This paper presents a method for determining the optimal structural characteristics of a muzzle brake compensator to enhance the firing stability of automatic assault rifles during short bursts. Utilizing the principle of independent force action in mechanics, the rifle is modeled as a multi-body system with rigid bodies and concentrated masses, assuming forces acting on the gun, including the shooter’s visco-elastic coupling, are independent. The method focuses on minimizing muzzle deflection at the moment a bullet exits the barrel by accurately determining the structural characteristics - aT, ay and az - which quantify how the gas reaction force from propellant gases generates compensatory impulses along the axial and lateral axes. Theoretical analysis involves solving nonlinear differential equations based on Lagrange’s formulation and using internal ballistic data to simulate gun motion and optimize device parameters. Experimental validation, conducted with specialized equipment, demonstrates strong correlation between calculated and observed values (with errors below 9.8 %), confirming that a well-designed muzzle device can significantly reduce recoil and enhance the overall stability and accuracy of automatic weapons.

Background: Accurate shooting distance estimation is critical in forensic investigations. Traditional color tests like the Modified Griess Test (MGT) and Sodium Rhodizonate Test (SRT) are commonly used but lack sensitivity and objectivity, necessitating improvements in reproducibility and validation. Methods: A 7.62x39 mm cartridge was fired using an assault rifle (Sarsılmaz® SAR 308) at fabric samples from distances ranging from 0 to 100 cm. MGT and SRT were employed to estimate shooting distances, and the presence of inorganic and organic gunshot residues was confirmed using Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEMEDS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy with Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIRATR). Inter-laboratory reproducibility was assessed through Relative Standard Deviation (RSD), paired t-tests, and Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC). Results: MGT and SRT showed high reproducibility at short distances (RSD <11% up to 30 cm), but sensitivity decreased at longer distances, with an RSD of 28.6% for SRT at 100 cm. Paired t-tests revealed statistically significant consistency between laboratories (p < 0.05), and a strong negative correlation (PCC = -0.72) was found between shooting distance and residue area. Conclusion: Integrating SEM-EDS and FTIR-ATR with MGT and SRT enhances the sensitivity, objectivity, and reproducibility of shooting distance estimations. This multi-method approach provides more reliable forensic evidence for criminal investigations.

Firearm violence has continued to increase, yet there remains a gap in the literature surrounding GSW fracture patterns to long bones. The majority of GSW research is centered on the cranium or thoracic bones, as they are most affiliated with fatal injuries. The present study examined differences in fragmentation and trauma characteristics on long bones caused by two ammunition types. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) tibiae (n = 50) were encased in 10% ballistic gelatin, and 9 mm ammunition from a handgun and 5.56 mm ammunition from an assault rifle were fired from 3 yards (~2.74 m). Due to the higher potential wounding energy, it was anticipated that tibiae impacted by 5.56 mm ammunition would exhibit a greater degree of fragmentation and obscure fracture patterns. Conversely, fragmentation patterns from 9 mm ammunition were expected to be more discernible, given the lower energy transfer and smaller caliber, allowing for easier classification of fracture patterns. A Mann-Whitney U-test revealed 5.56 mm ammunition caused more fragmentation than 9 mm (p = 0.002). False butterfly fractures were observed in 48% of the 9 mm sample and 4% of the 5.56 mm sample. Chi-square tests for independence showed that all but stepped breakout (χ2 [1] = 1.299, p = 0.254) had a statistical association with an ammunition type. The present study found significant differences between the frequency of observed ballistic characteristics and ammunition type within the sample; however, due to similarities, it is not recommended to use fracture pattern analysis as a method of classifying ammunition type.

