Assessment Of Dietary Intake Research Articles

Associations between dietary coenzyme Q10 intake and lipid profiles in adults: a national cross-sectional study

ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the average intake of CoQ10 from dietary sources and explore the dose–response relationships between the dietary-derived CoQ10 intake and lipid profiles.MethodsWe performed a cross-sectional study based on the China Health and Nutrition Survey, which included 7,938 adults. The dietary intake assessment used three consecutive 24-h recalls combined with a household inventory. Serum was used for lipid profiling.ResultsThe average dietary-derived CoQ10 intake was 5.4 mg/day in Chinese adults. The dietary CoQ10 intake of the highest quartile (Q4 ≥ 6.96 mg/day) was negatively associated with total cholesterol (TC) [−0.12 (−0.19, −0.06) mmol/L], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) [−0.17 (−0.23, −0.10) mmol/L], and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) [−0.12 (−0.18, −0.05) mmol/L], while positively associated with apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA1) [0.10 (0.08, 0.13) g/L] and triglycerides (TG) [0.14 (0.05, 0.23) mmol/L], compared to the lowest quartile (Q1 < 1.88 mg/day). Besides, dietary CoQ10 intake showed nonlinear dose–response associations with the above lipid variables (all Pnonlinear < 0.05).ConclusionDietary-derived CoQ10 intake may be associated with some lipid profiles, such as TG, ApoA1, TC, LDL-C, and non-HDL-C. However, CoQ10 from dietary sources may not be a good choice for individuals who need to CoQ10 supplement.

Are food and beverage purchases reflective of dietary intake? Validity of supermarket purchases as indicator of diet quality in the Supreme Nudge Trial.

Dietary intake assessment is often complicated by intrinsic bias. This study investigated whether food purchase data could constitute a valid indication of dietary intake, by evaluating the extent to which diet quality as measured by supermarket food purchases is correlated with diet quality as measured by reported dietary intake. We used data from the Supreme Nudge cluster-randomised controlled supermarket trial (n=227). Data were collected at baseline from supermarket purchases (loyalty cards) and a dietary questionnaire (short 40-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ)) to compute two scores reflecting diet quality from purchasing data (purchased diet quality) and FFQs (consumed diet quality). Both scores constituted of 13 food groups and could theoretically range between 0 (low diet quality) to 130 (high diet quality). The relationship between purchased diet quality and consumed diet quality was assessed using correlation coefficients, and the Bland-Altman limits-of-agreement method. Multiple linear regression was fitted between purchased diet quality and consumed diet quality, adjusted for age, sex, waist circumference, educational level, and household size. Consumed and purchased diet qualities were modestly positively correlated (Pearson's ρ = 0·31, 95% CI: 0·18 - 0·42). A positive association from linear regression was found after confouding adjustments (βbaseline = 0·22, 95%CI: 0·10 - 0·34). Purchased diet quality was systematically lower than the consumed diet quality. This study found that diet quality as measured by supermarket purchases provided a reasonable indication of diet quality as reported by short-FFQs, albeit modest.

High barley intake in non-obese individuals is associated with high natto consumption and abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria in the gut: a cross-sectional study.

Barley, abundant in β-glucan, a soluble dietary fiber, holds promise in obesity prevention. Given the microbial metabolism of dietary fiber in the gastrointestinal tract, we investigated the role of gut microbiota in non-obese individuals consuming high levels of barley. Our study enrolled 185 participants from "The cohort study on barley and the intestinal environment (UMIN000033479)." Comprehensive physical examinations, including blood tests, were conducted, along with separate assessments of gut microbiome profiling and dietary intake. Participants were categorized into high and low barley consumption groups based on the median intake, with non-obese individuals in the high intake group identified as barley responders while participants with obesity were designated as non-responders. We compared the relative abundance of intestinal bacteria between these groups and used multivariate analysis to assess the association between intestinal bacteria and barley responders while controlling for confounding factors. Among the fermented food choices, responders exhibited notably higher consumption of natto (fermented soybeans) than non-responders. Moreover, after adjusting for confounders, Butyricicoccus and Subdoligranulum were found to be significantly more prevalent in the intestines of responders. Given natto's inclusion of Bacillus subtilis, a glycolytic bacterium, and the butyrate-producing capabilities of Butyricicoccus and Subdoligranulum, it is hypothesized that fiber degradation and butyrate production are likely to be enhanced within the digestive tract of barley responders.

