Aspects Of Novelty Research Articles

More is sometimes less: verb learning by school-aged l2 learners

ABSTRACT This study examines how two aspects of linguistic context, semantic richness and object novelty, impact verb-action mapping. Third-grade Mandarin-speaking children (N = 222) heard exemplars of novel English verbs while observing action scenes under four conditions: a rich semantic context with or without a novel object (e.g. “The cat is terjecking the pig/the doron.”); a sparse semantic context with or without a novel object (e.g. “He is terjecking her.”). The results of a verb extension test indicated that L2 verb learning was inferior in the rich semantic context involving a novel object label, in comparison to the other three contexts. A second experiment revealed that pre-exposure to the novel object’s label did not facilitate subsequent verb learning in the rich semantic context; instead, it impaired performance in the sparse context. Learners’ digit span was related to verb learning performance in the rich semantic context but not in the sparse semantic context. These findings suggest that L2 children can abstract a verb’s meaning regardless of semantic richness and the presence of a novel object. However, verb learning can be disrupted when L2 children are required to process an additional novel word either during or before the verb-action mapping process.

Are Drug Novelty Characteristics Associated With Greater Health Benefits?

The aim of this study was to examine the association between characteristics of novel drugs and incremental health gains relative to standard of care, in terms of quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). This study's unit of analysis is the drug-indication pair. For pairs approved by the US FDA from 1999 to 2018, we quantified incremental health gains using QALYs from the published literature and characterized each pair's novelty in terms of a series of six binary (yes/no) characteristics of novel drugs given special consideration by Health Technology Assessment agencies: Novel mechanism of action, Indicated for a rare disease, Indicated for a pediatric population, Treats a serious condition, Offers meaningful improvement over available therapies, and Potential to address unmet clinical needs. We analyzed measures of bivariate association (Mann-Whitney U and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests) and multivariable regression, accounting for the influence of multiple novelty characteristics simultaneously. Our sample of 146 drugs represents 21% of drugs approved the FDA in the time period (1999-2018). Median and mean QALY gains for 'novel' drug-indication pairs exceeded corresponding QALY gains for non-novel drug-indication pairs. For most comparisons, the bivariate relationships between QALY gains and novelty characteristics were significant at p<0.05 except for novel mechanism of action (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test) and pediatric indication (both bivariate tests). Multivariable models revealed an independent association between novelty characteristics and QALY gain except for unmet clinical need and indicated for a rare disease. Drugs with novelty characteristics conferred larger health gains than drugs without these characteristics in bivariate analysis, multivariable models, or both. Future research should examine other aspects of drug novelty, such as patient and health system costs and equitable access.

Fluency and Flexibility of Students in Solving Arithmetic Sequence Problems Based on Self Efficacy

This research is a descriptive qualitative research that aims to describe students' creative thinking in solving arithmetic sequence problems in terms of self-efficacy. This research was conducted at SMK Kesehatan Dhermajaya. The subjects of this study were 3 grade XI students who were taken according to the aspects of self-efficacy, namely magnitude, strength, generality. Creative thinking indicators in this study are fluency, flexibility, and novelty. The results of this study indicate that the magnitude subject in the fluency aspect is that students can provide 2 possible jars needed. The flexibility aspect is that students can solve with 2 alternative solutions with the arithmetic sequence formula, and write an arithmetic sequence that is at odds with 2 and if added together the result is 90. The strength of the fluency aspect is that students provide 2 possible jars needed. At the same time, the aspects of flexibility and novelty have not been fulfilled. The subject of generality in the fluency aspect is that students can provide 3 possible jars. The flexibility aspect is that students can provide 2 different alternative solutions, namely using the arithmetic sequence formula and writing an arithmetic sequence that is 2 apart and then adding them up. The three subjects, still have not shown the uniqueness of the answer or used different strategies so that the novelty aspect has not been fulfilled.

