Assess Face Validity Research Articles

Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the ambivalent ageism scale (benevolent and hostile) in the adult population in Iran

BackgroundWith the growing population of older adults and the prevalence of negative attitudes towards them, the issue of ageism and its health and economic impacts in both benevolent and hostile contexts warrants special attention. It is crucial to examine the attitudes of other age groups towards older adults across different societies. Particularly, the benevolent dimension of ageism, which has been less explored in research, requires more focus. Therefore, this study aims to conduct a psychometric evaluation of The Ambivalent Ageism Scale among the adult population in Iran.MethodsThis methodological study was conducted in comprehensive health centers in Gorgan city in 2023. A total of 381 eligible adults participated. The Ambivalent Ageism Scale (AAS) was utilized, and the psychometric assessment included translation, face validity, and content validity. Additionally, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were performed. The reliability of the scale was evaluated using the internal consistency method. The research findings were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software version 24.ResultsQualitative face and content validity assessments led to textual and editorial modifications of the items. The Content Validity Ratio (CVR), Item-Content Validity Index (I-CVI), and Kappa (K*) scores were acceptable for all items. In the exploratory factor analysis (EFA), similar to the original questionnaire, three factors were extracted, accounting for approximately 54% of the total variance. The fit indices in the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicated an acceptable model fit. During CFA, four items were eliminated. The reliability of the entire questionnaire was deemed acceptable with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.763. Consequently, the Persian version of the Ambivalent Ageism Scale was confirmed with nine items.ConclusionThe Persian version of The Ambivalent Ageism Scale demonstrates sufficient validity and reliability for measuring attitudes towards aging within Iranian society. Given the cultural adaptation of this tool, the questionnaire can be utilized to assess adults’ views and attitudes towards older adults in both hostile and benevolent dimensions. Furthermore, it can aid in formulating family-oriented policies for older adult care and facilitate improvements in the quality of care for this population group.

Development and psychometric properties of the conscience-based nursing care scale

BackgroundIt is clear that nurses’ conscience plays an important role in guiding professional decision-making and ensuring quality patient care. Additionally, it positively impacts nursing performance and promotes ethical care in clinical settings.AimsThis study aimed to develop and validate the conscience-based nursing care scale (CNS) based on the clinical nurse care setting in Iran.MethodsThis study is a sequential exploratory mixed-methods study. The concept of “conscience-based care” was clarified using Schwartz-Barcott and Kim’s hybrid concept analysis method, which included a comprehensive literature review and qualitative fieldwork involving in-depth interviews with five nurses. Then, the psychometric properties of a newly developed scale, based on the themes identified in the first phase, were evaluated. This included item generation, face and content validity assessments, a pilot study, and both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses.ResultsThe developed scale has 24 items spread across five factors, namely accountability in conscientious care, responsibilities in care, attention to the quality of care and teamwork, importance to the reputation and dignity of the profession, and ethics in care. For each item, five options (always, most of the time, sometimes, rarely, and never) were considered, with the numerical value of each being always = 5, most of the time = 4, sometimes = 3, rarely = 2, and never = 1 determined based on the meaning of the item. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses confirmed its structure, explaining 43.79% of the variance in conscience-based care. The scale demonstrated high reliability (ICC = 0.959) and responsiveness to change, with minimal ceiling and floor effects.ConclusionThis study validated the CNS in an Iranian clinical setting, demonstrating its reliability and validity. Nursing managers and policymakers can confidently use this scale to assess the quality of nursing care and encourage nurses to provide conscience-based care.