The time of shell projection from the barrel of an artillery gun, according to classical approaches of thermodynamics and internal ballistics with period correlation on the calibers of domestic artillery weapons, is well studied. Clarification of the most important ballistic and energy characteristics requires refinement for modern weapon systems. The purpose of this article is to propose an approach to estimate the aftereffect period on a projectile in the form of matching the second consumption of powder gas, the polytrope coefficient and the ratio of the projectile current position area to the total area of the barrel bore when passing the breech section.The possibility of a more accurate study of the aftereffect period using a gas-dynamic approach by clarifying the ballistic and energy characteristics adjusted for the aftereffect period is being investigated. The estimation of the second consumption and the polytrope indicator is given using the example for the data of the 12.7 mm machine gun of the Second World War DShK, the modified Utes and Kord machine guns, the 7.62 mm Kalashnikov assault rifle, the 9 mm Serdyukov Gyurza self-loading pistol, the 9 mm Makarov pistol, the domestic 10 mm smoothbore weapon, the 11.43 mm Thompson submachine gun, the 11.43 mm Automatic Colt Pistol and the domestic smoothbore service 132-caliber DOG revolver with 12.5´35 mm ammunition. Energy and ballistic characteristics are confirmed by a diagram of the effective use of shot energy and a diagram of the direct target hit range. The proposed grapho-analytical approach is recommended to be used to clarify the energy and ballistic characteristics of the barrels of domestic artillery guns, taking into account the aftereffect period.

The Air Force Infantry has been using the HK-33 since 1970. However, factors such as technological advances on project and production of experimented weapon systems in the last times combined with the changes on the battlefield, arises a discussion about some possible need for its replacement by means of an acquisition of a new weapon. The purchasing processes of systems and materials for the Brazilian Air Force are complex and involve an evaluation of systems required by established operational needs. Considering that, the objective of this research was to sort the assault rifles, currently marketed, according to its capability of meeting the operational needs of the Air Force Infantry related to the area of Defense and Security. This type of discussion is complex, because it involves different analysis criteria that are often conflicting. Thus, the application of the instruments inside the multicriteria methodology seemed to be promising, and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was the used method. For this purpose, it was executed a literature review about the multicriteria methods as well as an opinion survey with Air Force Infantry Officers. After the analysis, it was possible to infer that among the analyzed weapons, the one that obtained the highest score was HK-416, followed by HK-417, Taurus T4, Colt M4A1 and HK-33.

The article explores the concept of convergence, which has become a key factor in the transformation of technologies in the 21st century. The author compares the impact of digital technologies to a "black hole" that absorbs analogies of the past, replacing phone books, encyclopedias, maps and individual gadgets with one universal device - a smartphone. Convergence affects not only civilian areas, but also military systems, such as assault rifles and multifunctional combat platforms, which combine the characteristics of different devices. Particular attention is paid to universal information platforms that combine the functions of processing, transmitting and analyzing data through digital interfaces. An innovative development is the universal multifunctional aperture (AIMA). The economic feasibility and strategic effectiveness of convergence in creating compact, cheaper and accessible systems are emphasized. The prospects for reducing the cost of such technologies and their expansion within the framework of the "robot revolution" are described. The author argues that AIMA can reduce costs and risks for humans, providing new opportunities for warfare in which autonomous systems perform essential tasks, maintaining human safety and reducing dependence on expensive traditional technologies.

ABSTRACT This article offers a novel perspective into how Murle agro-pastoralist youth in South Sudan draw on permanent body marks (also known as scarifications or body inscriptions) to communicate their individual and collective stories and future aspirations; negotiate identities and generational relations; and reimagine social norms and political subjectivities. Based on long-term ethnographic research and through a visual analysis of body marks, the article explores the meanings behind young people’s body mark iconography, including assault rifles and army ranks, to mobile phones, syringes and United Nations acronyms. Body marks are a powerful embodied knowledge practice and unique lens to understand people as well as how social institutions like the age-sets are transforming. In particular, this article explores the insights that body mark iconography reveal about how Murle rural youth interpret and imagine “modernity”, as read through young people’s bodies, as a culturally situated phenomenon. It reveals how young people’s interpretations of modernity are tied to an urban and military culture that, in their eyes, is synonymous with power. While youth may be aware of the global connotations of their body marks, these are localised practices and claims for validation and pathways to social personhood within their own social world.