Short-term impact of bariatric surgery on the dietary intake of patients with type 2 diabetes.

The prevalence of overweight and obesity and an unhealthy diet and lifestyle are the key causes of rising diabetes burden in India. Bariatric surgery is gaining popularity in India as a favored approach to manage obesity and its accompanying comorbidities. Despite this, there is a scarcity of Indian studies evaluating dietary intake. Our goal was to analyse the dietary intake of Indian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who have undergone laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) or duodeno-jejunal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy (DJB-SG) or surgeries. The longitudinal observational study included 64 T2DM patients (32 in each procedure) enrolled through purposive sampling. The patients underwent surgery (LSG or DJB-SG procedure) between January 2017 and July 2019. Dietary data was collected at baseline and postsurgery (12 months) using a 24-h dietary recall method for 2 days (one working and one holiday). The total sample consisted of 27 (42.2%) females and 37 (57.8%) males. The mean age was 46.8 years. At 12 months, the follow-up for the LSG and DJB-SG procedures was 100% and 78%, respectively. In the short term, a significant reduction was seen in weight, body mass index and haemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) in both surgical groups. The two procedures were comparable with respect to weight loss but improvement in glycaemia was higher in the DJB-SG group. The dietary intake (food groups and nutrients) was similar in the two surgical groups at baseline and 12 months postsurgery. Dietary intake assessment showed significant reduction in calorie dense foods (cereals, roots and tubers, fats and oils, table sugar, and biscuits) in both surgical groups. Among nutrients, intake of energy, fats, carbohydrates, dietary fibre, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, folate and iron were reduced significantly in both procedures. Vitamin D (84.4% patients in LSG group and 81.3% patients in DJB-SG) and iron (62.5% patients in LSG group and 68.8% patients in DJB-SG) were commonly prevalent nutritional deficiencies at baseline and were significantly reduced at 12 months. In the short term, bariatric surgery resulted in weight loss and improvement in glycaemia. Bariatric surgery does significantly affect dietary intake leading to nutritional deficiencies. Therefore, patients should be recommended vitamin and mineral supplements and regular patient education and counselling by a trained bariatric dietitian to prevent nutritional deficiencies and maintain nutritional status.

Assessment of dietary intake in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease using the Ukrainian version of the EPIC-Norfolk Food Frequency Questionnaire: A cross-sectional study

Metabolic dysfunction‑associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is prevalent worldwide. Studies demonstrate a possible association between diet and MASLD. However, data regarding patients in Ukraine are lacking. Objective — to study dietary habits and meeting recommended dietary intake in patients with MASLD. Materials and methods. Adults with MASLD aged 18 years and older (n=29) receiving care in outpatient settings who fully completed the adapted and validated Ukrainian version of the EPIC‑Norfolk Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) were included in the analysis. Liver steatosis was confirmed by ultrasound examination, and diagnosis of MASLD was based on the criteria defined by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. As a reference for recommended dietary intake, data from the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020—2025 years were used. FETA software was used to calculate nutrient data from the FFQ. The one‑sample t‑test, t‑test, the one‑sample signed rank sum test, and Mann‑Whitney test were used to assess the differences between the sample and the reference data. The chi‑squared test was used to analyse categorical data. Results. The mean age of participants was 41.4±12 years, 69% of participants being female. The mean body mass index was 35.4±7.9 kg/m2. Participants consumed more protein, than recommended by current dietary recommendations. Women also tended to have higher energy intake and consume more fat, saturated fatty acids, and carbohydrates than recommended. The median fibre intake was 19.36 g (Q1; Q3 : 13.29; 26.45), which is lower than the recommended 14 g per 1000 kcal (p=0.0015). Dietary intake of most vitamins and micronutrients was met. However, women and men consumed less than 600 IU of vitamin D daily. Among all patients with MASLD, sodium intake (3829.5±1559.3 mg) was significantly higher than recommended (2300 mg, p<0.0001). Approximately 62% of participants take dietary supplements, with vitamin D being the most popular choice. Conclusions. Our study showed that patients with MASLD in Ukraine tend to exceed recommended protein and sodium intake and, at the same time, have low fibre and Vitamin D consumption. High energy intake and saturated fatty acids consumption are also of concern.