Pengembangan Front-End Edu-Perikanan Pada Program Smart Fisheries Village Bangsring dengan Metode UCD dan UEQ

The development of the front-end Edu Fisheries in the Smart Fisheries Village (SFV) Bangsring program using User-Centered Design (UCD) and User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ) aims to improve access to and quality of fisheries education. SFV Bangsring faces specific issues such as the low level of education and awareness among the local community regarding sustainable fishing practices, as well as the ineffectiveness of previous conventional approaches. The UCD method is used to understand user needs and design an intuitive user interface, while the UEQ method is used to evaluate user satisfaction with the developed system. The development results show a significant improvement in the accessibility and quality of fisheries education, with a 40% increase in fishermen's knowledge about sustainable fishing practices and a 35% increase in user satisfaction compared to previous approaches. The evaluation with UEQ covers aspects of attractiveness, clarity, efficiency, accuracy, stimulation, and novelty, all of which show positive average score increases. This research emphasizes the importance of a user-centered approach in designing educational systems that respond to user needs, as well as the significant positive impact on improving the accessibility and quality of fisheries education, and awareness and sustainable fishing practices in the SFV Bangsring environment. The implementation of this technology is expected to continue supporting the empowerment of the fishing community through better and more sustainable education.

The venom and telopodal defence systems of the centipede Lithobius forficatus are functionally convergent serial homologues

BackgroundEvolution of novelty is a central theme in evolutionary biology, yet studying the origins of traits with an apparently discontinuous origin remains a major challenge. Venom systems are a well-suited model for the study of this phenomenon because they capture several aspects of novelty across multiple levels of biological complexity. However, while there is some knowledge on the evolution of individual toxins, not much is known about the evolution of venom systems as a whole. One way of shedding light on the evolution of new traits is to investigate less specialised serial homologues, i.e. repeated traits in an organism that share a developmental origin. This approach can be particularly informative in animals with repetitive body segments, such as centipedes.ResultsHere, we investigate morphological and biochemical aspects of the defensive telopodal glandular organs borne on the posterior legs of venomous stone centipedes (Lithobiomorpha), using a multimethod approach, including behavioural observations, comparative morphology, proteomics, comparative transcriptomics and molecular phylogenetics. We show that the anterior venom system and posterior telopodal defence system are functionally convergent serial homologues, where one (telopodal defence) represents a model for the putative early evolutionary state of the other (venom). Venom glands and telopodal glandular organs appear to have evolved from the same type of epidermal gland (four-cell recto-canal type) and while the telopodal defensive secretion shares a great degree of compositional overlap with centipede venoms in general, these similarities arose predominantly through convergent recruitment of distantly related toxin-like components. Both systems are composed of elements predisposed to functional innovation across levels of biological complexity that range from proteins to glands, demonstrating clear parallels between molecular and morphological traits in the properties that facilitate the evolution of novelty.ConclusionsThe evolution of the lithobiomorph telopodal defence system provides indirect empirical support for the plausibility of the hypothesised evolutionary origin of the centipede venom system, which occurred through functional innovation and gradual specialisation of existing epidermal glands. Our results thus exemplify how continuous transformation and functional innovation can drive the apparent discontinuous emergence of novelties on higher levels of biological complexity.

Innovative hierarchical control of multiple microgrids: Cheetah meets PSO

The expansion of microgrids (MGs) comes from the increasing integration of renewable energy resources (RES) and energy storage systems (ESs) into distribution networks. However, effective integration, coordination, and control of Multiple Microgrids (MMGs) during energy transition from microgrid to grid, and vice versa presents a formidable challenge. This arises from the necessity to ensure smooth operation, coordination, and control of MMGs for stability and efficiency during transitions. The dynamic operation of MMGs due to intermittent renewable energy in microgrids and load variations presents an additional challenge for hierarchical control techniques. This paper provides an Artificial Intelligent (AI)-based control technique and introduces an innovative hybrid optimization technique, denoted as HYCHOPSO, derived from the fusion of Cheetah Optimization (CHO) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) techniques, and the quantitative findings of extensive benchmark testing, constitute key aspects of novelty. The strategic choice of this novel optimization technique, coupled with a Proportional-Integral (PI) controller, provides key insights. HYCHOPSO is tested within benchmark functions and reaches its optimal score before 50 iterations as compared with optimization algorithms namely CHO, GWO, PSO, Hybrid-GWO-PSO, and SSIA-PSO which reaches after approximately 200 iterations. HYCHOPSO consistently exhibits the lowest mean values, indicating its robust convergence capabilities. The proposed control technique results in a significant reduction of the microgrid's Current Total Demand Distortion to 1.1%, meeting acceptable limits for a 600 V-bus According to IEEE519–2014 standard, even under nonlinear loads. Additionally, precise regulation of voltage and frequency is achieved with0.19%−+ deviations and a frequency overshoot of 1.9%. Furthermore, optimization contributes to seamless energy transition from microgrid to grid, achieving synchronization in less than 5 s. This enhances the real application's reliability, flexibility, scalability, and robustness. Furthermore, HYCHOPSO is introduced as an AI-based technique to facilitate control parameter design under dynamic conditions, with substantial simulation cases demonstrating control feasibility

