Aspects Of Self-regulated Learning Research Articles

Undergraduates’ workplace learning in health sciences education: psychometric properties of single-item measures

BackgroundUndergraduates’ workplace learning is an important part of health sciences education. Educational psychology research considers many different aspects of self-regulated learning at the workplace, including cognition, motivation, emotions, and context. Multivariate longitudinal and diary studies in this field require fewer items than alternatives or even a single item per construct and can reveal the sub-processes of workplace learning and contribute to a better understanding of students’ learning. Short instruments are necessary for application in workplace settings, especially stressful ones, to mitigate survey fatigue. The present study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of single items measuring various aspects of workplace learning.MethodsTwenty-nine single items selected from the Workplace Learning Inventory in Health Sciences Education were analyzed for reliability, information reproduction, and relationships within the nomological network. The authors additionally analyzed four generally formulated single items’ relationships with the full Workplace Learning Inventory scales and external criteria within the nomological network. Participants were 214 ninth- or tenth-semester veterinary medicine students in Austria and Germany who were learning at varied workplaces during the winter semester of 2021/2022.ResultsOf the 29 single items selected from existing scales, 27 showed sufficient reliability, but mixed results were obtained regarding validity. Although the items’ relationships within the nomological network were similar to those of the full scales, information reproduction was insufficient for most items. The four general single items showed acceptable validity, but the reliability of these measures of states could not be assessed.ConclusionsThis paper reported findings on the psychometric properties of single items for undergraduates’ workplace learning in health science education. The findings are crucial for deciding whether to use scales versus single-item measures in future studies. By applying the findings, researchers can be more economical in their workplace learning data collection and can include more constructs.

대학생들의 영어학습에서 자기조절학습(SRL)능력과 ChatGPT에 대한 인식 및 활용 목적 간의 관계 연구

The aim of this study is to investigate the self-regulated learning (SRL) abilities and attitudes of learners towards ChatGPT, exploring potential connections between various aspects of SRL (metacognitive, cognitive, behavioral, and motivational) and the use of ChatGPT. To achieve this, we conducted a questionnaire survey with 111 undergraduate students, and the data was analyzed using SPSS Version 27. The key findings from the study are as follows: Participants generally demonstrated moderately developed SRL abilities shown as 3.02. ChatGPT was found to be beneficial, particularly for tasks such as information retrieval, idea generation, providing support for structuring written work, and offering feedback to enhance writing skills. However, they expressed doubts about its effectiveness for improving their English language skills. Examining the correlations between SRL abilities and the use of ChatGPT revealed a negative impact. Students with stronger metacognitive, cognitive, and motivational strategies tend to use ChatGPT less for generating ideas. Implications include the observation that students with robust SRL skills approach ChatGPT critically, using it as a support for independent learning rather than a direct answer source. Additionally, the study suggests that EFL instructors could integrate technology to encourage critical thinking and employ AI platforms as tools for promoting academic integrity.

Self-regulated learning profiles including test anxiety linked to stress and performance: A latent profile analysis based across multiple cohorts.