Development and validation of a patient knowledge questionnaire for rheumatoid arthritis (PKQ-RA-11) in Danish and German

Objective Patient education is a cornerstone of rheumatology care, enabling patients to effectively and safely manage their condition. Standardized patient knowledge assessments are essential for benchmarking care quality and tailoring education to individual needs. This study aimed to develop and validate Danish and German versions of a patient knowledge questionnaire (PKQ) for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Method Danish and German adaptations from the English version involved a forward-and-backward translation process. Face validity was assessed with patients with RA in Denmark and Germany. Subsequently, the generated PKQ-RA-11 versions were tested in Danish and German RA patients. Results The face-validity assessment included 20 patients (10 Danish, 10 German). Adjustments in the Danish version included rephrasing options and aligning with digital patient education content. The German version followed the refined Danish version with necessary cultural adjustments. PKQ-RA-11 comprises 11 multiple-choice questions with a scoring system to minimize guessing. The final PKQ-RA-11 was completed by 175 Danish and 174 German patients; mean completion time was 7.5 and 7.4 minutes, respectively. Mean ± sd baseline PKQ-RA-11 scores were 7.9 ± 1.6 for Danish and 6.2 ± 2.5 for German participants. Longitudinal data from Denmark indicated an increase in knowledge scores following patient education, shown by a mean score of 8.6 ± 1.5, demonstrating the tool’s responsiveness to changes in patient understanding of RA. Conclusion PKQ-RA-11 is a standardized tool for assessing disease-related knowledge in individuals with RA. It can be used to provide objective and transparent measures of patient understanding in educational programmes, clinical practice, or research.

How Good is Neurosurgical Training? Validation of a Perfused Microsurgical Aneurysm Training Simulator Using a Modified Objective Structured Assessment of Aneurysm Clipping Skills Score and Indocyanine Green Angiography.

The training of cerebrovascular neurosurgeons faces significant challenges, particularly due to the decreasing volume of aneurysm clipping procedures. Traditional training methods rely heavily on clinical case availability, which limits skill development. This study aimed to implement and validate a Microsurgical Aneurysm Training Simulator (MATS) that offers a comprehensive, realistic, and cost-effective solution for neurosurgical training. MATS was designed using semiautomated algorithms and additive manufacturing to replicate a bifurcation aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery. The simulator includes a pulsatile perfusion system and is compatible with indocyanine-green angiography. The simulation was evaluated by medical students, residents, and experienced neurosurgeons through face, content, and construct validity assessments. Performance was measured using a modified Objective Structured Assessment of Aneurysm Clipping Skills. MATS demonstrated high face and content validity, particularly in replicating the visual and procedural aspects of aneurysm clipping. Participants across all experience levels showed significant improvements in modified Objective Structured Assessment of Aneurysm Clipping Skills scores, with medical students displaying the most pronounced learning curve. The simulators compatibility with indocyanine green angiography was confirmed, though limitations were noted in replicating physiological perfusion pressures and the visual impact of subarachnoid hemorrhage during aneurysm rupture simulations. MATS is a validated, cost-effective, and reproducible tool that significantly enhances neurosurgical training by improving technical skills, especially in inexperienced participants. While the simulator effectively mimics key aspects of aneurysm surgery, further research is needed to assess its predictive validity and its potential impact on actual surgical outcomes.

Reliability and validity of Persian version of the nurses’ willingness to engage in palliative care scale

IntroductionNurses play an essential role in providing palliative care to improve the quality of life of people with chronic diseases. The Willingness of nurses to engage in this cares is a necessary issue. Therefore, the evaluation of their willingness requires the use of valid, reliable, and suitable tools in the health system of Iran. This study was conducted to translate and validate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the nurses' willingness to engage in the palliative care scale.MethodsThis methodological study was conducted in 2023. 440 nurses were included using the convenience sampling in Baqiyatallah Hospital in Tehran. The translation was done using the forward–backward method. Face validity was done with a cognitive interview with 15 clinical nurses. Content validity was done using the opinions of 15 palliative expert nurses, and construct validity was done using exploratory factor analysis (n = 240) and confirmatory factor analysis (n = 200). The reliability was done using internal consistency and assessment of stability. The data were analyzed using SPSS v.25 and LISREL v.8.8.ResultsIn the face validity assessment, the items did not change. Brief changes were made in items 8 and 18, in the content validity assessment. In the exploratory factor analysis, 4 factors same as the original version were extracted with a cumulative variance of 59.52%. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the 4-factor model was fit (RMSEA = 0.062, CFI = 0.97, NFI = 0.93, IFI = 0.97, GFI = 0.88). The internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha was 0.9 also the stability was 0.79.ConclusionThe Persian version of nurses' willingness to engage in palliative care scale has sufficient validity and reliability for nurses in the Iranian population. Therefore, this tool can be used to measure nurses' willingness to engage in the palliative care and identify effective strategies. This tool can be used in clinical trials and research in order to improve the ability of nurses in palliative care in Iranian society.