Standardised and Objective Dietary Intake Assessment Tool (SODIAT): Protocol of a dual-site dietary intervention study to integrate dietary assessment methods

Introduction Current dietary assessment methods face challenges in accurately capturing individuals’ dietary habits, undermining the efficacy of public health strategies. The ‘Standardised and Objective Dietary Intake Assessment Tool’ (SODIAT)-1 study aims to assess the effectiveness of three emerging technologies (urine and capillary blood biomarkers, and wearable camera technology) and two online self-reporting dietary assessment tools to monitor dietary intake. Methods This randomised controlled crossover trial will recruit 30 participants (aged 18-70 years and BMI of 20-30 kg/m2) from Imperial College London and the University of Reading. Exclusion criteria include recent weight change, food allergies/intolerances, following restrictive diets, certain health conditions and medication use. Interested volunteers will be directed to an online screening questionnaire via REDCap and eligible participants will attend a pre-study visit. Volunteers will consume, in a random order, two highly-controlled diets (compliant and non-compliant with UK guidelines) for four days each. Each study arm will be separated by at least one-week. During each test period, dietary intake will be monitored continuously using wearable cameras and self-recorded using eNutri (food frequency questionnaire) and Intake24 (24-hour dietary recall). Urine and capillary blood samples will be collected for biomarker analysis. Data analysis will assess the accuracy of dietary reporting across these methods using Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient. Discussion and ethical considerations This study introduces a novel approach to dietary assessment, addressing the limitations of traditional methods by reducing misreporting and enhancing inclusivity, particularly for underrepresented populations with literacy or language barriers. However, challenges persist, such as variability in biomarker data due to failure to adhere to sample storage requirements and the practicalities of continuously wearing cameras. To protect privacy, participants will be instructed to remove cameras at inappropriate times, and artificial intelligence will be used to blur all images captured apart from food.

Effects of soy on fertility: Current evidence and controversies

The impact of soy consumption on fertility has been a subject of ongoing debate. Soy contains phytoestrogens such as isoflavones, which have a chemical structure similar to estrogen and can bind to estrogen receptors in the body, influencing fertility outcomes. Animal studies have demonstrated that high soy or isoflavone levels may disrupt the hormonal balance and negatively affect fertility. However, human studies have reported conflicting results, with some indicating no association and others showing a strong association between soy consumption and infertility. Variability in study designs, populations, lack of randomized controlled trials, inadequate understanding of the underlying mechanisms, and dietary intake assessment methods contribute to inconclusive findings. While some studies have suggested potential concerns about soy and fertility, the overall evidence remains inconclusive, and further research is required to elucidate this complex relationship. Personalized advice from healthcare professionals remains optimal for individuals with fertility issues.

Assessment of Dietary Fiber Intake in Adults: Consideration of Gender and Age Disparities

Assessment of Dietary Fiber Intake in Adults: Consideration of Gender and Age Disparities

Co-Development of Three Dietary Indices to Facilitate Dietary Intake Assessment of Pediatric Crohn's Disease Patients.