Medical educators aim to understand why students differ in performance and stress. While performance and stress are associated with student demographics, school factors and aspects of self-regulated learning (SRL), it remains unclear how these elements interact within individuals. This multi-cohort study identified SRL profiles among medical students and explored their associations with performance and stress. Additionally, we examined the identified profiles' associations with gender, migration status and assessment policy. We used latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify profiles on Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) scores of six cohorts (2014-2019) of Year 1, first semester medical students (n = 1894) in a Dutch medical school. We used nine MSLQ subscales that measure test anxiety (TA), self-efficacy, deep learning, resource management and value. The university's assessment policy varied, demanding students to obtain 100% or 75% of Year 1 credits to remain enrolled. We defined optimal performance as obtaining all credits at the end of Year 1. Two cohorts completed the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14, n = 409) in the 2nd semester. We identified three distinct student profiles: 693/1894(36.6%) were classified as TAhighSRLhigh, 661/1894(34.9%) as TAlowSRLhigh and 540/1894(28.5%) as TAmoderateSRLlow. Females were more likely to belong to TAhighSRLhigh profiles compared to males (effect size [ES] Cramer's V = .13, small). Migration background was not associated with these profiles. The TAhighSRLhigh profile was more prevalent under the 100% assessment policy (ES Cramer's V = .10, negligible). TAlowSRLhigh students demonstrated lower stress levels (PSS = 23.9 out of 56) compared to TAhighSRLhigh students (PSS = 28.7, ES Cohen's d = .62, medium) and TAmoderateSRLlow students (PSS = 28.2, ES Cohen's d = .51, medium). Performance differed among the three profiles (ES Cramer's V = .16, small): 82.5% optimal performance in the TAlowSRLhigh, 71.9% in the TAhighSRLhigh and 65.2% in the TAmoderateSRLlow profile. Three distinct SRL student profiles associated with gender, academic performance and perceived stress were identified. Test anxiety had additional value in distinguishing subgroups with differential academic performance and stress. These profiles may aid educators to inform personalised support strategies for novice learners.

DIFFERENCES IN SELF-REGULATED LEARNING AMONG STUDENTS IN TERMS OF GENDER

Self-regulated learningare important skills that enable students to control, manage and monitor their own learning. This research aims to determine the differences in self-regulated learning in male and female students. This research uses a comparative quantitative method with t-test analysis. Data was collected through a questionnaire based on a scale adapted from Lili Nur Indah Sari's 2013 Self-regulated Learning scale based on aspects of self-regulated learning by Zimmerman (1989). The sampling technique was proportionate random sampling, totaling 75 people consisting of 26 men and 49 women. The results show that there is a significant difference between the self-regulated learning of male and female students, namely that female students are higher.

Facilitating Self-regulated Learning Using Mobile Learning Games

Facilitating Self-regulated learning for students has become a concern recently. This is important for students because this mental activity increases a sense of control and confidence in fulfilling learning tasks, thus increasing self-efficacy, motivation, and autonomy in learning. Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) helps students progress and develop personally and socially. It is known that educators usually train self-regulated using learning media such as Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), games, augmented reality, virtual reality, and others. However, games are the most easiest and enjoyable learning media because games can promote independent learning in a constructivist, social problem-solving context. Some games would be better if they were developed with learning in mind. Therefore, the research objective of this paper is to develop games that can enhance self-regulatory learning. The type of study used was a 4D modeling application development study with the participation of 120 vocational high school students. The results showed that students who used game-based mobile learning improved in three aspects of self-regulated learning: metacognition, motivation, and behavior.

Aspects of self-regulated learning and their influence on the mathematics achievement of fifth graders in the context of four different proclaimed curricula.

Metacognition is a part of the models of self-regulated learning. The consideration of a broader context resonates with a social cognitive perspective approach to learning which dominates the educational academic field with the theory of self-regulated learning. Metacognition is considered a crucial factor influencing mathematics achievement. Furthermore, the affective field including pupils' self-efficacy, interest and motivation are the phenomena involved in mathematical problem-solving. On the other hand, metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive regulations are not a regular part of mathematics education in the Czech Republic. The main aim of this study was to investigate the relation between pupils' attitude toward mathematics; metacognitive knowledge; self-efficacy and motivation; metacognitive monitoring; and their achievement in solving mathematical problems. All together 1,133 students of Grade 5 from four types of Czech schools participated in the study. There were traditional schools; schools teaching mathematics by genetic constructivism, i.e., Hejný's method; Montessori schools; and Dalton schools were involved. The assessed variables, namely relation to mathematics; metacognitive knowledge; self-efficacy and motivation; metacognitive monitoring; and mathematical achievement were used as an input to regression analysis. Item-response theory was used for assessing the performance of the students and demands of the tasks. The metacognitive monitoring was detected as the most significant predictor of mathematics achievement for higher- and lower-performing students as well as for the item with high and low demands. The study reveals how the different mathematics curricula (un)support the metacognitive processes involved in mathematical problem-solving. The information allows teachers to spend sufficient time with particular types of mathematics problems whose solutions is determined by activation of metacognitive processes. This demonstrates the importance of including the activities for development of metacognitive monitoring in mathematics education.