Suicide attempts are tragic and complex events that often require immediate and interdisciplinary treatment to achieve the best possible outcome. We present the case of a 57-year-old male who attempted suicide with an assault rifle in the presence of his family. He had a long history of depression and had discontinued his prescribed antidepressant medication. Following a family conflict, he attempted suicide by firing a shot that entered the submental region, shattered the mandible, bypassed the maxilla, destroyed most of the nasal and frontonasal structures, and exited through the frontal lobe and frontal bone. Such cases are rare in current medical practice. We describe the acute and interdisciplinary management of this severe craniofacial injury caused by a self-inflicted gunshot wound.

This article is a continuation of a series of publications dealing with defence against Class I UAVs. Previous publications concerned the capabilities and range of detecting drones [1, 2], as well as experimental research on the effectiveness of using shotguns to defend against UAVs and the impact of such weapons on selected drone elements [3-5]. This paper examines the hit probability of individual drone components depending on the drone’s orientation in space. This work aims to theoretically determine the probability of disabling a drone with a single hit from an assault rifle. Due to its widespread use, the DJI Mavic 2 drone was chosen as an example for study. The theoretical knowledge and assumptions are elaborated in this thesis. One of the novelties in relation to previous works is the presentation in this article of the possibility of increasing the survivability of drones on the battlefield. Practical verification of the modelled data is the subject of further study and experiments.

Wounds from assault rifles and their commercial offspring have been encountered with increasing frequency in civilian practice. Our aim is to summarize wound ballistics related to the main injury patterns that can also affect management strategies. An online search of the PubMed was conducted for research and review articles published after 2000 in English, using the MeSH terms "gunshot wounds", "mass casualty incidents", "war-related injuries", "soft tissue injuries", "vascular system injuries", "colon injuries", "wound infection", "antibiotic prophylaxis", "debridement", "hemorrhage", "penetrating head injuries", "pneumothorax" and additional free-text terms. Other academic databases were also searched for relevant articles and book chapters. Consensus regarding recognition of high energy wounds from assault rifle projectiles is largely based on war experience. Studies of such wounds inflicted by expanding projectiles suggest that their wounding effects significantly increase tissue damage and adverse outcomes following injury, as a result of the temporary cavity and bullet fragmentation. The use of assault rifles in mass shootings has prompted utilization of tourniquet for control of life-threatening hemorrhage, also derived from military experience, while limited evidence indicates that tension pneumothorax rather than extremity wounds is the leading cause of potentially preventable death in these incidents. Wound ballistics provides a system for evaluation of injuries from assault rifles and risk analysis of shooting incidents. Lessons learned from armed conflicts can improve the management of victims, with due consideration given to characteristics of civilian injuries. Further research is required to define the impact on survival by key life-saving procedures in the prehospital setting, in order to prioritize these interventions.

The method of identifying the facts of the use of various types of firearms has been improved based on the use of the average characteristic of the acoustic spectrum of a shot, by determining the characteristic frequencies with maximum amplitude values, which consists in determining the characteristic frequencies under conditions of exceeding the threshold level of amplitudes of the harmonics of the received signal, determining the energy of such a spectrum, and subtracting the energy of the reference spectrum from the energies of the experimentally obtained spectra of shots. The use of the improved method for studying the characteristics of the acoustic spectra of shots from a Makarov pistol of 9 mm caliber, a traumatic pistol "Fort-14R" and an AK-74 assault rifle of 5.45 mm caliber made it possible to identify the type of firearms by the received acoustic signal with a probability of 0.95. Based on the research results, a functional diagram of the hardware implementation of the improved method for identifying the facts of using various types of firearms by the spectral properties of the received acoustic signal has been developed. The circuit implements a median filter, bandpass filters, a block of characteristic frequencies of shots, an encoding block, a decoder block and a block of logical elements "Conjunction". The identification process consists of analyzing an 18-bit code in 6 groups of 3 digits, at the output of the processing results there is a corresponding combination of signals that determines the belonging to a certain type of weapon and / or its presence in the database of known samples. Based on the hardware implementation circuit of the improved method for identifying the facts of the use of various types of firearms by the spectral properties of the received acoustic signal, the features of the development and operation of a geographic information system for acoustic monitoring of terrorist emergencies and automated identification of facts of use in an urban area are established.

