Assess Content Validity Research Articles

Development and validation of child’s food texture preference questionnaire and associations with oral tactile sensitivity and food fussiness in children

This study aimed to 1) develop a parent-reported child’s food texture preference questionnaire, 2) assess content validity and inter-rater reliability among parent-, child-report and the child report after tasting and 3) validate the questionnaire with oral tactile acuity and food fussiness in 5 to 12-year-old Australian children. Parents rated their child’s preference for 29 pairs of foods selected as they were different in texture but similar in other sensory attributes. A subset of these food pairs (10 pairs) was used for child reported preference and preference after tasting (4 pairs). Content validity was rated by 7 experts and expressed as the content validation index for items. Grating orientation task was used to measure oral tactile sensitivity. Parents reported fussiness on the Children’s Eating Behavior Questionnaire fussiness subscale. A total of 154 caregivers and 251 children (129 boys, 122 girls) participated. Content validation resulted in the elimination of 9 items. Child-rated texture preference was positively correlated with preference after tasting (r = 0.55) and parent-reported scores (r = 0.31). A moderate positive correlation was found between preference after tasting and parent reported scores (r = 0.20). Child's food texture preference was positively associated with child’s age (p < 0.05) but not correlated with measured oral tactile sensitivity or food fussiness. This is the first study to evaluate content validity and inter-rater reliability of parent-report child’s food texture preference measure. There still remains opportunities for improvements of both food texture preference measure and oral tactile sensitivity.

New Validated Tool to Diagnose Breastfeeding Dysfunction.

Breastfeeding behaviors and experiences exist on a continuum. What differentiates normal from dysfunctional is defined by frequency and severity. No current validated tool addresses the subjective experience of dyads with a predictive score that can be followed over time. To create and validate a self-report tool to assess breastfeeding and evaluate its ability to predict risk of breastfeeding dysfunction. This study used a cross-sectional design to determine the validity of a novel instrument to assess breastfeeding dysfunction. We gave the initial questionnaire to 2085 breastfeeding dyads. We assessed content validity by comparison with other tools. We used exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation for concept identification and Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency. We employed logistic regression to assess the tool's ability to differentiate between normal breastfeeding and breastfeeding dysfunction. Factor analysis mapped 17 questions to four concepts to create a score (FLIP; flow, latch, injury [to the nipple], and post-feed behavior). Internal consistency and reliability of the scores in these concepts were acceptable (Cronbach's alpha ≥ 0.087 for all measures). A logistic regression model that controlled for infant age, with a breastfeeding dysfunction risk classification threshold of 60%, yielded a correct classification of 88.7%, with 93.1% sensitivity, 64.6% specificity, and a 6.5% false positive rate. The FLIP score was determined to be a valid and reliable instrument for quantifying the severity of breastfeeding dysfunction in children under 1 year old. Further studies will assess its usefulness in the management of breastfeeding dysfunction.

Development and initial evaluation of a treatment integrity measure for low-intensity group psychoeducational interventions.

Despite the importance of assessing the quality with which low-intensity (LI) group psychoeducational interventions are delivered, no measure of treatment integrity (TI) has been developed. To develop a psychometrically robust TI measure for LI psychoeducational group interventions. This study had two phases. Firstly, the group psychoeducation treatment integrity measure-expert rater (GPTIM-ER) and a detailed scoring manual were developed. This was piloted by n=5 expert raters rating the same LI group session; n=6 expert raters then assessed content validity. Secondly, 10 group psychoeducational sessions drawn from routine practice were then rated by n=8 expert raters using the GPTIM-ER; n=9 patients also rated the quality of the group sessions using a sister version (i.e. GPTIM-P) and clinical and service outcome data were drawn from the LI groups assessed. The GPTIM-ER had excellent internal reliability, good test-retest reliability, but poor inter-rater reliability. The GPTIM-ER had excellent content validity, construct validity, formed a single factor scale and had reasonable predictive validity. The GPTIM-ER has promising, but not complete, psychometric properties. The low inter-rater reliability scores between expert raters are the main ongoing concern and so further development and testing is required in future well-constructed studies.