Impact of glucocorticoids on patients’ quality of life: a qualitative study assessing face validity and feasibility of the Steroid PRO in patients with inflammatory gastroenterology, respiratory and dermatology conditions

ObjectivesThe Steroid PRO is a treatment-specific patient-reported outcome questionnaire which measures the impact of glucocorticoids on health-related quality of life. It has 15 items grouped into 4 domains (Social impact,...

Empowering medical students with AI writing co-pilots: design and validation of AI self-assessment toolkit

Background and objectivesAssessing and improving academic writing skills is a crucial component of higher education. To support students in this endeavor, a comprehensive self-assessment toolkit was developed to provide personalized feedback and guide their writing improvement. The current study aimed to rigorously evaluate the validity and reliability of this academic writing self-assessment toolkit.MethodsThe development and validation of the academic writing self-assessment toolkit involved several key steps. First, a thorough review of the literature was conducted to identify the essential criteria for authentic assessment. Next, an analysis of medical students' reflection papers was undertaken to gain insights into their experiences using AI-powered tools for writing feedback. Based on these initial steps, a preliminary version of the self-assessment toolkit was devised. An expert focus group discussion was then convened to refine the questions and content of the toolkit. To assess content validity, the toolkit was evaluated by a panel of 22 medical student participants. They were asked to review each item and provide feedback on the relevance and comprehensiveness of the toolkit for evaluating academic writing skills. Face validity was also examined, with the students assessing the clarity, wording, and appropriateness of the toolkit items.ResultsThe content validity evaluation revealed that 95% of the toolkit items were rated as highly relevant, and 88% were deemed comprehensive in assessing key aspects of academic writing. Minor wording changes were suggested by the students to enhance clarity and interpretability. The face validity assessment found that 92% of the items were rated as unambiguous, with 90% considered appropriate and relevant for self-assessment. Feedback from the students led to the refinement of a few items to improve their clarity in the context of the Persian language. The robust reliability testing demonstrated the consistency and stability of the academic writing self-assessment toolkit in measuring students' writing skills over time.ConclusionThe comprehensive evaluation process has established the academic writing self-assessment toolkit as a robust and credible instrument for supporting students' writing improvement. The toolkit's strong psychometric properties and user-centered design make it a valuable resource for enhancing academic writing skills in higher education.

Development and validation of a measure to assess patient experience of needling of arteriovenous fistulas or grafts for haemodialysis access: the NPREM

