Multiple myeloma (MM) is a rare lymphoproliferative neoplasm in dogs and cats. There is no predilection for breed or sex and it affects animals between the ages of 8 and 14. The clinical signs associated with MM are non-specific and include lethargy, weakness and anorexia. The diagnosis of MM is based on the detection of monoclonal gammopathy in serum or urine, osteolytic lesions through imaging tests and an increase of more than 20% in plasma cells in the bone marrow through aspiration cytology or a fragment biopsy and histopathology. Treatment usually consists of the use of melphalan combined with prednisone, which provides a mean survival time of 540 days in dogs. This report describes the contribution of computed tomography in the diagnosis of multiple myeloma in a 12-year-old mixed-breed bitch who presented ataxia, weakness and reduced proprioception in the pelvic limbs.

Background: In case of thyroid lesion conventional FNAC (C-FNAC) is most reliable and convenient investigation. But it has high inadequate sample collection rate. Ultrasound guided FNAC (US-FNAC) one of the alternative to investigate a thyroid swelling more appropriately. Objectives: Aim of this study to evaluate the diagnostic precision of C-FNAC and weigh up with US-FNAC as well as histopathology. Methods: In this study, a total of 200 patients divided into two groups (A& B) presenting with thyroid swelling or nodules underwent C-FNAC for group A and US-FNAC for group B with subsequent surgery from January 2022 to December 2023 at Green Life Hospital. Cytological diagnosis was classified according to the Bethesda classification. Final histopathological results were compared to find out the accuracy of C-FNAC and US-FNAC. Results: From group A we found 7% nondiagnostic and in group B 1% due to inadequate sample. In term of sensitivity, C-FNAC counted 66.7% and US-FNAC 85.2% and in specificity it was 92.8% and 98.6% respectively. In C-FNAC false negative rate was 33.3% where it was 14.8% in US-FNAC. Finally the accuracy was 95% in US-FNAC where it was 85% in C-FNAC. Conclusions: C-FANC is very simple and useful tool for diagnosis of thyroid lesion. But for more precise and specific diagnosis US-FNAC is more superior due to additional information gathered from ultrasound examination along with well visualized aspiration from the targeted lesion. Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngology 2025; 31 (1) Page-28-34

Intra-operative staging of canine mast cell tumour (MCT) currently relies on routine cytology to determine nodal metastasis. While frozen section nodal histopathology is commonly used in humans, its applicability to veterinary settings is poorly characterised. The goal of this study was to determine the diagnostic performance of frozen section (FS) histopathology for diagnosing metastatic MCT, as compared to a formalin-fixed histopathologic gold standard. Performances of imprint cytology (IC) and fine needle aspirates (FNA) were also evaluated. Forty-one lymph nodes from 20 dogs with MCT were collected and stained with haematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Giemsa (formalin-fixed and frozen tissues), and Wright Giemsa and toluidine blue (IC and FNA). Nineteen out of 20 primary tumours were low grade. Frozen HE sections had poor agreement as compared to formalin-fixed HE histopathology (κ = 0.15); however, diagnostic performance increased to a good level of agreement when interpretation was combined with Giemsa (κ = 0.46). FNA and IC using Wright Giemsa had agreement comparable to combined frozen section histopathology (κ = 0.51 and 0.43, respectively). Combined frozen sections had a sensitivity of 65% and specificity of 93%, which was the same as FNA. Challenges encountered in morphologic interpretation of frozen sections included inadequate sectioning quality, architectural disruption, ruptured cells, and background metachromatic staining. These data provide support for FS histopathology as a feasible strategy for intra-operative detection of metastatic MCT, with diagnostic agreement similar to conventional cytology. Performance of FS histopathology is conditional upon a metachromatic stain evaluated in parallel with HE.