Perception of Nutrition in Adults with Sickle Cell Disease: Concept Elicitation of Nutritional Status and the Mini Nutrition Assessment

Introduction Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a genetic disorder that causes recurrent vaso-occlusive pain events, functional impairment, and nutritional deficiencies due to increased metabolic demands. Prior studies have highlighted nutritional issues in people with SCD, such as micronutrient and macronutrient deficiencies, low body mass index (BMI), and a recent rise in obese adults with SCD. In older adults in the general population, evaluation and management of nutritional status is essential since malnutrition can weaken the immune system and increase the risk of hospitalization and death. Despite the importance of nutrition, little is known about the best way to evaluate nutritional status in older adults with SCD. To identify a relevant yet efficient method to evaluate nutritional status, we conducted content elicitation interviews to describe how younger and older adults conceptualized nutrition. Based on the content of the interviews, we piloted a brief nutritional survey called the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA); a common nutritional measure in geriatric assessments. Methods As standard practice for concept elicitation, we conducted semi-structured interviews with adults SCD in 4 separate focus groups: two groups of young adults age 18-39 and two groups of older adults age ≥ 40 years. Participants were asked about their perception of the construct of nutrition as part of a longer concept elicitation interview assessing the content validity of the Sickle Cell Disease Functional Assessment (SCD-FA), which is the geriatric assessment for adults with SCD. After focus group transcripts were analyzed using rapid qualitative analysis, we administered the MNA to a separate cohort of adults with SCD, since its content on macronutrients and hydration was consistent with how adults with SCD conceptualized nutrition. The scores on the 6-item MNA-Short Form (MNA-SF) range from 0 to 14 with higher scores indicating better nutritional status. Scores 12-14 indicate a normal nutritional status, 8-11 indicate at risk for malnutrition, and 0-7 indicate a malnourished state. Results The 4 focus group interviews included 6 younger adults (age 18-39) and 8 older adults (age ≥ 40 years) with SCD. Participants were 57% females and 79% had severe SCD genotype (HbSS or HbSβnull-thalassemia). In the focus groups, participants described a healthy diet as one that included the major food groups, which were generally defined as protein, fruits and vegetables, and starches/carbs. The majority discussed the importance of adequate hydration to reduce the risk of pain crises. Additionally, participants reported trying to substitute water for soda, juice, and caffeine containing beverages. Many participants stated that a healthy diet involved limited processed foods and sugars. Despite knowledge of the characteristics of a “healthy” diet, some participants expressed difficulty maintaining this diet. Based on these qualitative results, we selected the MNA to evaluate nutrition since it included items on hydration and assessed intake of various food groups as described by focus group participants. We administered the MNA-SF to a cohort of 88 adults with SCD and 81 had complete data to score the MNA-SF. The mean score for the MNA-SF for all participants was 11.7 ± 1.8 (younger adults 11.6 ± 1.9 and older adults 11.9 ± 1.8; p= 0.44). The MNA-SF identified 40% (n=34) as being at risk of malnutrition [36% of older adults and 46% younger adults]. Two participants were identified as being malnourished (1 younger and 1 older adult). On remaining MNA items (Table 1), 25% of participants reported decreased food intake with 17% having only 1 meal/day. Most participants (85%) consumed ≥ 1 serving of protein/day and 75% had ≥ 2 servings of fruits or vegetables/day. Most participants (68%) drank &amp;gt; 5 cups of water/day. Results were similar for younger and older adults with SCD. Conclusion Data from the focus group interviews revealed that BMI and unintentional weight loss measures alone did not comprehensively capture how people with SCD perceived the concept of nutrition. Incorporating the MNA-SF enhanced measurement of the nutritional domain in the SCD-FA by capturing data on food intake and hydration. In future studies we will assess the construct validity of the full MNA in a larger sample to identify older adults with SCD who would benefit most from nutritional interventions.

Development and Item Analysis of a Self-Reporting Instrument to Capture Children's Knowledge and Behaviours on Zoonotic-Related Diseases from Household Pets