Abstract Background Needling is a key step in haemodialysis. Research suggests needling experience is sub-optimal; however, no validated measure exists to inform improvements. We addressed this by developing the Needling Patient Reported Experience Measure (NPREM). Methods We used mixed methods and co-production. All participants were adults with working fistulas/grafts from eight UK kidney centres. Phase 1: Developing concepts and items, In interviews (n=41), we explored patients’ needling experience and identified key aspects of needling using thematic analysis. This informed the 98-item NPREM(v0.1). Phase 2: Piloting the measure Cognitive interviews (n=16) assessed face validity. Items were amended or removed, yielding a 48-item NPREM(v0.2). A pilot survey (n=183) examined initial psychometric properties. NPREM(v0.2) showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=0.95). Review of analyses resulted in a 35-item NPREM(v0.3). Phase 3: Evaluating the measure's dimensionality, validity, and reliability Patients (n=468) completed the NPREM(v0.3), Vascular Access Quality of Life (VASQoL), EuroQol 5-Dimension-5-Level (EQ5D-5L), Patient Activation Measure (PAM), with a sub-set completing a follow-up NPREM (n=99). Items were evaluated with 28 items retained in the NPREM(v1.0). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed a unidimensional model fit (CFI=0.899). Validity of the NPREM(v1.0) was good [convergent: VASQoL (r=0.60) and overall experience (r=0.79); divergent: EQ-5D (r=-0.31), EQ-5D VAS (r=0.24) and PAM (r=0.17)]. Test-retest scores were strongly correlated (r=0.88), demonstrating high reliability. Known-groups validity was demonstrated between centre scores (range 5.21 (SD 1.20) to 5.94 (SD 0.75)). Conclusion The NPREM measures patient experience of needling for haemodialysis. It offers kidney services a means of assessing needling experience, informing patient-focused clinical and service improvements.

Assessment of the validity and reliability of the nurses’ professional values scale—revised in Persian version among nursing students

BackgroundEvaluating professional values is crucial to developing effective strategies for integrating them into professional performance and clinical education. A standard questionnaire is an instrument that can be used to evaluate professional values. This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the Nurses Professional Values Scale-Revised (NPVS-R) among nursing students in the Persian language.MethodsThis methodological and cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the NPVS-R among nursing students. Following a back-translation process, the Persian version was subjected to face, content, and construct validity assessments. Construct validity was examined using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) on a sample of 439 nursing students during their internships at 16 public universities of medical sciences in Iran between April and July 2019. Additionally, convergent and divergent validity were assessed on a separate sample of 105 nursing students. The reliability of the instrument was assessed using both internal consistency measures and the test–retest method. Furthermore, the psychometric properties of the questionnaire were analyzed using Samejima’s Gradual Response Model. Data analysis was performed using SPSS (version 19) and MPLUS (version 5.1).ResultsAll components had a content validity ratio greater than 0.6 and a content validity index of 1, indicating excellent content validity. Exploratory factor analysis reduced the items to 25, with five factors explaining 52.26% of the variance. The scale exhibited strong convergent validity (r = 0.73, p < 0.001) and satisfactory divergent validity (r = 0.12, p = 0.21; r = 0.07, p = 0.47). Test–retest reliability was excellent, with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.92. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranged from 0.53 to 0.83 for the factors and 0.91 for the entire scale, showing good internal consistency. IRT analysis confirmed that alpha parameters for all items were statistically significant and at an acceptable level. Thus, the Persian NPVS-R, with 25 items and 5 factors, is a valid and reliable tool for nursing students.ConclusionsThe Persian NPVS-R, comprising 25 items and 5 factors, demonstrated excellent validity and reliability. This scale serves as a standardized tool for evaluating the professional values of nursing students, suitable for application in educational and clinical settings to enhance nursing practice and education.

Development and Preliminary Validation of a Novel Instrument to Assess Re-Injury Associated Anxiety Following Traumatic Orofacial and Dental Injury in Young Boxers.

An injury sustained during sports activity can lead to the development of reinjury anxiety and hamper performance. Although tools exist to assess re-injury anxiety, a domain of interest in the field of sports medicine, research in the psychological impact of an orofacial injury is rudimentary. The present study envisaged to develop an instrument to assess the presence of reinjury anxiety following orofacial and dental injury in boxers aged between 10 and 16 years. In Phase 1, items were generated following literature search and focus-group discussions (FGD). In Phase 2, a group discussion was conducted with three experienced boxing coaches to assess face validity, followed by two rounds of scrutiny by expert groups to assess the content validity through the content-validity-index (CVI), respectively. In Phase 3, the modified tool was pre-tested on an independent sample of young boxers. Finally, in Phase 4, to determine dimensionality, the modified tool was administered to 183 young boxers and their responses were subject to an exploratory factor analysis through Principal component analysis, followed by Promax rotation to determine the factor loading. Internal consistency reliability was measured through calculation of Cronbach's-alpha. From the 29-items devised initially, the tool was sequentially modified. Analysis of the responses by the second expert group, an average Scale-level-CVI of 0.9 and Universal agreement of 0.526 was obtained, which resulted in the inclusion of 20 items for the final phase of the study. From the factor analysis, the items were found to fit to a five-factor structure, which explained 56.4% of the variance in the constructs. Internal consistency of the tool was measured to be 0.74. A 10-item oral re-injury anxiety scale for young boxers (ORAS-YB) tool was developed. It was found to have high face and content validity, and acceptable reliability. Further research with a larger sample is required to confirm the factor structure and determine test-retest reliability of the developed tool.