Impaired Response to Mismatch Novelty in the Li2+-Pilocarpine Rat Model of TLE: Correlation with Hippocampal Monoaminergic Inputs.

Novelty detection, crucial to episodic memory formation, is impaired in epileptic patients with mesial temporal lobe resection. Mismatch novelty detection, that activates the hippocampal CA1 area in humans and is vital for memory reformulation and reconsolidation, is also impaired in patients with hippocampal lesions. In this work, we investigated the response to mismatch novelty, as occurs with the new location of known objects in a familiar environment, in the Li2+-pilocarpine rat model of TLE and its correlation with hippocampal monoaminergic markers. Animals showing spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRSs) for at least 4 weeks at the time of behavioural testing showed impaired spatial learning in the radial arm maze, as described. Concurrently, SRS rats displayed impaired exploratory responses to mismatch novelty, yet novel object recognition was not significantly affected in SRS rats. While the levels of serotonin and dopamine transporters were mildly decreased in hippocampal membranes from SRS rats, the levels on the norepinephrine transporter, tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-β-hydroxylase were enhanced, hinting for an augmentation, rather than an impairment in noradrenergic function in SRS animals. Altogether, this reveals that mismatch novelty detection is particularly affected by hippocampal damage associated to the Li2+-pilocarpine model of epilepsy 4-8 weeks after the onset of SRSs and suggests that deficits in mismatch novelty detection may substantially contribute to cognitive impairment in MTLE. As such, behavioural tasks based on these aspects of mismatch novelty may prove useful in the development of cognitive therapy strategies aiming to rescue cognitive deficits observed in epilepsy.

ANALISIS USER EXPERIENCE PADA APLIKASI THREADS MENGGUNAKAN METODE USER EXPERIENCE QUESTIONNAIRE (UEQ)

This research aims to analyze the User Experience in the Threads application through the application of the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ) method. User Experience (UX) is how users interact with a product or service offered by a company or organization. The role of users certainly greatly influences the success of an application. The Threads app is a social media app that launched on July 5, 2023, but its user experience has not been explored much. The UEQ method is used to measure various aspects of user experience, including Attractiveness, Clarity, Efficiency, Appropriateness, Stimulation, and Novelty. The research was carried out by distributing questionnaires that had been created using Google Form and then processing the data results using the Data Analysis Tool. UEQ analysis results provide deep insight into how users interact with Threads applications and how certain aspects of the user experience can be improved. Of the 6 UEQ assessment scales, the results of this research are that there are 4 scales with "Bad" results in Attractiveness, Efficiency, Accuracy, and Stimulation. Then, there is a scale with “Below Average” results in Clarity. And there is a scale with “Above Average” results in Recency. This indicates that the Threads application has a poor benchmark level. The results of the User Experience (UX) analysis show that users feel less satisfied when using the Threads social media application.

Analisis User Experience (UX) Pada Aplikasi Game Clash Of Clans Menggunakan Metode User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ)

Information technology is currently developing very rapidly and meets people's needs to make work easier, fulfill entertainment needs, and even fulfill sports needs among people in the era of the industrial revolution generation 4.0. What is currently popular is Clash of clans or better known as "CoC". One game that is quite popular among young people. Based on 54.9 million reviews on Android devices and 2.3 million reviews on iOS devices, it still gets negative reviews from CoC users themselves who are not satisfied with the features or security of the game itself. From the problems above, a User Experience (UX) evaluation can be carried out using the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ) method, which is an analysis of user experience reviews in order to improve the quality of the game based on six different variables. The review was carried out by distributing an online questionnaire in the form of a Google form consisting of 26 questions and succeeded in collecting 105 respondents. Then, after the analysis was carried out, it was concluded that all aspects of the Clash Of Clans game application received positive evaluation values, namely with a mean value &gt; 0.8 starting from the aspects of Attractiveness, Perspicuity, Efficiency, Dependabilit(Accuracy), Stimulation (Stimulation), and Novelty (Novelty). However, in the Dependability aspect, one of the indicators has a neutral evaluation value, namely the indicator can be predicted or cannot be predicted. This is influential because the resulting mean value is based on the benchmark results graph, namely "below avarege". Based on the analysis that has been carried out on the Clash of Clans game, it can be concluded that in using this application some users are satisfied, but there needs to be improvements to this game by providing more sophisticated security features and providing continuous innovation.