Zoonotic infections, which can develop into life-threatening conditions, should not be taken lightly. Despite the rising number of pet owners, knowledge of zoonotic diseases and children's behaviour when associating with pets at home remains limited. In Malaysia, few studies have investigated children's knowledge of zoonotic diseases and personal hygiene practices while caring for pets at home. Therefore, this focused on item development, validation, and analysis to assess content validity, acceptability, and contribution to internal consistency for age appropriateness among children. A pre-validation questionnaire was validated on two primary domains, knowledge, and behaviour, by subject matter experts (SME) specialising in zoonoses. A total of 66 children were selected to answer 14 dichotomous scale questions, with the responses subjected to further analysis. The post-validation process was performed by assessing the item suitability for the target group. Several items in the instrument should be modified. Meanwhile, some items should be retained due to the significance in evaluating the knowledge of disease transmission among children. The rationale underlying this modification stemmed from prior research findings and expert feedback. The final self-reporting instrument, Cognitive Affective Behaviours – Institute for Health Behavioural Research- Zoonoses Children-01 (CAB-IHBR-Zoonoses C-01), includes 10 items with adequate content coverage, acceptable qualities, and favourable expert reviews.

Development and Assessment of the Media Impact on Health Information Perception and Behavior Scale (Mihipb-S) Using Content Validity Index Method

With the omnipresence of media in the digital age, understanding its impact on individuals' health information perception and behaviors has become paramount. This study presents the meticulous development and rigorous validation of the Media Influence on Health Information Perception and Behavior Scale (MIHIPB-S) using the Content Validity Index (CVI) method. The scale development process comprised several critical phases, including item generation, expert panel formation, content validity assessment, and pilot testing. A panel of nine experts, encompassing diverse backgrounds such as psychology, public health, communication studies, and measurement development, rigorously examined each item's relevance to the construct of "Media Influence on Health Information Perception and Behavior." These experts assigned ratings on a 4-point Likert scale, ranging from "Not relevant" (1) to "Highly relevant" (4). To determine content validity, the study adhered to established recommendations for acceptable cut-off scores which were contingent upon the number of experts involved Lynn, Davis, Polit &amp; Beck, and Polit et al.2006. Various validity indices, including the Item-Level Content Validity Index (I-CVI), Scale-Level Content Validity Index based on the Average Method (S-CVI/Ave), and Scale-Level Content Validity Index based on the Universal Agreement Method (S-CVI/UA), were meticulously calculated. The outcomes of the content validity assessment were resoundingly positive. All items within the MIHIPB-S attained remarkably high I-CVI scores, significantly exceeding the established acceptable threshold. Moreover, the S-CVI/Ave, calculated as the mean of the I-CVI scores for all items, unequivocally demonstrated robust content validity (Hamie et al. Ozair et al., Lau et al., and Marzuki et al.2018. Of particular significance, the S-CVI/UA, representing the proportion of items achieving the highest relevance rating by all experts, decisively met the prescribed cut-off score. These findings unequivocally affirm the MIHIPB-S as an exceptionally valid and comprehensive instrument for capturing the complex dynamics of media's influence on health information perception and behavior. The MIHIPB-S emerges as an invaluable and validated tool poised to make substantial contributions to research, practice, and policymaking within the domains of health communication, media literacy, and public health. Its versatility extends to assessing the efficacy of media-based health interventions, evaluating the impact of media campaigns on health decision-making, and informing targeted health communication strategies. Future endeavors should explore opportunities for cross-cultural validation, longitudinal assessments, and adaptations to account for emerging media modalities.

Development of a tool for assessing the performance of long-term care systems in relation to care transition: Transitional Care Assessment Tool in Long-Term Care (TCAT-LTC)

BackgroundImproving the quality and safety of care transitions is a priority in many countries. Carrying out performance measurements play a significant role in improving quality of decisions undertaken by different actors involved in reforms. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to present the development of an evaluation tool for assessing the performance of long-term care systems in relation to care transition, namely the Transitional Care Assessment Tool in Long-Term Care (TCAT-LTC). This study is performed as part of a larger European TRANS-SENIOR project.MethodsThe development of the TCAT-LTC involved three steps. First, we developed a conceptual model based on Donabedian’s quality framework and literature review. Second, we carried out a thorough process of item pool generation using deductive (systematic literature review) and deductive-inductive methods (in-depth interviews) with experts in the field of long-term care. Third, we conducted preliminary validation of the tool by asking experts in research and practice to provide an opinion on a tool and to assess content validity. Future fourth step will involve a tool’s pilot with country experts from Germany, the Netherlands and Poland.ResultsBy applying methodological triangulation, we developed the TCAT-LTC, which consists of 2 themes, 12 categories and 63 items. Themes include organizational and financial aspects. Organizational aspects include categories such as communication, transfer of information, availability and coordination of resources, training and education of staff, education/support of the patient/informal caregiver, involvement of the patient/informal caregiver, telemedicine and e-Health, and social care. Financial aspects include categories such as primary care, hospital, and long-term care. We also present the instructions on the application of the TCAT-LTC.ConclusionsIn this paper, we presented the development of the TCAT-LTC evaluation tool for assessing the performance of long-term care systems in relation to care transition. The TCAT-LTC is the first tool to assess the performance of long-term care systems in relation to care transition. Assessments can be carried out at the national and international level and enable to monitor, evaluate, and compare performance of the long-term care systems in relation to care transition within and across countries.