Development and validation of a patient experience assessment questionnaire for evaluating hospital care in Iran

PurposeUnderstanding patient experience is crucial for advancing patient-centered care and improving hospital service quality. This study aimed to design and validate a Persian version of a patient experience assessment questionnaire to evaluate hospital services.MethodsThis descriptive-analytical study on tool development was conducted cross-sectionally during 2021–2022 in Iran. The study consisted of two stages: (1) In the first stage, a deductive approach and comprehensive literature review were employed to develop the initial questionnaire items, based on the framework from prior research titled "Developing a Model for Evaluating Patient Experience in Teaching Hospitals in Iran." (2) In the second stage, validation was carried out by assessing face validity, content validity (using expert panels to evaluate the Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR)), and construct validity through confirmatory factor analysis. Sampling for the face validity stage included 30 randomly selected patients, while construct validity was assessed with a sample of 340 participants, of which 300 provided complete and valid data. Reliability was determined using internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) and stability (intra-cluster correlation coefficient) measures.ResultsThe initial questionnaire comprised 44 items. Following expert reviews and validation processes, 10 items were removed, resulting in a final version with 33 items. The confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the five-dimensional structure, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.97 and an intra-cluster correlation coefficient of 0.89, indicating strong internal consistency and reliability.ConclusionThis study successfully developed and validated a 33-item questionnaire for assessing patient experience in Iranian hospitals, ensuring cultural relevance and robust psychometric properties.

The Face and Content Validity of the Persian Version of Occupational Identity Questionnaire in People With Multiple Sclerosis

Background and Objectives: Occupational identity (OI) is a crucial factor in occupational therapy evaluations and interventions which is not investigated in chronic conditions, including multiple sclerosis (MS). The Occupatinal Identity Questionnaire (OIQ) is an appropriate tool for assessing occupational identity. As a result, this research aims to adapt the Persian version of OIQ for people with MS and evaluate its face and content validity. Methods: The face validity of OIQ was qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated with 15 participants diagnosed with MS. Interviews were used to qualitatively assess the face validity. In addition, the item impact method (IIM) was applied to quantitatively assess face validity. A total of 12 experts with experience in the field of neurology participated in evaluating content validity. The content validity ratio (CVR) and the content validity index (CVI) were applied in this evaluation. Results: All the items received IIM scores above 1.5 (3.03 to 4.62). Also, none of the items were mentioned as incomprehensible during interviews. The CVR scores for each item ranged from 0.63 to 1 (based on Lawshe &gt;0.59). After that stage, a CVI study was conducted. In that study, scores for each item ranged from 0.83 to 1. S-CVI/Ave score was 0.94 and scale CVI/universal agreement (S-CVI/UA) was 0.57. Based on experts’ comments, it was determined that adjustments were necessary for item number 6 and 10. Conclusion: The Persian version of the OIQ demonstrates acceptable face and content validity in the context of MS. It is recommended to conduct a test re-test, internal consistency, construct validity, and factor analysis.

Developing and validating a HEalthCare NAvigation Competency (HECNAC) Scale for refugees in the United States.