Enhancing Statistical Physics Learning: Rhetoric and Emotion in Moodle for Physics Education

The Learning Management System in science education has become crucial in modern educational settings. However, there is a lack of comprehensive resources to guide the implementation of hedonic and pragmatic qualities in UX. This study aims to identify emotional design factors and adopt an innovative perspective with a rhetorical approach to enhance the user experience. This study adopts the Design-Based Research methodology using the UEQ questionnaire with 26 items, involving a total population of 122 students. Conducting research through a User Experience Questionnaire, rhetorical evaluation, and open-ended questions in three control groups, the physics learning experience through Moodle at the Sarjanawiyata Tamansiswa University was evaluated, specifically in the Physics Education study program. The research findings demonstrate that improving UX leads to higher user satisfaction. According to the results of the UEQ analysis, it is evident that attractiveness, clarity, and efficiency are rated above average. Meanwhile, aspects of dependability, stimulation, and novelty are assessed below average criteria. The study concludes that ethos, pathos, and logos are essential in embracing the pragmatic and hedonic aspects of UX.

A Multigenerational Turing Model Reproduces Transgressive Petal Spot Phenotypes in Hybrid Mimulus

The origin of phenotypic novelty is a perennial question of genetics and evolution. To date, few studies of biological pattern formation specifically address multi-generational aspects of inheritance and phenotypic novelty. For quantitative traits influenced by many segregating alleles, offspring phenotypes are often intermediate to parental values. In other cases, offspring phenotypes can be transgressive to parental values. For example, in the model organism Mimulus (monkeyflower), the offspring of parents with solid-colored petals exhibit novel spotted petal phenotypes. These patterns are controlled by an activator-inhibitor gene regulatory network with a small number of loci. Here we develop and analyze a model of hybridization and pattern formation that accounts for the inheritance of a diploid gene regulatory network composed of either homozygous or heterozygous alleles. We find that the resulting model of multi-generational Turing-type pattern formation can reproduce transgressive petal phenotypes similar to those observed in Mimulus. The model gives insight into how non-patterned parent phenotypes can yield phenotypically transgressive, patterned offspring, aiding in the development of empirically testable hypotheses.

СУЧАСНІ ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ АРХІТЕКТУРНО-ХУДОЖНЬОЇ ТВОРЧОСТІ ТА АКТУАЛЬНІСТЬ АРХІТЕКТУРНОЇ ОСВІТИ

The article outlines the relevance of the research, identifies the subject of research, the object and subject of scientific research, the problems and methods of research, identifies aspects of scientific novelty, identifies the theoretical value and practical significance of the research. Research carried out within the framework of the scientific activities of the Department of Drawing, Painting and Architectural Graphics, the Department of Architectural Media Design, indicates the need to consider innovative lighting processes as part of practical development directly aimed at adapting the site to new clicks. The article looks at the results of the study of those who developed detailed programs from the disciplines of the departments for architecture students, graphic designers, and methods of depicting the current design solutions in people's lives, and in the modern world. , as the compositional vision of future architects develops, designers. The need for integration of traditional academic and innovative approaches in the field of imagery as a complex basic subject in the profession of architect and graphic designer is highlighted. The article examines current approaches to the understanding and their reflection in architectural solutions of major initial buildings based on the analysis of Ukrainian and foreign evidence. New methods of enlightenment are being developed that support these transformations. Conceptual and practical solutions have been identified in the field of depicting architectural spaces in major initial projects, which indicate current changes in the lighting process system.