Perfectionism and L2 Achievement: The Mediating Roles of Motivation and Self-Regulated Learning Among Iranian High School Students

The current study investigated how perfectionism can be related to L2 learners’ achievement with motivation and two aspects of self-regulated learning as possible mediators. This study also evaluated the factor structure of the Big Three Perfectionism Scale (BTPS) in an Iranian sample. The participants were 495 Iranian high school students who completed six BTPS sub-scales and measures of self-determined motivation and self-regulated learning. Psychometric analyses indicated that rigid perfectionism and self-critical perfectionism as two higher order factors have construct validity. Structural equation modeling indicated that rigid perfectionism positively predicted L2 achievement, while self-critical perfectionism negatively predicted L2 achievement. Mediational models indicated that neither autonomous-mastery/performance motivation nor controlled motivation mediated the path from perfectionism to L2 achievement. However, both aspects of self-regulated learning, namely, deep learning and persistence could mediate the relationship between perfectionism and L2 achievement. Specifically, higher levels of rigid perfectionism were positively related to deep learning and persistence that, in turn, were related to higher L2 achievement. In contrast, self-critical perfectionism was negatively related to deep learning and persistence, that, in turn, were related to lower L2 achievement. The results are discussed in terms of the practical implications for L2 teachers and parents.

Factors Influencing Academic Achievement in Preclinical Students

Academic achievement is a major concern of preclinical students. This study aimed to determine factors influencing academic achievement in preclinical years. Questionnaires were sent to all students of the 2019 class at the 1st (2019/1) and 2nd preclinical years (2019/2) and the 2018 class at the 2nd preclinical year (2018/2) without sampling, with 85.11% (280/328), 86.32% (284/328), and 83.54% (274/328) being returned, respectively. Students were divided into Q1 (lowest)-Q2-Q3-Q4 (highest) according to quartiles of their GPA. Q4 students had higher examination expectation and achievement of study targets in all classes and more time spent on non-recorded-e-lecture study in the 2018/2 and 2019/2 classes; but lower time spent on recorded-e-lecture study in the 2019/1 class and non-academic-internet use in the 2019/2 and 2018/2 classes than other groups. In contrast, Q1 students had higher instances of lateness and absence/year in the 2019/2 and 2018/2 classes but lower happiness scores in the 2018/2 class compared to other groups. Obese and overweight students had significantly lower GPA than normal weight and underweight students of the 2019/2 class (p<0.05 all). The current year GPA had significant positive correlations with the previous year GPA, examination expectation, achievement of study targets, and time spent on non-recorded-e-lecture study; but had significant negative correlations with time spent on recorded-e-lecture study and non-academic internet use, instances of lateness and absence/year, and BMI (p<0.05 all). In conclusion, students with more self-regulation strategies in many aspects of self-regulated learning, including time management, learning strategies, emotion control, motivation, and self-efficacy, had better academic outcomes.

Relationships Between Narrow Personality Traits and Self-Regulated Learning Strategies: Exploring the Role of Mindfulness, Contingent Self-Esteem, and Self-Control

Based on Boekaerts’ dual-processing self-regulation model, our study seeks to examine to what extent narrow personality traits are associated with different aspects of self-regulated learning. We approach this research question by examining the relationships of the narrow personality traits mindfulness, contingent self-esteem (domain academic competence), and self-control with various self-regulated learning strategies, emotion regulation strategies, and affective well-being during learning in a sample of N = 588 university students. Path analysis revealed the selected narrow personality traits to be significantly related to a variety of the investigated self-regulated learning variables, with more relationships to self-control and the contingent self-esteem domain academic competence than to mindfulness. Our study overall contributes to the understanding of how the selected narrow personality traits of students are associated with various aspects of their self-regulated learning behavior. Practical implications for promoting self-regulated learning via training (self-control) and counseling services (contingent self-esteem) are discussed.