The Brief Health Literacy Scale for Adults: Adaptation and Validation of the Health Literacy for School-Aged Children Questionnaire.

The Health Literacy for School-Aged Children (HLSAC) is a brief, generic instrument measuring health literacy among school-aged children. Given its brevity and broad conceptualization of health literacy, the HLSAC is a potentially valuable measuring instrument among adults as well. This validation study aimed to adapt the HLSAC questionnaire to an adult population through assessment of content validity and subsequently determine the structural validity of the adapted instrument, the Brief Health Literacy scale for Adults (B-HLA). The content validity of the HLSAC was assessed through interviews with respondents and experts, and the structural validity of the adapted instrument (B-HLA) was evaluated using Rasch analysis. The content validity assessment (n = 25) gave rise to adjustments in the wording of five items. The B-HLA demonstrated an overall misfit to the Rasch model (n = 290). Items 6 and 8 had the poorest individual fits. We found no signs of local dependency or differential item functioning concerning sex, age, education, and native language. The B-HLA demonstrated unidimensionality and ability to discriminate across health literacy levels (PSI = 0.80). Discarding items 6 or 8 resulted in an overall model fit and individual fit of all items. In conclusion, the B-HLA appears to be a valid and reliable instrument for assessing health literacy among adults.

Development and Validation of The Media Influence on Health Information Perception and Behaviour Scale (MIHIPBS)

With the omnipresence of media in the digital age, understanding its impact on individuals' health information perception and behaviors has become paramount. This study presents the meticulous development and rigorous validation of the Media Influence on Health Information Perception and Behavior Scale (MIHIPBS) using the Content Validity Index (CVI) method. The scale development process comprised several critical phases, including item generation, expert panel formation, content validity assessment, and pilot testing. A panel of nine experts, encompassing diverse backgrounds such as psychology, public health, communication studies, and measurement development, rigorously examined each item's relevance to the construct of "Media Influence on Health Information Perception and Behavior." These experts assigned ratings on a 4-point Likert scale, ranging from "Not relevant" (1) to "Highly relevant" (4). To determine content validity, the study adhered to established recommendations for acceptable cut-off scores which were contingent upon the number of experts involved Lynn, Davis, Polit &amp; Beck, and Polit et al.2006. Various validity indices, including the Item-Level Content Validity Index (I-CVI), Scale-Level Content Validity Index based on the Average Method (S-CVI/Ave), and Scale-Level Content Validity Index based on the Universal Agreement Method (S-CVI/UA), were meticulously calculated. The outcomes of the content validity assessment were resoundingly positive. All items within the MIHIPBS attained remarkably high I-CVI scores, significantly exceeding the established acceptable threshold. Moreover, the S-CVI/Ave, calculated as the mean of the I-CVI scores for all items, unequivocally demonstrated robust content validity (Hamie et al. Ozair et al., Lau et al., and Marzuki et al.2018. Of particular significance, the S-CVI/UA, representing the proportion of items achieving the highest relevance rating by all experts, decisively met the prescribed cut-off score. These findings unequivocally affirm the MIHIPBS as an exceptionally valid and comprehensive instrument for capturing the complex dynamics of media's influence on health information perception and behavior. The MIHIPBS emerges as an invaluable and validated tool poised to make substantial contributions to research, practice, and policymaking within the domains of health communication, media literacy, and public health. Its versatility extends to assessing the efficacy of media-based health interventions, evaluating the impact of media campaigns on health decision-making, and informing targeted health communication strategies. Future endeavors should explore opportunities for cross-cultural validation, longitudinal assessments, and adaptations to account for emerging media modalities.