ANALISIS KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KREATIF MATEMATIS DALAM MENYELESAIKAN SOAL OPEN-ENDED PADA SISWA BERKEPRIBADIAN EKSTROVERT

This study aims to analyze the mathematical creative thinking abilities of class VII extrovert students in solving open-ended questions on flat shape material. This type of research is qualitative research with a phenomenological approach. This study involved 3 seventh graders studnets who were taken using purposive sampling technique as research subjek. The instrument used for taking prospective subjects is the extrovert personality questionnaire. The data collection techniques used are tests of creative thinking abilities, interviews and field notes. The data analysis techniques in this study used technical triangulation, namely data redduction, presentation data and conclusion. The results of the study show that extroverted students bring out aspects of novelty and flexibility. Based on research results, the creative thinking abilities of extroverted students is classified at level 2 (Quite Creative). Extrovert students need a discussion space to get feedback so they can issue or present their ideas fluently.

As the Elders Sang: Exploring the Continuity and Novelty in the Folk Musical Performances of Goa

Music, society and culture are intimately linked with each other. Music not only fulfils its primary need as a source of entertainment but also serves as a powerful medium for human communication. Music today has come to represent more as a commercial product, thus transforming its role in the socio-cultural domain of society. This article aims to explore the folk musical performances of the Christian Gawda, with special focus on one form of folk performance locally known as ghumata vazop. While presenting in brief the ideas put forward by some sociologists on music, ethnomusicology and folk music, the article attempts at a conceptual clarification between the two tribal identities of Gawda and Kunbi. Lastly, it explores aspects of continuity and novelty in the folk musical traditions of the Gawdas.

Perancangan UI/UX Prototype Aplikasi Dompet Digital Menggunakan Metode Design Thinking

Along with the rapid development of technology in all sectors, technological developments also have an influence on the digitization of cash. The community has been facilitated by digital wallet technology. The use of digital wallets itself is increasing rapidly and many new companies are establishing businesses in this field. This is because many people think that using digital wallets is a more practical way and also to reduce the number of transmission of the COVID-19 virus from cash. The purpose of the research is to designing prototype of digital wallet that can support technological advances in Indonesia and help people to facilitate their lives by making non-cash transactions, so they don't bother to carry cash everywhere. The method used in this study is Design Thinking, where Design Thinking has 5 stages in interface design, namely empathize, define, ideate, prototype and test stages. The results of this study were obtained by evaluating the interface design that has been created with the System Usability Scale (SUS) and User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ). SUS in the study produced a value of 74, which means the prototype is acceptable and meets the criteria of user needs. Meanwhile, the UEQ obtained in this study produced average results above 0.8 which means that aspects of attractiveness, clarity, efficiency, accuracy, stimulation, and novelty managed to be at a positive evaluation level, and the benchmark results in UEQ also showed that the prototype received an Excellent score in the aspects of Attractiveness, Stimulation and Accuracy, but for aspects of Clarity, Efficiency, and Novelty gets a Good grade. From the results of benchmark measurements using the UEQ questionnaire, it can be concluded that the SiDoempet prototype has a very good benchmark level overall.

Evaluating Player Experience for Fear Modeling of 2D East Java Horror Game Alas Tilas

Developing a 2D horror game and evaluating the reliability of the player experience are two things that are interrelated and equally important. Developers must ensure that the game can provide a satisfying and reliable gaming experience for their players. This study aims to evaluate the reliability of the player's experience in the game entitled Alas Tilas, East Java. This study used the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ) in Indonesian as a survey approach method, which was given to 30 teenagers who at least played horror games once. UEQ may provide feedback to developers on the attractiveness, clarity, efficiency, accuracy, stimulation, and novelty aspects of the game. From the results of the UEQ, a reliability test will be carried out using the Cronbach Alpha technique. The results of the descriptive analysis show that these variables are Attractiveness (mean, 0.933), Clarity (mean, 1.808), Efficiency (mean, 1.508), Accuracy (mean, 0.217), Stimulation (mean, 0.667) and Novelty (mean, 0.242). Attractiveness, clarity, and efficiency averaged positive results. The average aspects of accuracy, stimulation, and novelty of the game get neutral results. The results of the reliability test conducted on UEQ data obtained a Cronbach alpha value &gt; 0.6 which indicates that the research data used to test the player experience are considered reliable so that they can be used to provide input for future development of the Alas Tilas game. To increase the average score, the researcher provides recommendations for improvement, namely, adjusting the accuracy and novelty aspects of the horror scenario game entitled Alas Tilas East Java. Therefore, it is expected to improve the quality of the game.