Background & Objectives: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of TIRADS (Thyroid Imaging Reportingand Data System) in identifying thyroid nodules on ultrasound, using Bethesda Cytological categories fromFine Needle Aspiration Cytology as the gold standard.Methods: 130 patients, diagnosed with both; solitary nodules and muti-nodular goiters were included.TIRADS scoring by using ultrasound was done. “Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was done and theBethesda category was recorded. All the data was analyzed in SPSS v.25.Results: The mean age of patients was 38.6 ± 15.6 years. There were 51.5% males and 48.5% females. Theaverage nodule size was 2.52 ± 1.10 cm, with 52.3% having solitary nodules and 47.7% multi-nodularity.FNAC Bethesda showed high sensitivity (85.7%–100%) and diagnostic accuracy (86.6%–98.4%), withbetter performance in larger nodules, females, and nodules present for over eight months. Positive TIRADSand Bethesda scores were found in 35.4% and 38.5% of patients, respectively.Conclusion: FNAC Bethesda and TIRADS demonstrated high diagnostic sensitivity and accuracy,especially in larger nodules, solitary nodularity, females, and prolonged swelling

Canine fibrosarcoma is a malignant mesenchymal neoplasm arising from fibroblasts, with behavior ranging from slowly growing, well-differentiated masses to highly aggressive, poorly differentiated lesions. In resource-limited veterinary practices, diagnosis often hinges on fine‑needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and basic radiography, while histopathology and immunohistochemistry remain inaccessible luxuries. We present two cases: a 7-year-old bitch with an 8 cm ulcerated tail‑base mass (2 cm ulcer opening) and a 1.2 cm × 1.0 cm adjacent nodule, and a 4-year-old Boerboel with a 6 cm × 5 cm × 4 cm mediastinal mass exhibiting coagulative necrosis and local invasion. FNAC of the tail lesion yielded moderately cellular smears with spindle-shaped cells, mild anisokaryosis, and occasional mitoses in an inflammatory background, prompting a presumptive fibrosarcoma diagnosis. In contrast, aspirates from the mediastinal mass were hypocellular, showing pleomorphic spindle cells with elevated mitotic figures, leading initially to misclassification as a benign process. Subsequent histopathology confirmed a high-grade fibrosarcoma, highlighting FNAC's limitations when cellular yield is poor. Definitive diagnosis via biopsy and histopathology remains the gold standard for assessing tumor architecture and mitotic index, but is frequently constrained by cost, logistics, and lack of specialized laboratories. To improve diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes, we advocate for optimized sampling techniques—targeting firm tumor regions and avoiding necrotic centers—developing subsidized regional pathology support, integrating basic imaging modalities, and emphasizing humane pain management consistent with animal welfare principles.

To analyze the cytologic characteristics fine-needle aspiration using histology as the gold standard and to evaluate its diagnostic application in classic Hodgkin lymphoma. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 17 patients who underwent both coarse-needle aspiration and fine-needle aspiration and were histologically confirmed with classic Hodgkin lymphoma(CHL) at our hospital from December 2012 to December 2023. Clinical information of these patients was collected, and the smear morphology, immunocytochemistry and corresponding biopsies were reviewed. Among the 17 cases of CHL, there were 5 cases of mixed cellularity, 10 cases of nodular sclerosis and 2 cases were unsubtyped. Fifteen cases were correctly diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration, with an accuracy rate of 88.2%. The other two cases were misdiagnosed as non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Morphologically single dispersed mononuclear Hodgkin cells and multinucleated Reed-Sternberg cells were observed in a heterogenous background of lymphocytes in cytology smears, and these cells were positive for CD30 immunocytochemistry. Fine needle aspiration is less invasive and quicker, and the cell morphology is better preserved as compared to histological biopsy. It is easier to recognize pathognomonic Hodgkin or Reed-Sternberg cells and it is helpful for the rapid diagnosis and clinical management of CHL.

Summary: Cytotechnology plays a critical role in the early detection of precancerous and cancerous conditions. The European Advisory Committee on Cytotechnology and EFCS have proposed unified standards for training programs, including theoretical and practical components. The curriculum includes modules in gynecological, non-gynecological, and aspiration cytology. Certification ensures compliance with high professional standards across Europe. These recommendations, outlined by EFCS in 2021, aim to harmonize professional competence across European countries. These recommendations aim to harmonize professional competence, enhance diagnostic accuracy, and improve public health outcomes through early detection. Their implementation requires institutional and governmental support along with continuous professional development.

Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm with gastric penetration diagnosed using endoscopic imaging and aspiration cytology

ABSTRACTObjectiveThis study investigated the prevalence, characteristics, and endocrine implications of thyroid incidentalomas detected during lymphoma staging using FDG‐PET/CT.DesignRetrospective cohort study.PatientsA total of 795 adult patients with lymphoma who underwent FDG‐PET/CT for staging at a tertiary oncology centre were included.MeasurementsThyroid uptake was classified as focal, diffuse, or absent. Additional data included demographic features, lymphoma subtype, thyroid function, autoantibodies, ultrasound (US), fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), and histopathology when available.ResultsThyroid abnormalities were detected in 139 patients (17.5%). Focal FDG uptake was observed in 33 patients (4.2%) and was associated with a malignancy rate of 18.2% (28.6% among those who underwent FNAC). Diffuse uptake was observed in 20 patients (2.5%) and was significantly associated with positive thyroid autoantibodies (58.3%, p < 0.01). Older age and female gender were independent predictors of thyroid uptake. ROC analysis identified optimal age thresholds of 68.6 years for females and 59.8 years for males (AUC = 0.72). SUVmax, Hounsfield units, and ACR TI‐RADS classification were not significantly associated with malignancy. All malignant cases occurred in nodules classified as TI‐RADS 4 or 5. Volume on CT was inversely associated with malignancy (ρ = –0.50, p = 0.046). No significant impact on overall survival was observed.ConclusionsThyroid incidentalomas are frequent during lymphoma staging by FDG‐PET/CT and should be appropriately evaluated. Focal uptake carries a relevant malignancy risk, even in nodules with low SUVmax. Diffuse uptake often reflects autoimmune thyroiditis. A multimodal diagnostic approach is essential to guide management and avoid unnecessary delays in cancer care.

Background: Accurately diagnosing malignant tumors is a key function of endometrial cytology. In certain cases, the endometrial cytology alone cannot diagnose endometrial malignancies. In such cases, an invasive procedure, endometrial tissue collection is necessary to validate the final diagnosis. Material &amp; Methods: Keywords and tools were used to search the related articles in the main electronic databases. The keywords and tools adopted for the search ensured a comprehensive and systematic approach to search for the articles reviewing necessity for endometrial tissue biopsy as a definitive method Results and discussions: The insights gained from this overview provide a foundation for future research about the cytology and cell block preparation of endometrial aspirate to be reliable and accurate screening tool for endometrial lesions. The cytology is a cost-effective procedure and it has the extra benefit of not requiring anesthesia during the acquisition of sample from patients while the other procedures have issues including perforation. Conclusions: Amongst perimenopausal and post- menopausal women presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), aspirate cytology and cell block preparation could be considered as primary investigation for screening of early detection of various endometrial diseases especially hyperplasia and malignancy thereby leading to better prognostic outcome and significantly contribute in the reduction of morbidity and mortality.

Phaeohyphomycosis is a very rare fungal infection, which is one of more usual complications in immunocompromised and/or traumatic patients, has never been reported especially in a cytological field. We describe a first case of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Exophiala xenobiotica (E. xenobiotica) in a poorly controlled diabetic patient, and in which a correct cytological diagnosis of phaeohyphomycosis was possible to conclude. The diabetic obese patient was a 60's-year-old male with a chief complaint of subcutaneous cyst-like nodule on the left knee. The Papanicolaou staining on aspiration cytology from this central fluid contained a substantial number of characteristically brown hyphae with dichotomous branching conidiophores and annelloconidia formation, in the necrotic and inflammatory backgrounds. Culture on potato dextrose agar showed many slow-growing yeast-like colonies particularly in an olivaceous gray to black colored fashion. Furthermore, sequencing data for the rRNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions confirmed phaeohyphomycosis caused by E. xenobiotica infection. Histologically, the resected subcutaneous nodule was diagnosed as necrotizing epithelioid granulomas with central abscess formation, admixed with a large number of dichotomous branching fungal organisms with conidia, reminiscent of Aspergillus. However, Fontana-Masson staining readily identified the melanin pigments in these fungal hyphae. In this subcutaneous cyst-like case of immunocompromised patient, it is critical to consider the possibility of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis. The conventional methodology of Papanicolaou staining on cytology specimen can recognize characteristically typical dichotomous branching and brown-pigmented fungi, potentially guiding us to the correct and quick diagnosis.