One of the main features in the point blank game is the title system, the benefit of the title gives the effect of the character gaining additional abilities and increased performance when using weapons. The purpose of this study is to create a website-based decision support system that can help point blank game players in choosing the optimal title combination for weapons, then a decision support system test is carried out using a data sample which will later be compared with the results of the manual calculation of the data sample, to obtain this purpose the method used in this study is the TOPSIS. The TOPSIS method is used because it is one of the methods in multi-criteria decision-making, which is known for its ease in calculating and interpreting results. Based on the results of the TOPSIS method calculation trial using a sample of 8 alternative and 7 criteria data, which were calculated manually and using the decision support system of this study, both produced title still assassin with a prevalence value of 0.36, title nimble sneaker with a prevalence value of 0.36, and title shooting star with a prevalence value of 0.325 are the recommendations of the results of this study for the combination of titles which fills 3 title slots in Game Point Blank for the use of assault rifles, sub machine guns, snipers, and shotguns.

When firing an infantry gun, the muzzle wave will spread into the surrounding space, which will cause harmful mechanical effects to the shooter and military personnel near the weapon. The impact of the muzzle wave on the shooter is increased when a muzzle device is placed on the barrel of the gun. Therefore, weapon designers desire to improve the efficiency of muzzle devices and limit the mechanical impact of the muzzle wave on the shooter's hearing organs. This article discusses a thermogasdynamic method for determining the changes in excess pressure distribution of the muzzle wave and sound pressure level at the shooter's ear position. The calculations focus on shooting an assault rifle with three different types of muzzle devices, each with varying features and efficiencies, using 7.62x39 mm ammunition. The results indicate that the isobaric curve of the muzzle wave shifts backward when a muzzle device is used. This shift can lead to an increase of up to 6\;dB in the sound pressure level near the gunner's ear. The results of the mathematical models are consistent with the data from the experiments. The article provides a basis for a comprehensive quantitative assessment of the effectiveness of using muzzle devices.

The SS1-V1 is an assault rifle model equipped with a magazine as one of its main components. The magazine plays a crucial role in storing and loading ammunition. However, magazines must be stored separately from the weapon as their integrated storage can pose a risk to a country’s security. Therefore, this research proposes a web-based system capable of identifying the presence of magazines in weapons in real-time. This system is supported by various hardware components, including a load cell sensor, HX711 sensor module, Arduino UNO R3, and an Ethernet shield for network connectivity. In addition, API is used for data management, which is then stored in the database. The results of this research indicate that the average response time for each rack within a cabinet is between 2.7s to 3.3s, while for racks serving as slaves, it ranges from 14.16s to 15.01s. Based on the results of the weight-based weapon identification testing, there is a weight difference of 0.1kg to 0.2kg. These results state that all tests were successfully identified by the web system according to the conditions of the weapons on the rack.