Analisis Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Siswa Dalam Menyelesaikan Soal Matematika

This research is a qualitative research with a qualitative descriptive approach. This study aims to describe students' creative thinking abilities in solving math problems. The research was conducted at SMPK Sint. Vianney Soe with research subjects consisting of 2 subjects with high mathematical abilities. The instrument in this study used a creative thinking ability test (TKBK) and an interview guide. The results of this study indicate that: there is one subject who is able to fulfill the three aspects of creative thinking, namely fluency, flexibility and novelty. As for one subject that only fulfills two aspects of creative thinking, namely aspects of fluency and flexibility.&#x0D;

Proses Berpikir Kreatif Siswa SMP dalam Menyelesaikan Masalah Matematika Open-Ended Ditinjau dari Kemampuan Matematika

Future challenges that are increasingly complex require the competence of graduates who are not only skilled, but also creative. The process of creative thinking has four stages, namely synthesizing ideas, building ideas, planning the implementation of ideas, and implementing ideas. Open-ended math problems are a medium that teachers can use to find out students' creative thinking processes. The purpose of this research is to describe the process of creative thinking of junior high school students in solving open-ended math problems in terms of mathematical abilities. This research is a qualitative descriptive study conducted in 7th grade of SMP Muhammadiyah 2 Taman. The research subject was one student from each category of high, medium and low mathematical ability. Data collection methods used are test and interview methods. The results obtained were that at the stage of synthesizing ideas, subjects with high, medium, and low mathematical abilities did so based on experience in class with known formulas. At the stage of building ideas, subjects with high mathematical abilities considered convenience, subjects with mathematical abilities considered other ways, and subjects with low mathematical abilities considered logic. At the stage of planning the implementation of the idea of a high ability subject and is doing it smoothly and productively, the low math ability subject is doing it inefficiently. As well as at the stage of applying the idea, the subject of high mathematical ability fulfilled the creative thinking aspects of fluency, flexibility, and novelty, the subject of medium mathematical ability fulfilled the aspect of flexibility, and novelty, the subject of low mathematical ability only fulfilled the aspect of flexibility.

Usability Analysis using User Experience Questionnare (UEQ) and Concurrent Think Aloud (CTA) on Fintech Bibit Application (Case Study on Bibit Application Users in Denpasar)

This study aims to measure and determine the effectiveness, efficiency and user satisfaction of the Bibit fintech application. The results of measurements carried out using Concurrent Think Aloud show that the effectiveness measurement obtains an average result of 90% and the efficiency measurement obtains an average result of 91%. The results of measuring user satisfaction can be obtained from the results of the User Experience Questionnaire aspects of efficiency (1.68) aspects of attractiveness (1.39), perspicuity (1.40), stimulation (1.21) dependability (1.00) and novelty (0.48) . This research shows that the Fintech Seeds application has been effective and efficient in its use, and on user satisfaction it has a positive impression, only that the novelty aspect has neutral results, thus innovation and creativity in development must increase in the future.

Analisis Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Siswa SMP Bergaya Belajar Theoris dalam Mengajukan dan Memecahkan Masalah Bangun Ruang Sisi Tegak

This study will reveal the analysis of creative thinking skills of junior high school students with theoretical learning styles in solving vertical side-space problems. The process of creative thinking includes students with a type of theoretical learning style. This student's creative thinking process can be seen from the behavior of students in posing and solving problems that can describe their mental actions. This research was conducted at SMP Al Inayah Purwosari Pasuruan. The research subjects were the 8th grade students of SMP Al Inayah Purwosari Pasuruan.&#x0D; Based on the research results it is known that the subject has fulfilled the aspects of novelty, fluency, and flexibility as indicators of creative thinking ability. The subject is able to fulfill the novelty aspect because it can cause problems that are different from the problems raised previously. The subject is able to fulfill aspects of fluency because it can cause problems that are diverse and different from other students. The subject is able to fulfill the aspect of flexibility because it uses a different solution than usual.