Internet usage and self-regulated learning assessment at junior high school students in Tasikmalaya City, Indonesia

describes the pattern of relationship between internet usages on students, on the assessment of aspects of selfregulated learning. The aspect of self-regulated learning measured from 10 aspects. This study discusses the effects ofgender, the categories of schools (excellent schools and regular school), the total value of self-regulated learning andthe value of math exams. In brief, the research stages consist of three stages. The first stage of research is to createand retrieve the questionnaire data. The goal is to obtain all things related to internet usage, as well as measure aspectsof self-regulated learning assessment. The second stage of treatment on students. This treatment time is done for fourmonths, where students follow the math lesson with self-regulated learning method. Students provided with multimediadevices, textbooks and other. The third stage is the assessment or math test. The analytical method used is qualitativemethod with descriptive statistical approach. The results obtained that the dominant male students using internet forgames tend to have greater Aspects of Finding and Utilizing Relevant Learning Resources. While female, tend to bedominant in aspects of Evaluating Learning Processes and Results. The average mathematical exam results, in studentswho often use the game tend to have a higher value, compared with other students who often use social media.

Using clickstream data to measure, understand, and support self-regulated learning in online courses

The ability to regulate one's own learning is essential for success in online courses. Recent efforts have used clickstream data to create timely, fine-grained, and comprehensive measures of self-regulated learning (SRL) in online courses in an attempt to shed light on the process of SRL and to improve the identification of students who lack SRL skills and are at risk of low achievement. However, key questions remain: to what extent do these clickstream measures correspond to traditional self-reported measures about specific SRL constructs? Do these clickstream measures provide more information than existing self-reported measures in predicting course performance? This study used the clickstream data collected from a learning management system to measure two aspects of SRL: time management and effort regulation. We found that the clickstream measures were significantly associated with students' self-reported time management and effort regulation after the course. In addition, these clickstream measures significantly improved predictions of students' performance in the current and subsequent courses over predictions based on self-reported measures alone. These results provide evidence for the validity of the clickstream measures and guide the use of clickstream data to understand the process of SRL and identify students who might not be well served by taking classes online.

SELF-REGULATED LEARNING AND ITS RELATION TO VIETNAMESE EFL LEARNERS’ L2 LISTENING ACHIEVEMENT

Self-regulated learning (SRL) has been well-documented in prior studies as a critical factor for academic success. While previous educational researchers have acknowledged the fact that SRL is both domain and context-dependent (Wolter & Pintrich, 1998), research examining learners’ self-regulatory activities in EFL (English as a Foreign Language) context is rather limited. Drawing on the SRL theory of (Pintrich, 2004; Pintrich & De Groot, 1990), this research was carried out to examine the learning self-regulation of a group of Vietnamese EFL learners and its relation to their L2 listening competence. It also probes into whether gender and listening ability had an impact on the language learners’ self-regulatory learning behaviors. The Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ), adopted from Pintrich, Smith, Garcia and McKeachie (1991), was utilized as the research instrument which was then administered to 38 English-major students at a university in the central region of Vietnam. The participants’ L2 listening ability was also assessed with an adopted listening test. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and two-way MANOVA were performed with SPSS version 22.0 for data analysis. The results indicated that participants had a moderate level of SRL, which was found to be associated with their L2 listening achievements. In particular, three aspects of SRL that were directly related to the EFL learners’ listening competence were metacognitive self-regulation, effort regulation, and critical thinking. There was, however, neither gender nor ability effect on the participants’ SRL. Pedagogical implications for teaching L2 listening skill, i.e., underscoring the role of higher-order thinking skills, and suggestions for future research were discussed.