Literature on dietary behaviours of the pediatric Crohn's Disease (CD) population and the relationship between dietary intake and CD activity is limited. Three dietary indices were developed and tested to conduct dietary pattern analysis in pediatric patients with CD consuming a free diet following remission induction via exclusive enteral nutrition (n=11). Index scores underwent descriptive and inferential analysis. The mean adjusted scores (out of 100) for the Pediatric Western Diet Index, Pediatric Prudent Diet Index, and Pediatric-Adapted 2010 Alternate Healthy Eating Index (PA2010-AHEI) were 29.82±15.22, 34.25±15.18, and 51.50±11.69, respectively. The mean Western-to-Prudent ratio was 0.94±0.55. A significant correlation (r=-0.71) and relationship (F[1, 9]=9.04, P < 0.05, R2=0.501) between the Western-to-Prudent ratio and PA2010-AHEI was found. The results suggest participants were not following a Western or Prudent diet, and were consuming foods not captured by the indices. More research is needed to describe dietary intake of individuals with CD, validate dietary indices in diverse samples, and explore the utility of these indices in CD assessment and treatment. The co-authors hope this work will stimulate/inspire subsequent interprofessional, dietitian-led research on this topic.

Assessment of dietary intake in children (6–48 months) and mothers (15–49 years) in different farming systems in Kenya using multiple pass 24-h recall

Assessment of dietary intake in children (6–48 months) and mothers (15–49 years) in different farming systems in Kenya using multiple pass 24-h recall

Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl compounds in commercially available baby food produced in different European countries - levels, dietary intake, and exposure assessment

The presence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in commercial baby food products from various European countries was investigated in this study. A total of 96 samples were collected and analyzed to assess PFASs levels, composition profiles, and potential dietary intake among infants. The results indicated detectable levels of PFASs in the sampled baby food products, with carboxylic acid prevalence over sulfonic acids. Among the various baby food groups studied, dry cereals exhibited the highest PFASs concentrations. This finding emphasizes the need for further monitoring and investigation of PFASs contamination in this specific food category. While the concentrations detected were generally low, they indicated the widespread presence of PFASs in various types of baby food. Furthermore, a preliminary exposure assessment was conducted on the basis of the measured PFASs concentrations, providing an initial insight into the potential exposure levels among infants from three months to three years old. Calculations based on two scenario types revealed the best-case scenario likely underestimating actual exposure, while the worst-case scenario occasionally exceeded the limits set by the governmental institutions. Further research is needed to understand the sources, pathways, and potential health effects of PFASs exposure in this vulnerable population.

Cross-Sectional Assessment of Nutritional Status, Dietary Intake, and Physical Activity Levels in Children (6-9 Years) in Valencia (Spain) Using Nutrimetry.

The aims of this research were to evaluate the current nutritional status, dietary intake, and level of physical activity and assess the need for intervention. This was a cross-sectional study with 2724 participating children aged 6-9 years old. Nutritional status was assessed using nutrimetry, dietary intake with a 3-day food-recall questionnaire and physical activity with an ad hoc questionnaire. The nutricode with the highest prevalence was healthy weight/normal stature, with 51.3% of the sample. For the BMI for age Z-score, those in the overweight/obesity category represented 37.5% of the sample, while the thinness category included 7.6%. Intake of calories, proteins, sugar, lipids, SFA, MUFA, and cholesterol were significantly higher than recommended. The thinness groups consumed a significantly higher amount of excess calories while the overweight/obesity groups had the lowest mean excess calorie intake. Children in the thinness category presented the highest rates at both ends of the spectrum for sedentary activities. This study showed the high prevalence of malnutrition in schoolchildren. The results for the risk of thinness and overweight/obesity according to individual nutrient intake should be carefully interpreted. Lifestyle is a fundamental aspect to consider when combating malnutrition, especially at the level of dietary and physical activity habits, to combine various methods of intervention to improve nutritional status.