The complex healthcare system in the United States (US) poses significant challenges for people, particularly minorities such as refugees. Refugees often encounter additional layers of challenges to healthcare navigation due to unfamiliarity with the system, limited health literacy, and language barriers. Despite their challenges, it is difficult to identify the gaps as few tools exist to measure navigation competency among this population and many conventional tools assume English proficiency, making them inadequate for refugees and other immigrants. To address this gap, this study developed and validated a HEalthCare NAvigation Competency (HECNAC) Scale tailored to refugees' needs. The scale development process followed three phases: domain identification through a literature review and stakeholder interviews (n = 15), content validation through the Delphi method (2 rounds, n = 12), and face validity assessment via cognitive interviews (2 rounds, n = 4). Based on a literature review and stakeholder interviews, the initial version of the scale was developed, including ten domains and 47 items. An introductory email concerning the scale and the Delphi process was subsequently sent to 21 eligible experts, including staff from refugee resettlement agencies, health care providers serving refugee communities, and refugees. Twelve experts completed the two rounds of the Delphi, resulting in a consensus on 39 items. After conducting cognitive interviews with 4 Afghan refugees, the scale was finalized with ten domains and 35 items. The finalized scale captures multifaceted aspects of healthcare navigation crucial for refugees, organized into domains such as health system knowledge, insurance, making an appointment, transportation, preparing for a visit, in the clinic, interpretation, medicine, medical bills, and preventive care. Overall, the HECNAC Scale represents a significant step towards understanding and assessing refugees' competencies in navigating the US healthcare system. It has the potential to guide tailored interventions and standardized training curricula and ultimately mitigate persistent barriers faced by refugees in accessing healthcare services.

Cross-cultural adaptation, validation, and reliability of the child development evaluation test (EDI) in Colombia.

Monitoring child development requires not only the determination of developmental milestones but also surveillance and continuous monitoring, hence the importance of having valid and reliable evaluation instruments. This research aimed to cross-culturally adapt the Child Development Evaluation (CDE) test for Colombia and determine its validity and reliability. The cross-cultural adaptation process was conducted in four phases: I. Adaptation to Colombian Spanish: adjustments of the test to Colombian Spanish and analysis of equivalences; II. Content and face validity: evaluation by five expert judges who performed quantitative and qualitative assessments of the test; III. Review by the original author; IV. Pilot test. Reliability analyses for internal consistency and intra-rater reliability were performed. For the adaptation to Colombian Spanish, most test items were equivalent to Mexican Spanish, with some requiring minimal conceptual and contextual changes to maintain their meaning; culturally relevant formulations and expressions were adjusted. In the content and face validity assessment, adequate results were found regarding the importance, influence, and observability of the items. Internal consistency reliability was moderate, with Cronbach's α values between 0.41 and 0.57, and intra-rater reliability was very good, with Kappa index values > 0.76. The CDE test demonstrates cross-cultural adaptation, content and face validity, and reliability for its application and use in Colombia.

Developing a tool to assess women’s knowledge and attitude toward managing prediabetes

Prediabetes is a state caused by insulin resistance, resulting in higher blood glucose levels. The incidence of diabetes mellitus can increase when this condition is not adequately treated. Therefore, this study aimed to develop questionnaire that can assess knowledge and attitude toward prediabetes management. The descriptive study that includes validity and reliability tests. The content validity test used 10 panelists of public health nutritionists and nutrition education experts. Meanwhile, face validity used 10 participants, and reliability test included 30 adult women participants. Content validity index (CVI) and kappa statistics score were also adopted in this study. Face validity was carried out by calculating the impact score while reliability test used Cronbach's alpha. The content validity of knowledge component questionnaire was analyzed separately for the clarity (CVI = 0.44 – 0.88) and relevance aspect (CVI = 0.77 – 1). The result of the kappa statistic showed 10 items questions in the low category, and each 5 items had a sufficient and very good rating. The face validity assessment with impact score analysis, ranged from 3.0 – 4.6. The analysis of correlation (p-value &lt; 0.05) was carried out on 7 questions items. Reliability test using using Cronbach's alpha showed a coefficient of 0.642. Furthermore, content validity analysis of attitude component questionnaire was performed separately for clarity (CVI = 0.727 – 1) and relevance aspect (CVI = 0.909 – 1). The result of the kappa statistic showed 2 items statement in low and 18 in very good category. Face validity with impact score analysis ranged from 2.5 - 3.1, and the correlation analysis (p-value &lt; 0.05) on the 6-items statement had a Cronbach's alpha of 0.772. The study conclusion that knowledge and attitude questionnaire prediabetes management had good validity and reliability in adult women group.