Internet Usage and Self-Regulated Learning Assessment at Junior High School Students in Tasikmalaya City, Indonesia

Internet use for junior high schools in Tasikmalaya city, dominated for game play and social media. This research describes the pattern of relationship between internet usages on students, on the assessment of aspects of self-regulated learning. The aspect of self-regulated learning measured from 10 aspects. This study discusses the effects of gender, the categories of schools (excellent schools and regular school), the total value of self-regulated learning and the value of math exams. In brief, the research stages consist of three stages. The first stage of research is to create and retrieve the questionnaire data. The goal is to obtain all things related to internet usage, as well as measure aspects of self-regulated learning assessment. The second stage of treatment on students. This treatment time is done for four months, where students follow the math lesson with self-regulated learning method. Students provided with multimedia devices, textbooks and other. The third stage is the assessment or math test. The analytical method used is qualitative method with descriptive statistical approach. The results obtained that the dominant male students using internet for games tend to have greater Aspects of Finding and Utilizing Relevant Learning Resources. While female, tend to be dominant in aspects of Evaluating Learning Processes and Results. The average mathematical exam results, in students who often use the game tend to have a higher value, compared with other students who often use social media

Development of the Teacher Attitudes Towards Self-Regulated Learning Scale

Abstract. We describe the development and validation of an instrument for measuring the affective component of primary school teachers’ attitudes towards self-regulated learning. The questionnaire assesses the affective component towards those cognitive and metacognitive strategies that are especially effective in primary school. In a first study (n = 230), the factor structure was verified via an exploratory factor analysis. A confirmatory factor analysis with data from a second study (n = 400) indicated that the theoretical factor structure is appropriate. A comparison with four alternative models identified the theoretically derived factor structure as the most appropriate. Concurrent validity was demonstrated by correlations with a scale that measures the degree to which teachers create learning environments that enable students to self-regulate their learning. Retrospective validity was demonstrated by correlations with a scale that measures teachers’ experiences with self-regulated learning. In a third study (n = 47), the scale’s concurrent validity was tested with scales measuring teachers’ evaluation of the desirability of different aspects of self-regulated learning in class. Additionally, predictive validity was demonstrated via a binary logistic regression, with teachers attitudes as predictor on their registration for a workshop on self-regulated learning and their willingness to implement a seven-week training program on self-regulated learning.

The development of a scale for measuring the self-regulated motivation for improving speaking English as a foreign language

ABSTRACTThis article reports on the development of a scale for measuring the self-regulated motivation for improving speaking English as a foreign language (EFL). The scale, which is informed by Pintrich’s self-regulated learning (SRL) model, addresses motivational aspects of SRL. The scale was constructed in three stages: item pooling, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. A total of 1065 learners participated in the research. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were carried out using SPSS and structural equation modelling respectively. The findings led to the development of a 20-item scale that involved four factors: (a) task value activation, (b) regulation of learning environment, (c) regulation of affect and (d) regulation of classroom environment. This factor structure indicates that developing positive affective reactions, enhancing interest in the task and developing positive perceptions of task value are important for developing EFL speaking skills. The research also revealed that changing both in-class and out-of-class environments is important for self-regulated learners as this creates more opportunities to practise spoken language.

Learning challenges in higher education: an analysis of contradictions within Open Educational Practice

Open education, including the use of open educational resources (OER) and the adoption of open education practice, has the potential to challenge educators to change their practice in fundamental ways. This paper forms part of a larger study focusing on higher education educators’ learning from and through their engagement with OER. The first part of the study was a quantitative survey investigating educators’ learning behaviour when they learned to use OER in their practice. The second part of the study explored qualitatively how educators engaged with OER and how they conceptualised their learning. Data were gathered through interviews with 30 higher education educators. This paper reports the analysis of these interviews. The analysis draws on the theory of self-regulated learning and cultural–historical activity theory to explore the challenges adult education practitioners encounter when changing their practice. The study tests the application of a framework that traces the discursive manifestations of contradictions, exploring how this framework can be used to examine different aspects of self-regulated learning as educators learn how to use OER. We have identified three distinct tensions in higher education educators’ practice: tensions between the emerging needs of the individual (as he or she adopts new forms of practice) and organisational policies; between the transfer of responsibilities from educators to students as new practice is embedded and institutional accountability; and between cost efficiency and learning objectives. The framework for the discursive manifestations of contradictions was a useful tool used to surface these apparent tensions.