2324 Feasibility of screening for frailty, sarcopenia and nutritional status in elective surgery for colorectal cancer

Abstract Introduction Preoperative frailty is a key determinant of post-surgical outcomes and often co-exists with sarcopenia and malnutrition. Older patients account for a significant proportion of patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer and are therefore more likely to be affected by these risk factors. Methods Patients aged 65 and over undergoing planned surgery for colorectal cancer were recruited across five sites. Participants were screened preoperatively using the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) and Groningen Frailty Indicator (GFI). Nutritional status was assessed using the short form mini nutritional assessment (MNA-SF) and participant collection of spot urine samples to objectively measure habitual dietary intake. Sarcopenia was assessed through grip strength, gait speed and psoas muscle measurement using preoperative CT imaging. The non-radiological screening measures were repeated eight-weeks postoperatively, with additional urine samples collected in the first and fourth weeks. Results Forty-three participants (mean age 76 years, 60% male) were recruited, of which 32% were frail. Using the mini-nutritional assessment 42% of participants were identified as at risk of malnutrition and 9% as malnourished. Urine assessment of habitual dietary intake is ongoing. There was a high prevalence of sarcopenia - 67% determined by hand grip strength and 42% by CT analysis. Mean length of stay following surgery was 6.9 days. 28% of participants were unable to complete the in-person post-operative follow up due to ill health, poor appetite and exhaustion. Conclusions This ongoing study has demonstrated the feasibility of incorporating frailty, nutritional status and sarcopenia screening alongside routine clinical care, in older adults undergoing surgery. However, retaining participants in observational studies during postoperative periods of convalescence, or whilst undergoing adjuvant treatment, is challenging. This study has also highlighted the potential of home urine sampling as a viable method of dietary assessment within community settings to aid malnutrition screening.

Associations between child eating behaviors with eating patterns and diet quality in preschool-aged children

Childhood eating behaviors are associated with weight status and laboratory assessments of dietary intake. However, little is known about how eating behaviors relate to the eating patterns and diet quality of children from marginalized populations when assessed in their natural environments. Therefore, we examined the association of food avoidant (e.g., food fussiness and satiety responsiveness) and food approach (e.g., food responsiveness and enjoyment of food) eating behaviors with children's meal size, eating frequency, and diet quality. We analyzed data from 61 predominately low-income Hispanic/Latinx preschool-aged children. Caregivers completed the Childhood Eating Behavior Questionnaire and two 24-h dietary recalls. From the recalls, we calculated meal size, eating frequency, and modified Diet Quality Index Scores (DQIS), and evaluated associations with eating behaviors using multivariable linear models. We also explored the relationship between eating behaviors and DQIS components. Food-avoidant subscales were associated with smaller meals and satiety responsiveness were associated with decreased snack frequency. Food approach subscales were not associated with meal size or eating frequency. Both food-avoidant and food-approach behaviors were associated with components of diet quality and caloric beverages outside of meal and snacks. These findings can inform future research on the relationship between child eating behaviors and dietary intake so that we can develop more tailored and effective interventions to promote healthy eating habits for low-income, Hispanic/Latinx preschool-aged children.

Reduction in Serum Carotenoid Levels Following One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass.

Given the health benefits of carotenoids, it is crucial to evaluate their levels in patients undergoing malabsorptive procedures like one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB). This study aimed to assess serum carotenoid levels before and 6 months following OAGB. Prospectively collected data from patients who underwent primary OAGB were analyzed. Data included anthropometrics, dietary intake assessments, and biochemical tests. Serum samples were analyzed for lipid profile and serum carotenoids, including lutein, zeaxanthin, α-carotene, β-carotene, phytofluene, ζ-carotene, and lycopene. Data from 27 patients (median age 47.0 years and 55.6% female) were available before and 6 months post-OAGB. The median pre-surgical BMI was 39.5 kg/m2, and the median excess weight loss at 6 months post-surgery was 63.9%. Significant decreases in all carotenoid levels were observed over time (p < 0.001 for all). A median relative decline of 65.1% in absolute total carotenoid levels and 12.7% in total cholesterol levels were found. No associations were observed between changes in clinical outcomes and carotenoid levels during the study period. This study reveals significant decreases in carotenoid levels within the first 6 months following OAGB. Nutritional intervention studies are needed to explore how incorporating carotenoid-rich foods affects post-surgery carotenoid levels and clinical outcomes.