Development and Usability of SLEQ Kit Topic of Linear Equation

Student-centred learning involves students in the use of teaching tools in teaching, and learning. Students’ involvements can contribute to students' mastery mathematical problem-solving skills, especially in the field of algebra. Linear Equation is in the field of algebra. It requires teaching aids to help students understand the concepts for solving problems involving linear equations of one variable. Thus, a study aimed to develop SLEQ kits with sufficient validity and usability from the perspective of trainee teachers. The SLEQ kit development process is based on the ADDIE instructional model and Jerome Bruner's learning theory. A validity questionnaire was used to obtain an assessment of face validity and content validity for the SLEQ kit and involved three experts who were appointed among experienced teachers in the field of mathematics. In order to evaluate the SLEQ kit’s usability, a convenience sampling method was used to select 30 trainee teachers. Expert evaluations of SLEQ kits were analysed using the Content Validity Index (CVI). Meanwhile, the usability of the SLEQ kit refers to the mean score value. The study's findings showed that the value of IKK is 1.00, which is sufficient for expert evaluation of the SLEQ kit’s face and content validity. The results of the SLEQ kit usability analysis showed a high level of usability with 3.70 in terms of suitability of kit use, ease of kit use and satisfaction of kit use. In conclusion, the SLEQ kit is suitable to use by students, easy to use and provides user satisfaction to students from the perspective of trainee teachers. The implication is that the development of the SLEQ kit can help teachers and students implement the teaching and learning process and increase students' understanding of mathematical concepts for the topic of Linear Equations.

Stakeholder Involvement and Strategy Implementation among County Governments in Kenya: A Case Study of Narok County Government, Kenya

In today’s global environment, management is constantly looking for initiatives in creating and sustaining a stakeholder involvement within the organizations to motivate them in strategy implementation. However, stakeholders have continued to complain about how management of different organizations has compromised strategy implementation. The aim of this study therefore, was to ascertain the effects of stakeholder involvement on strategy implementation in Narok County Government in Kenya. The specific objectives were: to determine the effect of stakeholder procedure compliance the effect of stakeholder communication stakeholders’ involvement and stakeholder support on strategy implementation at Narok County Government. The research employed descriptive research design. The target population comprised 58 top level managers, 46 middle level managers; 30 lower-level managers and 300 community project representatives. The study adopted proportionate stratified random sampling technique to select a sample of 87 respondents from the target population. The research utilized primary data collection methods via the utilization of questionnaires including both open-ended and closed-ended questions. The instruments' validity was established via the assessment of face and content validity, while reliability was evaluated utilizing Cronbach's Alpha. A value of 0.7 or above was deemed adequate for reliability. The analysis of the data included the use of both descriptive and inferential statistical methods, facilitated by the SPSS. The data that was evaluated was provided in tables and figures. The researchers used a multiple regression model in order to investigate the correlation between stakeholder participation and the execution of strategic initiatives. The study's findings indicated a statistically significant positive correlation between the independent factors and the dependent variables under investigation. Hence, it is recommended that the county government actively solicit perspectives and opinions from various stakeholders throughout the process of plan implementation, while also facilitating their active involvement in such implementation. This research provides valuable insights for directors, managers, policy makers, and academics seeking to comprehend the impact of stakeholder participation on the accomplishment of strategic initiatives.

Development, validity, and reliability of a questionnaire on mothers’ knowledge in complementary feeding practices (PI-MPASI) in Indonesia

Background A number of complementary educational feeding modules have been circulating in the community, but mothers have yet to use them optimally. There is an urgent need for an effective educational method on appropriate complementary feeding and an instrument to measure maternal knowledge in proper complementary feeding practices.&#x0D; Objective To develop and assess the validity and reliability of a questionnaire on complementary feeding practices.&#x0D; Methods We conducted a qualitative study to develop a questionnaire followed by a cross-sectional study to test the validity and the reliability of the PI-MPASI questionnaire. The research team designed the PI-MPASI questionnaire through a literature review with a team of experts, based on the evidence-based feeding practice recommendations for infants and toddlers in Indonesia as compiled by the Indonesian Pediatric Society (IPS) in 2015. Content validation was carried out through expert review, whilst the construct validity and the reliability were tested on 110 mothers who met the inclusion criteria.&#x0D; Results In the content validity assessment, an average congruent percentage of 90% was obtained for the sub-themes of time, nutritional adequacy, safety, and feeding responsiveness as the four essential points that mothers should know regarding proper complementary feeding practices. Most of the item scores showed moderate to high correlations with the total score, with reliability test showcasing a good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.715).&#x0D; Conclusion This study showed that our questionnaire on mothers’ knowledge in complementary feeding practices (PI-MPASI) is a valid and reliable instrument to assess maternal knowledge on correct complementary feeding practices in Indonesia.