Abstract BackgroundNeuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate is a rare tumor subtype found in the spectrum of prostate cancer, and is more difficult to detect, due to the low prostate‐specific antigen values associated with it. A high degree of suspicion is hence needed to arrive at the diagnosis in such cases. Even rarer is the presentation of this subtype with metastasis to the penis.Case PresentationA 61‐year‐old South Asian gentleman presented with a penile swelling which, on evaluation with prostate‐specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography‐computed tomography and fine‐needle aspiration cytology, turned out to be metastatic involvement from neuroendocrine‐prostate cancer. The patient received a combination of pelvic radiotherapy, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and chemotherapy which led to a resolution in the penile lump, but subsequent rapid renal metastasis ensued and second‐line chemotherapy was instituted.ConclusionOur case illustrates an extraordinary presentation of neuroendocrine prostate cancer with penile metastasis and urinary retention, showcasing the efficacy of radiotherapy and ADT, but also rapid progression to the viscera, underscoring the complexity of this malignancy.

Introduction: Conventionally, excision biopsy is performed for the diagnosis of Lymph Node Tuberculosis (LNTB). Comparatively, Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is a simple, reliable, inexpensive, painless, less invasive, outpatient procedure for the diagnosis of peripheral LNTB and is recommended as the first diagnostic technique for this condition. Fine Needle Non Aspiration Cytology (FNNAC), i.e., fine needle sampling without aspiration, is relatively painless, less traumatic and more patient-friendly compared to FNAC. Although FNNAC is easy to perform, it is not routinely practiced. Aim: To evaluate the results of FNNAC in cervical lymphadenopathy and determine the various cytomorphological presentations in cervical LNTB. Materials and Methods: This institutional-based, crosssectional study was conducted at the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Krishnajammanni TB and Chest Diseases Hospital (PKTB and CDH), Mysore Medical College and Research Institute (MMC and RI) in Mysuru, from January 2019 to September 2022 on presumptive cervical LNTB patients who underwent FNNAC followed by an excision biopsy of the same Lymph Node (LN). The sensitivity, specificity, Positive Predictive Value (PPV), Negative Predictive Value (NPV) and accuracy of FNNAC for diagnosing LNTB were estimated. Results: A total of 415 subjects were studied. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV rates of FNNAC for Tuberculosis (TB) were 97.92%, 100%, 100% and 99.3%, respectively, with an accuracy of 99.4%. A total of 36 samples (8.7%) were considered Non Diagnostic (ND). Among these 36 ND samples, 31 were of benign origin (4 were TB), while the remaining five ND samples were of malignant origin. Conclusion: The present study reveals that TB is currently the most common cause of cervical lymphadenopathy, with other common causes being malignant metastasis and reactive lymphadenitis. FNNAC is highly accurate in the diagnosis of LNTB. Therefore, FNNAC is a simple, safe, economical, reliable and accurate method for diagnosing cervical LNTB.

This case report documents the diagnosis and successful treatment of cryptococcosis caused by Cryptococcus gattii VGII in a 20‐month‐old male domestic shorthair cat from Manaus, Brazil, which was concurrently infected with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and diagnosed with demodicosis. The cat presented with mucopurulent nasal discharge, cutaneous lesions on the neck, and a subcutaneous mass between the shoulder blades. Laboratory investigations, including fine‐needle aspiration cytology, fungal culture, and PCR‐RFLP genotyping, confirmed the presence of C. gattii VGII. The cat was treated with fluconazole (10 mg/kg/day) and topical fluralaner–moxidectin, resulting in complete clinical resolution of all lesions and associated symptoms. This report underscores the significance of considering cryptococcosis as a differential diagnosis in immunocompromised cats presenting with cutaneous or respiratory symptoms. Additionally, it highlights the importance of recognizing the Amazon region as an area of environmental prevalence of C. gattii VGII, reinforcing the need for awareness regarding its impact on animal health.

ABSTRACT Lymphomas are neoplasms of origin in lymphocytes, rarely reported in equines, and classified as multicentric, alimentary, mediastinal, cutaneous, and extranodal in this species. This paper aims to report the case of a Creole mare with multicentric lymphoma. The case of a mare with weight loss, lethargy, and lymphadenomegaly unresponsive to therapy is reported. Clinical examination showed tachycardia, tachypnoea, and dyspnoea, in addition to enlargement and stiffening of palpable lymph nodes, suggestive of hyperplasia by aspiration cytology. The animal showed progressive worsening, not responding to therapy, and death occurred during the second clinical evaluation. Necropsy showed an increase in the size of all palpable lymph nodes and internal lymph nodes. Marked thoracic and abdominal effusions were also observed. Microscopically, the neoplastic proliferation of large lymphocytes was noted, infiltrated in multiple organs. Immunohistochemical (IHC) evaluation of tumor showed positivity for PAX-5 and Ki-67. The association of histopathology and IHC results allowed classifying the neoplastic process as a multicentric large B-cell lymphoma. This type of lymphoma in equines tends to have a silent clinical behavior, with a progressive evolution and clinical condition usually culminating in death.