Hygienic assessment of dietary intake of saturated fatty acids and trans isomers of fatty acids

Introduction. An imbalance of the fat component of the diet is one of the most common violations of the population nutrition in developed countries, leading to the risk of occurring nutrition-dependent pathologies due to hyperlipidemia and dyslipoproteinemia. A special role in the formation of risk is played by an excess of medium-chain saturated fatty acids (SFA) and trans isomers of unsaturated fatty acids (TFA). Materials and methods. Actual nutrition was studied by reproduction method with three times 24-hour recall. Based on the research results, the content of SFA and TFA was calculated, and their main sources were determined. Three hundred fourteen students of the I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University took part in the study. Gender and age groups of respondents were analyzed separately. Results. The intake of SFA at the level of normal physiological needs was registered in only 7.6% of students. At the same time, 80% of respondents had a significant excess of both total fat and SFA; an adequate level of TFA intake was noted in 80% of students, and a significant excess of this indicator was registered only in 13.3% of respondents. A significant quantitative increase in SFAs was noted with the additional inclusion of processed products in the diet, including those with hidden fat. Excessive consumption of TFA is associated with the inclusion of rich confectionery products containing hydrogenated fats in the diet. Limitations. The study has age and regional restrictions: young 18–29 years people living in the Moscow region, as well as restrictions on the analyzed indicators: SFA and TFA supplied with the diet. Conclusions. A significant risk of developing nutrition-dependent non-infectious diseases is observed in 52.9% of respondents with an SFA content in the diet of more than 150% of the norm, and the maximum risk is in 13.3% of students receiving a combined excess of SFA and TFA. The results of the study confirm the need to correct the diets of students in terms of the fat component.

Validity of dietary intake methods in cancer cachexia.

Accurate assessment of dietary intake, especially energy and protein intake, is crucial for optimizing nutritional care and outcomes in patients with cancer. Validation of dietary assessment methods is necessary to ensure accuracy, but the validity of these methods in patients with cancer, and especially in those with cancer cachexia, is uncertain. Validating nutritional intake is complex because of the variety of dietary methods, lack of a gold standard method, and diverse validation measures. Here, we review the literature on validations of dietary intake methods in patients with cancer, including those with cachexia, and highlight the gap between current validation efforts and the need for accurate dietary assessment methods in this population. We analyzed eight studies involving 1479 patients with cancer to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of 24-hour recalls, food records, and food frequency questionnaires in estimating energy and protein intake. We discuss validation methods, including comparison with biomarkers, indirect calorimetry, and relative validation of dietary intake methods. Few have validated dietary intake methods against objective markers in patients with cancer. While food records and 24-hour recalls show potential accuracy for energy and protein intake, this may be compromised in hypermetabolic patients. Additionally, under- and overreporting of intake may be less frequent, and the reliability of urinary nitrogen as a protein intake marker in patients with cachexia needs further investigation. Accurate dietary assessment is important for enhancing nutritional care outcomes in cachexia trials, requiring validation at multiple time points throughout the cancer trajectory.

Relative validity of an intelligent ordering system to estimate dietary intake among university students from a medical school in Shanghai, China

BackgroundDietary assessment methods have limitations in capturing real-time eating behaviour accurately. Equipped with automated dietary-data-collection capabilities, the “intelligent ordering system” (IOS) has potential applicability in obtaining long-term consecutive, relatively detailed on-campus dietary records among university students with little resource consumption. We investigated (1) the relative validity of IOS-derived nutrient/food intakes compared to those from the 7-day food diary (7DFD); (2) whether including a supplemental food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ) improves IOS accuracy; and (3) sex differences in IOS dietary intake estimation.MethodsMedical students (n = 221; age = 22.2 ± 2.4 years; 38.5% male and 61.5% female) completed the 7DFD and SFFQ. During the consecutive 7-day survey period, students weighed and photographed each meal before and after consumption. Then, students reviewed their 3-month diet and completed the SFFQ, which includes eight underprovided school-canteen food items (e.g., dairy, fruits, nuts). Meanwhile, 9385 IOS dietary data entries were collected. We used Spearman coefficients and linear regression models to estimate the associations among the different dietary intake assessment methods. Individual- and group-level agreement was assessed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, cross-classification, and Bland‒Altman analysis.ResultsIOS mean daily energy, protein, fat, and carbohydrate intake estimations were significantly lower (-15-20%) than those of the 7DFD. The correlation coefficients varied from 0.52 (for added sugar) to 0.88 (for soybeans and nuts), with fruits (0.37) and dairy products (0.29) showing weaker correlations. Sixty-two (milk and dairy products) to 97% (soybeans and nuts) of participants were classified into the same or adjacent dietary intake distribution quartile using both methods. The energy and macronutrient intake differences between the IOS + SFFQ and 7DFD groups decreased substantially. The separate fruit intake measurements from each assessment method did not significantly differ from each other (p > 0.05). IOS and IOS + SFFQ regression models generally yielded higher R2 values for males than for females.ConclusionDespite estimation differences, the IOS can be reliable for medical student dietary habit assessment. The SFFQ is useful for measuring consumption of foods that are typically unavailable in school cafeterias, improving the overall dietary evaluation accuracy. The IOS assessment was more accurate for males than for females.