Translation, validation and psychometric properties of the Dutch version of the Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Fatigue (IBD-F) self-assessment scale

BackgroundIn patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a symptom with major impact on health-related quality of life is fatigue. To assess fatigue and conduct research regarding fatigue in IBD patients, a validated disease specific assessment tool is required. The aim of this study was to translate the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Fatigue patient self-assessment scale (IBD-F) into Dutch and to validate this translated scale in a Dutch IBD population.MethodsThe study comprised three phases. In phase 1, the original IBD-F was translated into Dutch. Phase 2 comprised a pilot-test of the pre-final Dutch IBD-F to assess content validity by applying a semi-structured interview design. In phase 3, construct validity, internal consistency and test-retest reliability were assessed using a cross-sectional design.ResultsPhase 1 resulted in the pre-final version of the Dutch IBD-F. After five semi-structured interviews with IBD patients in phase 2, minor adjustments were made which resulted in the final version of the Dutch IBD-F. Evaluation of this final version in 133 IBD patients showed adequate psychometric properties: good convergent validity with the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory subscales (Spearman’s r 0.57–0.86) and excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha 0.94 for Section I and 0.97 for Section II). Test-retest reliability in 102 patients was shown to be good (Section I ICC 0.85 (95% CI 0.79–0.90) and Section II ICC 0.88 (95% CI 0.83–0.92)).ConclusionsThe thorough translation process resulted in a comprehensible, valid and reliable version of the Dutch IBD-F. Convergent validity with the MFI-20 appeared to be good. This study found excellent internal consistency and good test-retest reliability.

Psychometric properties of ability to contribute measurements as a domain of functional ability of older persons: a COSMIN systematic review.

Older person's ability to contribute covers contributions divided into five subdomains: assisting friends and neighbours, mentoring peers and younger people, caring for family, engaging in the workforce and voluntary activity. To evaluate the psychometric properties of ability to contribute measurements as a domain of functional ability of older persons using Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) methodology for systematic reviews. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Embase and PsycINFO databases, for observational studies published within the last 10 years. The measurement properties of these ability measures were evaluated against the COSMIN taxonomy. Risk-of-bias assessment was performed using the COSMIN Risk of Bias checklist. Of the 32,665 studies identified, we selected 19, of which the main purpose was to develop or validate an instrument or have related items that measure at least one of the subdomains. None of the instruments contained items that were fully related to the five subdomains, 60% (n = 12) were related to voluntary activities and 15% (n = 3) to mentoring peers and younger people. As for psychometric properties, two studies assessed content validity. Factor analysis was used to evaluate structural validity in 10 studies. Internal consistency was evaluated in 63% of the instruments and Cronbach's alpha ranges from 0.63 to 0.92. No study reported predictive validity. A very limited overview of their scope and limitations for their application was observed. We found no single instrument measuring all subdomains of ability to contribute. We found several instruments containing items that could indirectly measure some of the subdomains of the ability to contribute.

Measuring Perceived Employability among Higher Education Students: A Scale Development Study in Afghanistan

In higher education, students’ perceived employability (SPE) significantly attracted authors’ attention over the last decades. Several scholars have validated scales to measure the concept. Yet an inclusive model comprising multiple internal and external factors was found to be absent in the extant literature. This study thus provides an updated multi-indicator measurement model to assist in assessing SPE and its chief components in Afghanistan. Data were collected from 755 students from six registered universities. The scale’s reliability and validity was established using the AMOS’s confirmatory factor analysis capability. Using the structural equation model (SEM)-based method, the process adopted rigorous steps to assess content validity, data symmetry, unidimensionality, construct reliability, convergent and discriminant validity, nomological validity, and model fit indices. Model validation was confirmed after the goodness-of-fit patterns and its associated validity and reliability scores had been acceptably achieved. The study justified the validation of the multi-indicator model with nine main constructs in the Afghanistan context. Additional evidence for assessing SPE beyond the validation can be provided by assessing the effects of these validated sets of components on the SPE using the complete SEM.