The article examines the main shortcomings of the material and technical support of schools of the People's Commissariat of Education of the Altai Territory in 1939-1942. The purpose of the study is to study the provision of schools in the Altai Territory with educational aids and sports equipment, the assistance of government bodies and public organizations in measures to ensure the material base of educational institutions. Often, the department of public education and school directors did not take decisive measures to revise and strengthen the educational and material base, and did not organize the preparation of manuals on military issues. As a result, the military-physical training of students was unsatisfactory. The chosen research topic in modern conditions of a military threat is relevant, since the school course is planned to be supplemented with initial military training, during which it is planned to study in schools drill training, military salutes, action in small arms combat, personal protective equipment, a Kalashnikov assault rifle, grenades . The introduction of a basic military training module will inevitably entail the material and technical equipment of schools. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that, based on a set of unpublished materials from the State Archives of the Russian Federation and the State Archives of Altai, the material and technical support of schools of the People's Commissariat of Education of the Altai Territory in 1939-1942 was examined for the first time; as a result of the study, the level of equipment of educational institutions was traced, focusing on key points in the educational and material base of schools.

Introduction. Based on archival materials, the article follows a little-known fact of the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945, namely, the scientific discovery by the specialists of the Central Research Institute (TsNIPS), related to the creation of the formulation for the TsNIPS-2 construction adhesive. With its help, in a difficult period for the country, the industrial production of new construction materials was established and Red Army gunsmiths, located on the front line, quickly restored small arms that went out of action in battles with the enemy.Aim. To introduce into a scientific discourse the materials of archival sources on the history of creating a TsNIPS-2 new construction material, as well as on the individual research results of its inventor – a senior researcher, Cand. Sci. (Engineering) Maria N. Plungyanskaya, who worked for a long period in the TsNIPS Laboratory of Timber Structures.Materials and methods. Archival materials on the current topic were used in the preparation of the publication. Due to them, as well as with the help of retrospective, historical-typological and comparative research methods, the author traced certain aspects of the complex path of creating a new adhesive by clarifying its composition, order of preparation and industrial application.Results. The article studies and shows the individual stages of creating the TsNIPS adhesive formula, which ensured (due to cold-dry setting) the large-volume industrial production of high quality construction plywood of various thicknesses for the construction industry, as well as other timber structures that replaced the scarce metal. The procedure and rules for the practical use of the TsNIPS-2 adhesive by gunsmiths beyond the limits of stationary conditions (“in a trench”) for the successful restoration of wooden parts in rifles and assault rifles (butt, forearm, etc.), as well as the prompt return of thousands of weapons to the units are described.Conclusions. The content of the article will serve as a vivid illustration in the scientific and educational context about the traditions and activities of scientific schools, presented by the institutes of JSC Research Center of Construction, their contribution to the research field on the creation of new construction materials for increasing the power of the country. The research work of the Institute’s scientists was of a great practical importance, offering the construction industry new types of light industrial collapsible structures with a high transportability, their numerous achievements were effectively used at the front to achieve the Great Victory. In the period of 1930–1940, the construction, widely developed in the country, required, on the one hand, high-quality design solutions and, on the other hand, the simplicity and economy of their implementation. In these conditions, adhesive and laminated plywood structures were of a particular importance, ensuring the industrialization of the wooden construction part production and the cost-effectiveness of using timber in construction. The important properties of the TsNIPs-2 adhesive, obtained by the researcher M.N. Plungyanskaya, including water resistance and durability, as well as simplicity and ease of its handling, made it possible to use the material in industry for assembling the hulls of wooden ships, producing laminated structures, parts of cars, and oil pipelines, made of veneer or thin plywood, as well as in combat conditions for the manufacture and repair of small arms, etc., thereby bringing a significant economic effect and expanding the possibilities of its use in the domestic industry.

The paper addresses the selection of the most favorable alternative in the form of assault rifles to meet the requirements arising from modern combat operations. The complexity of the problem, conditioned by the different structural elements of automatic rifles and the specific situations of their use, has caused the application of Multi-Criteria Decision-making (MCDM) methods. A hybrid model was developed to guide the selection of the appropriate automatic rifle. The criteria were defined by experts, where the calculation of the weight coefficients of criteria was performed using the LMAW method Employing the grey EDAS method for MCDM, the study identifies an assault rifle that offers the most advantageous capabilities for carrying out firing tasks in the context of daily combat operations, with the aim of equipping the armed forces and raising the operational capability of the units. The validity of this model was verified through sensitivity analysis involving the adjustment of criteria weight coefficients.