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Properties Testing of the Persian Version of the Emergency Department Forensic Nursing Survey.

Forensic nursing is an evolving specialty focusing on healthcare when legal issues are involved. Valid tools are needed to assess emergency department (ED) nurses' performance of forensic nursing role behaviors and their corresponding perceptions. We aimed to translate and culturally adapt the original English version of the "Emergency Department Forensic Nursing Survey" (EDFNS) into Persian and evaluate its psychometric properties among ED nurses. This methodological study was conducted in 2022. The EDFNS was translated into Persian. Face and content validity, along with construct validity (exploratory/confirmatory factor analyses) and reliability (internal consistency/test-retest reliability), were assessed. The EDFNS-P (EDFNS-Persian) items were appropriate, clear, and relevant in face validity assessment. Content validity was satisfactory for all items (content validity ratio = 0.66/content validity index = 0.92). In total, 274 nurses completed the questionnaires. The EDFNS-P consisted of five factors, namely, identifying forensic cases, acting as a forensic nurse specialist, assisting with legal investigations, providing holistic supportive care, and protecting forensic evidence, explaining 56.49% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis assessment showed a good model fit. The EDFNS-P demonstrated acceptable internal consistency and stability (α = 0.902/intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.938). The concept of forensic nursing role behaviors within Iranian EDs is multidimensional. The EDFNS-P is a 37-item reliable and valid scale. It can help identify areas requiring improvement, promote better collaboration among healthcare professionals, and increase recognition of the specialty. Future studies examining the factor structure in different contexts are suggested to validate the findings. Further research is needed to assess the Persian version of the EDFNS in countries where forensic nursing roles are increasingly emerging.

Validity and Reliability of the Persian Version of the Tinnitus and Hearing Survey Questionnaire

Background and Aim: Hearing loss often coexists with various comorbidities and is commonly accompanied by tinnitus. Patients frequently report both tinnitus and hearing difficulties, posing challenges in distinguishing between the two complaints. This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Tinnitus and Hearing Survey (THS) for distinguishing between tinnitus and hearing problems. Methods: A psychometric study involved 100 participants aged 18–60, categorized into four groups based on hearing status and tinnitus presence. The Persian translation of a questionnaire underwent content and face validity assessments. Convergent validity for tinnitus and sound tolerance sections was evaluated using the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) and Hyperacusis Questionnaire (HQ) respectively, while pure-tone average assessed hearing section validity. Construct validity was confirmed via confirmatory factor analysis, and internal consistency and test-retest reliability were assessed using Cronbach’s alpha and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) respectively. Results: The Persian version had strong face and content validity, with Cronbach’s alpha values of 0.82 for tinnitus, 0.90 for hearing, and 0.80 overall. The ICC values for the tinnitus, hearing, and sound tolerance sections were 0.8, 0.83, and 0.82. Convergent validity using the THI and HQ scores were reported 0.76 and 0.6, and the correlation value of the THS score with the PTA was 0.82. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed a good 2-factor structure of the THS. Conclusion: The Persian THS is a valid and reliable tool for separating tinnitus from hearing problems in Persian-speaking people.Keywords: Surveys and questionnaires; tinnitus and hearing; validity; reliability

Validating the Q1.6 Inguinal Hernia application using prospective data from a randomised clinical trial.