Translation and validation of the Persian version of the caring nurse-patient interaction scale (CNPI-23)

Introduction and objectivesAlthough there is great emphasis on nursing care interaction, there is a lack of knowledge about the quality of nurse-patient care interactions in Iran. The lack of knowledge is mainly related to a lack of short Persian instruments that measure nurse-patient interaction from a caring perspective. The present study aimed to validate a Persian version of the nurse and patient versions of the Caring Nurse-Patient Interaction scale (CNPI-23).MethodsThe scale (CNPI-23) was translated to Persian using the forward-backward translation method. After translation and re-translation, the scale was given to 15 nurses and faculty members of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, and CVI and CVR indices were calculated based on their opinions. The analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in Kerman/Iran in 2022. In this study, 230 working nurses and 230 hospitalized patients in hospitals affiliated with Kerman University of Medical Sciences were recruited using the convenience method to complete the 23-item Caring Nurse-Patient Interaction scale. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to analyze the validity of the scale, and Cronbach’s alpha and Raykov’s rho indices were also calculated to evaluate internal consistency and composite reliability. Data were analyzed using R 4-1-2 software.ResultsThe scale was completed by 230 nurses and 230 patients. It included four dimensions: humanitarian care, clinical care, comforting care, and communication care. The results of the content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) were acceptable for all items. The minimum value of reliability was 0.49. All the items were approved at the end of the content validity assessment. In the patients’ scale, these four factors explained 81% of the total variance, and for the exploratory model, all the indices show the adequacy of the model. All factor loadings were significant and higher than 0.5. Raycov’s rho and Cronbach’s alpha indices for all numbers were higher than 0.7. The findings of the exploratory factor analysis showed that the nurses’ scale reflected four caring domains, which explained about 62% of the total variance, and the results of Raycov’s rho and Cronbach’s alpha indices confirmed the final fit of this model.ConclusionIn general, the Persian version of the Caring Nurse-Patient Interaction scale has good validity and reliability and can be used to evaluate the quality of care interaction between Persian-speaking nurses and patients.

Development of a Psychological Scale for Measuring Disruptive Clinician Behavior.

Disruptive clinician behavior worsens communication, information transfer, and teamwork, all of which negatively affect patient safety. Improving safety in medical care requires an accurate assessment of the damage caused by disruptive clinician behavior. Psychometric scales complement case reports, but existing scales have significant limitations. Therefore, this study developed a psychometric scale based on the psychological paradigm to assess disruptive clinician behavior. The scale was developed through a sequence of steps. First, we used an open-ended questionnaire targeting 712 nurses, content analysis, and content validity assessment by 5 experts to determine valid items for disruptive clinical behavior. Next, an Internet questionnaire survey targeting 1000 health care staff, exploratory factor analysis, and subfactor analysis was conducted to identify necessary and sufficient factors. Then, we calculated difficulty level and discriminative power. We also conducted a field questionnaire survey targeting 84 staff in a hospital. Finally, we calculated ω coefficients and then used confirmatory factor analysis to verify the fit of the hypothesized model. Our open-ended survey involving 478 nurses identified 47 codes in 9 categories. The questionnaire survey involving hospital 1000 medical staff identified 6 factors, with 1 factor subdivided into 4 subfactors and 1 into 2 subfactors. The goodness of fit of the hypothesized 10-factor models with factor pairs and groups was confirmed. We developed a psychometric scale measuring subjective assessments of harm covering various disruptive clinician behaviors. The scale complements interviews and case reports by generating valid, reliable scores for various disruptive clinician behaviors in health care institutions.

Psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the breast cancer perception scale for community women: a translation and validation study.