Assessment of Nutritional Status and Energy Availability of Indian Boxers.

Inadequate dietary intake and low energy availability (LEA) negatively impact athlete's health, recovery, and performance outcomes. Currently, there is no Indian study that assessed the energy availability (EA) of Indian boxers and studied the contributing factors to LEA. This study was undertaken with the objectives of assessing the EA of Indian boxers (lightweight category) and correlating it with contributing factors such as anthropometric measurements, body composition, dietary intake, nutrient intake, and exercise energy expenditure. This descriptive cross-sectional study recruited 30 state-level boxers of the lightweight category (females: nine) residing in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, using purposive sampling. Body composition was assessed using a body composition monitor. Anthropometric measurements were assessed using standard methods. Three-day exercise energy expenditure was calculated. Three-day dietary intake was assessed, which included two training days and one rest day using the three-day multiple-pass method. Dietary intake assessment included intake of all the meals, snacks, sports foods, sports, and dietary supplements. EA was calculated and participants were classified as moderate EA (30-45 kcal/kg FFM/day) and low EA (< 30 kcal/kg FFM/day). Descriptive and inferential statistical tests were conducted using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS, version 23; IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Armonk, NY). Male boxers had a mean age of 18.43±0.93 years, and females had a mean age of 18.44±0.88 years. Among boxers, 36.67% (n=11) of participants were underweight, 46.67% (n=14) had a normal BMI, and 16.67% (n=5) were overweight. The mean body fat (%) for boxers was 13.11±1.8. Participants had insufficient consumption of different food groups before and after the energy intake adjustment. Processed packaged food consumption was popular among the participants. Various kinds of sports foods and supplements were consumed by a few athletes. Dietary supplements were not common among participants. The nutrient intake of the participants was inadequate. Participants could not fulfill energy/kg/day, carbohydrate/kg/day, protein/kg/day, and fat/kg/day requirements by 29%, 36.2%, 34.8%, and 23.9%, respectively. Iron and calcium intake was inadequate among female participants by 1.4% and 12.8%, respectively. Among male boxers, the mean EA was 29.71±3.74 kcal/kg FFM/day, and the mean EA of female boxers was 28.3±3.95 kcal/kg FFM/day. Around 66.67% of boxers in the present study had LEA, while the rest had reduced EA. EA had a moderately significant inverse relationship with fat-free mass (%). Energy intake was significantly related to EA and total body muscle % significantly moderated that relationship. The influence of fat-free mass (%), EEE (kcal), and energy intake (kcal)on the EA (kcal/kg FFM/day) was significant usingmultiplelinear regression analysis. The majority of the participants could not meet the food intake and nutrient recommendations. The majority of the participants had LEA. The higher the energy and nutrient intake, the higher the EA in the present study. EA had a moderately significant inverse relationship with fat-free mass (%) and exercise energy expenditure.

An Assessment of Dietary Patterns and Micronutrient Intake Among Farming Adults in Rural Sri Lanka

An Assessment of Dietary Patterns and Micronutrient Intake Among Farming Adults in Rural Sri Lanka