In the article, the main combat properties of small arms of the PDW (Рersonal Defense Weapon) class (hereinafter referred to as PDW weapons), the probability of hitting targets at short and medium distances, and the effectiveness of were evaluated. The combat use of weapons of the PDW class is especially justified in situations where it is necessary to conduct combat operations in an urbanized area in the conditions of a city (seizing and clearing premises), while minimizing the risks of coming under the fire of weapons of the civilian population or during battles on objects infrastructure in the form of factory communications, nuclear power plants or fighting in airport terminals. One of the urgent problems that arises today is the insufficient number of modern PDW class weapons in the arsenal of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. For example, let's note that NATO countries and other Western countries are actively introducing modern weapons of the PDW class, such as: FN P90 (Belgium) or HK MP7 (Germany) [1]. This model is characterized by compactness, high firepower and the ability to penetrate some modern personal protective equipment thanks to the use of special high-velocity small-caliber ammunition. In turn, the Russian Federation widely uses a completely different approach in the form of the use of shortened versions of the AKS-74U type assault rifles of various modifications, the so-called well-known AK platform. The assessment of the main combat properties can be used to assess the striking effect of the bullet on the enemy's manpower, both with single shots and firing in bursts at short, short and medium distances, it is necessary to take into account meteorological and ballistic conditions, ensure more accurate hitting of targets during combat tasks due to the compactness of the weapon and the penetrating ability of the bullet in close combat or for self-defense of the shooter in conditions of limited space.

The time from the initial stage of existence on Earth, the war continued. In this concern, India’s DRDO (Defence Research and Development Organization) and OFB (Ordnance Factory Board) worked appreciatively to develop new protective gear against assault weapons. The main focus of bullet or blast proof structures is to safeguard the life of soldiers, their accessories and gears, along with confidential and classified acquittance, firearm and ammunition, and sensitive systems. Defence structures like bunkers and tranches were designed in such discipline to keep them active round-the-clock with heavy armoury and made functional near to Line of Control (LOC) and Line of Actual Control (LAC) which oppose the effect of highly intensive blast waves. In such a manner, field testing with different Indian assault rifles i.e. INSAS (Indian Small Arms System), SIG 716i (US origin), and INSAS LMG (Indian Small Arms System-Light Machine Gun) was made from different ranges starting from 50mts to 300 mts extreme. Such structures were designed to protect the safety of soldiers from the bump of bullet effect. Structures designed are very strong and durable with opposition to high lateral load and visible surfacing. Construction material used for building plays a foremost role. The investigation is based on unique and advanced ideas in designing the defence structures. The investigation elaborates on the difference between conventional designing and the special designing of defence structures, as the advanced concept of polythene aggregates performs better than ordinary concrete.

PT X is one of the companies that produces the Main Armament System (Alutsista) used by the Indonesian National Army. In an effort to meet the production needs of Assault rifle weapons, PT. X must meet the quality standards set by the Ministry of Defense to support the operational tasks of the Indonesian National Army. This study aims to improve the performance of the weapon production line by measuring and evaluating the amount of sigma value in long-barreled weapons. The method used in this research is DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control), which is a structured approach to quality improvement. This method is used to address problems that occur on the weapon production line and analyze improvements that can be made to improve production performance. The steps recommended in this study include using the Critical to Quality method to identify the causes of problems that occur in weapon production. Furthermore, the Cause and Effect method is used to rank the most significant causes of problems based on the scores obtained. The 5W+1H method is also used to formulate appropriate improvement proposals based on the ranking results from the Cause and Effect Matrix. Thus, it is expected that an effective improvement proposal can be found to improve the performance of PT. X weapon production line.