Breast cancer perception is closely associated with the incidence of breast cancer among community-dwelling women. Consequently, it is crucial to enhance their breast cancer survival rate by assessing their cognitive status and implementing targeted interventions. This study aimed to translate the breast cancer perception scale into Chinese and validate its psychometric properties among community women. A cross-sectional study method was introduced in this study. After obtaining the original author's authorization, the breast cancer perception scale was translated into Chinese using the Brislin back-translation method. Item analysis was employed to examine the discriminative power of the items, and the Delphi method was utilized to assess content validity. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted to evaluate the scale's construct validity. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were calculated to analyze reliability. A total of 24 items were retained in the item analysis, and the content validity index of the translated scale was 0.964. In the EFA, six common factors were extracted, namely perceived knowledge, perceived treatment belief, perceived need for health checks, perceived stigma, perceived fear, and perceived risk, accounting for 74.911% of the cumulative variance. The CFA results were as follows: χ2/df = 1.301, GFI = 0.903, NFI = 0.913, TLI = 0.975, CFI = 0.978, IFI = 0.979, RMSEA = 0.037. The Cronbach's α coefficients, split-half reliability, and test-retest reliability of the translated scale were 0.895, 0.661, and 0.865, respectively. The Chinese version of the breast cancer perception scale demonstrated suitable psychometric properties among community women. By evaluating results according to the scale, medical staff can enhance breast cancer prevention awareness and care for community-dwelling women and subsequently implement corresponding modifications.

Development and validation of the code of ethics for midwives in Iran

BackgroundConsidering ethical issues in midwifery care is essential for improving the quality of health services and the client's satisfaction. This study aimed to develop and validate the code of ethics for Midwives in Iran (ICEM).Materials and methodsThis was a mixed sequential study that was performed in three phases including a qualitative study, a review, and the content validity assessment. The first phase was a qualitative study with a content analysis approach. The data were collected by conducting in-depth semi-structured individual interviews with 14 midwifery and ethics experts. The purposive sampling method was used to recruit the participants and sampling continued until data saturation. The data were analyzed using the conventional content analysis described by Graneheim and Lundman. Lincoln and Guba’s criteria were used to confirm the trustworthiness of the data. Then, a narrative review of the selected national and international codes of ethics for Midwives was performed to complete the items of the ICEM. For validity assessment, the face and content validity of the items of ICEM was assessed by 15 experts to calculate the content validity ratio (CVR) and index (CVI).ResultsFourteen experts were interviewed in the qualitative phase, and 207 codes were extracted from a content analysis which were categorized into 23 sub-categories and 6 main categories. The extracted codes were considered as the items for ICEM that were completed by a review of the selected national and international code of ethics for Midwives. The content validity and ratio assessment of the items demonstrated an average CVI = 0.92 and CVR = 0.85. Then, the final version of ICEM was developed with 92 items in 6 domains about; 1) "professional Commitments" with 30 items; 2) "providing midwifery services to the client and her companions” with 26 items; 3) “relationship with colleagues" with 11 items; 4) “herself” with 6 items; 5) “education and research” with 8 items; and, 6) “management” with 11 items.ConclusionICEM was prepared with 92 items in six sections that facilitate its use for midwives who are working in the different fields of care, counseling, education, research, and management. In this new version of the ICEM, the items related to recent social-, scientific, and technical improvements were considered for providing ethical midwifery care.

Translation, Cultural Adaptation, Validation and Reliability of Persian Left Ventricular Dysfunction-36 Questionnaire.

The left ventricular dysfunction 36 (LVD-36) questionnaire is considered to be a tool to assess the impact of left ventricle impairment on patients' daily life. This methodological study was aimed to translate and assess the validity and reliability of the Persian draft of the LVD-36 questionnaire among Iranian heart failure (HF) patients. We recruited stable HF patients who referred to an outpatient heart clinic in Isfahan, Iran. The LVD-36 questionnaire was translated using the forward-backward method. Twenty HF patients were recruited for content validity assessment and were asked to express their opinions about the comprehensibility and meaningfulness of each item. We invited 14 experts to assess validity through content validity index (CVI) and content validity ratio (CVR). Reliability was assessed by Cronbach's alpha and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), with the latter evaluated after invitation of the participants to complete the questionnaire for the second time. The translation process was performed uneventfully without any significant alterations. A total of 150 HF patients were recruited to assess the reliability of the questionnaire in this study (age: 64.6±16 years, males: 58.6%). All items had acceptable CVI and CVR, ranging 0.85-1.00 and 0.57-1.00, respectively. Cronbach's alpha was 0.971. All participants completed the questionnaire for the second time with no missing data. Test-retest reliability revealed an excellent ICC value of 0.981 (95% CI: 0.977-0.985). The Persian version of the LVD-36 questionnaire is a simple, valid and reliable tool for evaluating the impact of left ventricle impairment on the well-being of Iranian HF patients.