Expert voices in learning improvisation: shaping regulation processes through experiential influence

ABSTRACTInterpersonal and collaborative activity plays an important role in the social aspects of self-regulated learning (SRL) development. Peer, teacher and group interactions facilitate support for self-regulation, co-regulation and socially shared regulatory processes. Situated and experiential interplay facilitates personal, co-constructed and collaborative learning behaviours, shaping SRL, feedback and the internalising of modelled cognitive processes. Using interpretative phenomenological analysis this qualitative study of six prominent Australian improvising musicians explores independent and collectively shared regulatory processes. Expert musicians’ beliefs, understandings and processes in improvised music-making were investigated revealing strategies gained from practice, training and experience. The findings suggest that context situated independent, co-operative and collaborative regulatory processes shape learning, motivation and dispositions through complex cognitive and dynamic task-specific processes. Implications drawn from knowing and understanding expert improvisers’ learning suggest the tailoring of educational modules that provide authentic experiences and develop expert level independent critical thinking and creative processes.

Facilitating students’ motivation and learning through competence-based didactic units

The purpose of the present study was to examine the influence of the ?Competence-based didactic units? in vocational education on students? motivation and self-regulated learning. The sample consisted of 115 males and 133 females (n=250) who were attending secondary vocational or technical schools in Slovenia. The students were included in an experimental project that introduced a ?competence- based didactic unit? (CBDU) in vocational schools? curricula. In our study, the introduction of the CBDU was used to measure changes in the motivational, cognitive, and metacognitive aspects of self-regulated learning and to examine how they were subsequently related to other students characteristists, such as gender, school performance and time spent on school work. The results show the importance of CBDUs, on the one hand, on motivational factors such as intrinsic goal orientation, task value, and self-efficacy, and, on the other hand, differences in gender and grade level. The findings are discussed in terms of how teaching strategies in vocational education can contribute to the development of individuals? motivation.

Primary school science: implementation of domain-general strategies into teaching didactics

In the present study we present a didactic method to help children aged 11 and 12 learn science in such a way as to enable a dynamic interaction between domain general strategies and the development of conceptual knowledge, whilst each type of scientific process has been considered (forming of hypotheses, experimenting and evaluating). We have used the didactics to stimulate metacognitive awareness and implemented them in a 2-month programme around eight different content domains (alternative energy, electrical circuitry, electromagnetism, the human body, slopes, the pendulum, friction, and sinking and floating). Results showed that children developed significant understanding with regard to the process and strategy domain of scientific thinking, but that this effect was dependent on the type of teacher involved (pre-service versus in-service teacher). In addition, we found that 12 year-olds showed some aspects of self-regulated learning in hands-on experimenting after they took part in the programme. At the level of attitudes, relative to controls, a significant drop in enthusiasm for science was found while both children of 11 and 12 years old viewed science as less difficult after the end of the programme. Findings were interpreted in the light of situated interest versus longer term personal interest in science and technology.

Teachers' and students' perceptions of self-regulated learning and math competence: Differentiation and agreement

Teachers' diagnostic competence is a crucial determinant of their teaching quality. However, prior research has indicated only a moderate association between teachers' and students' assessments of students' competence/self-concept and motivation. Furthermore, it is unclear how well teachers are able to differentiate between students' overall competence and other competence-relevant characteristics. The present article therefore investigated teachers' and students' perceptions of math competence/self-concept and two aspects of self-regulated learning (preactional and actional strategies), using a sample of 73 teachers and their fifth-grade students (N=1289). Exploratory structural equation modeling revealed three-factor solutions, indicating that both teachers and students differentiated between the assumed self-regulated learning factors and math competence/self-concept. Latent correlations between teachers' and students' perceptions were small to moderate; their assessments of students' math competence/self-concept showed the highest agreement. The findings are discussed with respect to their implications for assessing and improving teachers' diagnostic competence of students' learning.