, the purpose of this study is to determine the dietary fibre intake, lifestyle characteristics, and functional constipation of adults in Malaysia, as well as the association between habitual dietary fibre intake, lifestyle characteristics, and functional constipation. About 318 adults between the ages of 18 and 59 participated and were asked to complete an online questionnaire consisting of three major parts. The components are as follows: i) the assessment of dietary fibre intake by using a semi-quantitative dietary fibre food frequency questionnaire; ii) the assessment of lifestyle factors; and iii) the determination of functional constipation via the Wexner Constipation Scoring System. SPSS 25 was used to analyse the data at a significance level of 0.05. The results indicated that the majority of adults consumed dietary fibre in amounts less than 25 g per day (84.6%). About 97.5% of adults have a healthy lifestyle, and only 2.8% of adults in this study faced constipation. There was no significant association between habitual dietary fibre intake and lifestyle characteristics (p=0.614) or between habitual dietary fibre intake and functional constipation among adults in Malaysia (p=0.147). Continued efforts are needed to increase dietary fibre intake among the adult population.

Intensive Nutritional Counseling and Education for Management of Hyperphosphatemia in Hemodialysis Patients at Al-Khor Hospital- Hamad Medical Corporation - State of Qatar

Objectives: To assess the dietary phosphate intake of hemodialysis patients with hyperphosphatemia and the effects of a dietetic intervention focused on limiting dietary phosphate load. Design: Cross-sectional dietary phosphate intake assessment and prospective intervention study. Setting: Hospital hemodialysis units of AL-Khor hospital – Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar. Subjects: sixteen stable adult hemodialysis patients, who had phosphorus serum levels ≥1.6 mmol/L. Intervention: Analysis of dietary composition and of the effects of individual dietetic counseling to reduce phosphorus intake while preserving the same or improving protein intake. Main outcome measures: Differences in nutrient intake between pre and post-dietary intervention among hyperphosphatemia patients, and changes in phosphorus–protein ratio, and serum phosphate, after the dietetic intervention. Results: Significant differences in nutrient intake including energy, protein, and phosphorus were detected after the intervention. After dietetic intervention in the hyperphosphatemia patients, a decrease in the dietary phosphate–protein ratio (28.9 -13.4 mg/g, P &lt;0.05) also occurred. Serum phosphate showed a trend of a significant decrease after the dietary intervention (2.2mmol/L-1.68mmol/L), P &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: Individual intensive nutritional education and counseling may be useful in reducing phosphate load and improving serum phosphorus with a positive effect on nutrient intake. A phosphate-controlled diet has a role in an integrated therapeutic approach to hyperphosphatemia and positive calcium-phosphorus balance in hemodialysis patients.

Nutrition Patterns and Their Gender Differences among Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: A Descriptive Study.

Dietary factors probably play a role in the pathogenesis and clinical course of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). There is a paucity of specific dietary guidelines for RA patients and little information on their implementation in daily life. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the nutritional status and provision of nutritional education among outpatients with RA. Here, 61 patients were included with a sex ratio of 2.03 (f/m). Based on BMI, 22% of women were overweight and 32% obese, whereas 50% of men were overweight and 30% obese. Fasting blood and a 3-day estimated dietary record were collected. Additionally, patients were asked whether they had already received information about a specific diet as part of their disease treatment plan. Elevated total cholesterol levels were found in 76% of women and in 60% of men caused by increased non-HDL-C levels. The dietary intake assessment showed a lower self-reported intake of energy, polyunsaturated fat, carbohydrates, fiber, and several micronutrients than recommended. Regarding healthy eating, all patients reported familiarity with dietary recommendations, but found it difficult to implement the recommendations into their diets. These findings suggested that RA patients need more specific recommendations and education in clinical practice to improve the quality of their diet.

The Bland-Altman method should not be used when one of the two measurement methods has negligible measurement errors.

The Bland-Altman limits of agreement (LoA) method is almost universally used to compare two measurement methods when the outcome is continuous, despite warnings regarding the often-violated strong underlying statistical assumptions. In settings where only a single measurement per individual has been performed and one of the two measurement methods is exempt (or almost) from any measurement error, the LoA method provides biased results, whereas this is not the case for linear regression. Thus, our goal is to explain why this happens and illustrate the advantage of linear regression in this particular setting. For our illustration, we used two data sets: a sample of simulated data, where the truth is known, and data from a validation study on the accuracy of a smartphone image-based dietary intake assessment tool. Our results show that when one of the two measurement methods is exempt (or almost) from any measurement errors, the LoA method should not be used as it provides biased results. In contrast, linear regression of the differences on the precise method was unbiased. The LoA method should be abandoned in favor of linear regression when one of the two measurement methods is exempt (or almost) from measurement errors.

We Are What We Eat: The Association Between Ultra-Processed Food Consumption, Colon Cancer Risk and All-Cause Mortality

We Are What We Eat: The Association Between Ultra-Processed Food Consumption, Colon Cancer Risk and All-Cause Mortality