Introduction: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a well-established procedure used in diagnosis of palpable thyroid swelling. This technique is practiced worldwide and is investigation of choice in thyroid swelling. Fine needle non- aspiration cytology (FNNAC) avoids aspiration, uses capillary action. It is patient friendly with less pain and better perception of lesion. Hence present study was conducted to compare effectiveness of aspiration versus non- aspiration techniques for better specimen and cytological diagnosis in thyroid swellings. Materials and Methods: All patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were subjected to both FNAC and FNNAC techniques performed simultaneously at the same site. The study period was March 2020 to March 2021 at Universal College of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital, Bhairahawa (UCMS-TH). Points were allocated to each specimen according to Mair et al. scoring system and categorized. All the lesions were analysed statistically by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 11.5. Results: Total 79 cases of thyroid swelling were evaluated and there was significant difference (p &lt; 0.0001) of the background blood/clot, amount of cellular material, degree of cellular trauma, and degree of cellular degeneration and retention of appropriate architecture. Diagnostically superior smears were obtained in 39 cases by both FNAC and FNNAC technique. The most common cytological impression was Autoimmune Thyroiditis and Benign Follicular Nodule. Conclusion: FNNAC yields diagnostically better quality smears, while FNAC assures diagnostically adequate material quantitatively. Combining both FNNAC and FNAC can offer superior quality of the cytological material and quantity.

Thyroid nodules, based on high-resolution ultrasonography (HRUS), are among the most common endocrine abnormalities that affect the general population because of their high estimated prevalence rates. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a safe, cost-effective modality to differentiate between benign and malignant thyroid nodules based on the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (BSRTC), thus avoiding unnecessary surgery. However, categories III and IV of BSRTC remain a controversial issue in clinical practice, encompassing a wide range of risks of malignancy. Hence, our study aimed to assess the malignancy rates of thyroid nodules classified as Bethesda III and IV categories as evidenced by post-thyroidectomy histopathology; study the association between the American College of Radiologists Thyroid Image Reporting and Data System (ACR-TIRADS) score of these two categories and the postoperative histopathological analysis; and study the predictors of malignancy in these two categories. A prospective study was conducted on 242 patients who underwent FNAC throughout the study from December 2022 toAugust 2023. All patients who performed FNAC were primarily subjected to history taking, clinical examination, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid autoantibodies (antithyroglobulin (anti-TG) and thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO Abs)), and HRUS with a further categorization of thyroid nodules according to the ACR-TIRADS scoring system. The cytological aspirates were categorized according to the BSRTC. Patients with Bethesda III and IV categories were resorted to surgery according to clinical factors, sonographic features, and patients' preferences. A total of 17 cases with Bethesda III and 65 patients with Bethesda IV were included. Seventy-one out of 82 patients (86.6%)underwent surgical intervention. The proportions of malignant nodules classified as TIRADS-2, TIRADS-3, TIRADS-4, and TIRADS-5 scores were 0.0, 4.5 (n=1/22), 22.7 (n=5/22), and 72.7% (n=16/22), respectively. The rate of malignancy was18.2% (n=2/11) among class III and 33.3% (n=20/60) among class IV-categorized Bethesda thyroid nodules. In univariate logistic regression analysis, age ≥ 40 years, body mass index≥ 30 kg/m², higher TSH, positive anti-TG antibodies, radiation exposure, irregular borders, marked hypoechogenicity, ill-defined margins, microcalcifications, solid consistency, taller than widegrowth, solitary nodule, and nodule size > 2 cm, and suspicious lymph nodes were associated with higher malignancy risk. In multivariate regression analysis, positive anti-TG Abs, radiation exposure,irregular borders, taller-than-wide growth, hypoechogenicity, calcifications, and solid consistency remain to be independent predictors of malignancy. The malignancy rates of Bethesda class III and IV nodules in this study met the estimated malignancy risk proposed by BSRTC. TIRADS scores 4 and 5 confer a higher risk of malignancy in Bethesda III and IV thyroid nodules. Positive thyroglobulin antibodies and radiation exposure are independent factors of malignancy in Bethesda III and IV nodules. Moreover, ultrasoundfeatures, including irregular borders, taller-than-wider growth, hypoechogenicity, calcifications, and solid consistency, are associated with increased malignancy risk and should be considered in the surgical selection of patients.