The Q1.6 Inguinal Hernia application remotely and continuously collects patient-reported outcomes from inguinal hernia patients. Previous research has explored its technical, legal, and ethical aspects, along with face, content, and construct validity assessments. This study aims to examine its concurrent validity by comparing prospective data with that from the ENTREPPMENT trial, a randomised study. A small cohort of patients participating in the ENTREPPMENT trial were asked to use the Q1.6 application in addition to their standard care. Corresponding prospective data points, in terms of content and timing relative to the operation date, were identified. Correlation coefficients were calculated for matching variables, and a repeated measures model was created to analyse pain and limitation measures during the first two postoperative weeks. Twenty-eight patients were analysed. Preoperative variables, such as hernia side and painkiller use, demonstrated a predominantly high level of agreement between the two measurement methods, ranging from 'substantial' (0.61-0.8) to 'perfect' (1.0) agreement. Evaluating immediate postoperative outcomes, including pain and limitation scores, revealed a prevalent 'substantial' (0.61-0.8) to 'almost perfect' (0.81-1.0) agreement. In a repeated measures model, the overall within-subjects correlation demonstrated levels of agreement ranging from 'moderate' (0.41-0.6) to 'almost perfect' (0.81-1.0). This study demonstrates strong agreement between data from the Q1.6 Inguinal Hernia application and the ENTREPPMENT trial, supporting its concurrent validity. This makes the application a reliable tool for collecting PROs before and immediately after inguinal hernia repair, offering a promising alternative to traditional follow-up methods. Future research will focus on enhancing compliance and refining functionality.

Assessment of operating room nurses’ exposure to biological hazards: development and psychometric evaluation of a scale

BackgroundBiological hazards are one of the most common threats that operating room personnel face. The present study was conducted to develop and test the psychometric properties of a scale for measuring operating room nurses’ exposure to biological hazards.MethodsThis study is a methodological research that was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, a pool of items was developed after an extensive literature review. In the second stage, the scale’s validity and reliability were tested. The validity of the scale was assessed in terms of face validity, content validity, and construct validity. To determine the scale’s reliability, the researchers evaluated internal consistency and stability.ResultsThe initial version of the exposure to biological hazards scale consisted of 75 items. After assessing face validity, 16 items were eliminated, and one item was added following an evaluation of content validity. In evaluation the construct validity of the scale, three factors were identified that accounted for 66.61% of the variance. The internal consistency of the scale was confirmed with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.88. Additionally, the split-half correlation coefficient was found to be 0.92, and an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.96 confirmed the stability of the scale.ConclusionThe results of the study show that the developed scale has satisfactory reliability and validity. Nursing managers can use it to assess operating room nurses’ exposure to biological hazards in the workplace.

Designing and Validating a Questionnaire to Investigate The Effective Factors on Acceptance of HSE Rules Among Employees

Introduction: Acceptance of Health, Safety, and Environment (HSE) rules plays a crucial role in determining the performance of employees in HSE-related areas at the workplace. This study aimed to design a questionnaire to investigate influential factors on acceptance of HSE rules among employees. Material and Methods: The face validity of the survey was assessed by ten individuals from the target population, while content validity was evaluated by ten HSE experts using both quantitative and qualitative methods. The impact scores were calculated for the quantitative assessment of face validity, and the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI) values were used to assess content validity. Construct validity was determined through Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) involving 506 participants. The reliability of the survey was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Results: All items in the survey showed satisfactory levels of impact score (&gt;1.5), CVR (&gt;0.69), and CVI (&gt;0.79). The mean values for the Impact score, CVI, CVR, and S-CVI-UA were 4.26, 0.963, 0.944, and 0.62, respectively. The survey and its dimensions demonstrated strong reliability, as indicated by Cronbach’s alpha and ICC values exceeding 0.70. Additionally, EFA successfully identified the structure of the questionnaire, and CFA confirmed its goodness of fit. Conclusion: The Persian version of the questionnaire demonstrated satisfactory validity and reliability. This instrument can be effectively used to assess the factors that influence the acceptance of HSE rules among employees in various workplace settings.