Isolated cystic cervical swelling may be a presentation of a branchial cyst, tubercular lymphadenitis, or maybe a metastatic lymphadenopathy from different head and neck subsites like pharynx and thyroid, etc. The location or level of swelling may give hints towards the primary pathology from where it spreads. Aspiration cytology and radiology sometimes fail to confirm its malignant nature and the primary site of origin. In these scenarios, 18- FDG PET plays an essential role in diagnosing these cases. A 38-year-old otherwise asymptomatic male patient presented with slowly growing right neck swelling for five months duration. Clinical, radiology, and cytopathological evaluation suggested a cystic neck node but didn't confirm the diagnosis. The oral cavity, oropharynx examination, laryngoscopy and hypo-pharyngoscopy evaluation were grossly normal. On suspicion, 18-FDG PET was done, which showed increased uptake in the right tonsil and solid cystic lesion in the right level II and III cervical regions. With a provisional diagnosis of suspected carcinoma of the right tonsil with ipsilateral metastatic lymphadenopathy, bilateral tonsillectomy with right-side modified radical neck dissection was done. The diagnosis was confirmed as HPV-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma right side with cervical nodal metastasis and was treated with adjuvant postoperative chemoradiotherapy. Now, the patient is asymptomatic at thirty-six months of follow-up.

Objective: The objective of this study is to correlate FNAC outcomes according to the Milan Salivary Gland Cytology Reporting System (MSRSGC)system with histopathological findings of salivary gland lesions, taking as the gold standard. Study Design: Descriptive Retrospective study. Setting: Private lab in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Period: January 2017 to December 2022. Material and Methods: We assessed cytology aspirates from salivary gland lesions in individuals of both genders. Demographic details, including age, gender, lesion location, and duration, were systematically recorded. The cytology cases without subsequent histopathology were excluded from the study. The cytology cases were categorized based on the Milan Salivary Gland Cytology Reporting System (MSRSGC): nondiagnostic, non-neoplastic, benign, or, salivary gland tumor of unknown malignant potential (SUMP), suspicious for malignancy, or malignant. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy of FNAC were calculated. The data was analyzed using SPSS 24 taking a P value &lt; 0.05 as significant Results: This study evaluated 74 cases of salivary gland lesions with cytology, all of which underwent histopathology. These cases included 32 (43.2%) women and 42 (56.8%) men with an average age of 42 years. The right side is more affected (52.7%) than the left side (47.3%). The most common salivary gland was the parotid gland in 61.9 % of cases. According to the Milan system, the majority of cases were classified as benign category IVa (58.1%), followed by cases in categories II, V, and VI (14.9%, 6.8%, and 12.2%) respectively. While cases in category III and IV b (4.1 %). The FNAC correlation with histopathology showed a sensitivity of 95.2 % and a specificity of 71.7%. The positive predictive value is 77.6 %, and the negative predictive value is 93.5 %. The diagnostic accuracy of FNAC was determined to be 95.2% compared to the final histopathological diagnosis. Correspondingly, the associated risk of malignancy for these categories was 0%, 30%, 0%, 30%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. Conclusion: The overall diagnostic accuracy of cytological reporting of salivary gland lesions according to the Milan nomenclature was 83.6 %. These findings showed the significant contribution of MSRSGC in accurately diagnosing malignant lesions, aiding clinicians in making well-informed decisions regarding specific treatment strategies. Keywords: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), Milan salivary gland cytology reporting system (MSRSGC), histopathology, salivary glands.

AimsAdvanced gallbladder carcinoma (AGBC) carries a poor prognosis with dismal survival. There are no data regarding HER2/ERBB2 expression in AGBC. This study evaluated the overexpression of HER2/ERBB2 in cytological aspirates...