Independent Aspects Research Articles

Mathematics Learning : Built the Independence of Student using Problem-Based Learning

The purpose of this study is to describe how Problem based learning to train student independence. This type of research used a descriptive with a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques using observation and questionnaires. The study was conducted on students who were taking Basic Logic courses, totaling 23 students. Data analysis techniques by data reduction, data presentation, and concluding Problem Based Learning. The results showed that the average implementation of learning with Problem Based Learning was 86.83%, and the learning independence of students from the observations was 62.29% which was included in the good category supported by the results of the questionnaire independence with an average of 70.78% which in the high category. These results indicate that learning by using Problem Based Learning can be used to train student independence. The independence aspect that is emphasized is self-confidence, motivation, have responsibilities, discipline, and initiatives that arise during the learning process. Besides that, by applying the Problem Based Learning, the learning process involves students to take an active part, besides that students are also given more responsibility in the continuity of the learning process and their understanding.

Risk Factor Mild Mental Retardation in Extraordinary School at Surabaya

Background: Children with mild mental retardation tend to have late language skills so that it affects aspects of speech and independence and can persist into adulthood. Knowing the risk factor of mental retardation is important because disability in children can be prevented by knowing the cause. Objective: This study aims to analyze risk factors for students with mild mental retardation in special schools in Surabaya in the academic year 2019-2020. Methods: This study was an observational analytic study with a case-control approach that took primary data in the form of a questionnaire on parents. Then the data is analyzed through univariate to display the characteristics of respondents and descriptive research variables and bivariate analysis with a chi-square test to determine the effect of risk factors on mental retardation. Results: In this study, there was a total of 100 samples after being excluded from 192 samples. Factors obtained by the length of neonatal stay in the hospital (p=0.010, OR=0.318, 95%CI=0.131-0.775), baby cries immediately at birth (p=0,000, OR=0.052, 95%CI=0,007-0,417), antenatal care (p=0.014, OR=0.107, 95%,CI=0.013-0.889), LBW (p=0.002, OR=0.820, 95%CI=0,72000,934), prematurity (p=0,007, OR=0,148, 95%CI=0,031-0,706), family income (p=0,000, OR=0.077, 95%CI=0.028-0.207), father's education (p=0.001, OR=5.310, 95%CI =1,913 14,745) affect mild mental retardation. Conclusion: Factors that influence mild mental retardation consist of perinatal factors (baby crying at birth) and environmental factors (family income and father's education).

WATAK PROTAGONIS TOKOH RIRI DALAM NOVEL SAAT HATI TELAH MEMILIH KARYA MIRA W

The purpose of this research is to describe the aspect of protagonist character in the novel Saat Hati Telah Memilih. The aspect of the protagonist in the character of Riri in the novel Saat Hati Telah Memilih represents the aspect of honest, humble, clever, independent and defender. This research is qualitative research. This research is used to understand phenomenon in the subject of the research by the decription of words and language by using the data. The data is in the forms of quotations of aspect of protagonist character Riri in the novel Saat Hati Telah Memilih. The result of the research is the description of some aspects of protagonist character of Riri in the novel Saat Hati Telah Memilih. From the total of 52 quotations, it can be found that there are 11 expressions of honesty aspect, 25 expressions of humble aspect, 8 expressions of smart aspect, 3 expressions of independent aspect, and 5 expressions of defender aspect. The most dominant aspect of the protagonist character is considerate, humble, generous, and care.

Kinerja Keuangan Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Ditinjau dari Derajat Kemandirian, Ketergantungan, dan Desentralisasi Fiskal

Bangka Belitung Islands is a province that was born in the era of regional autonomy. This province is demanded to be able to manage finances well to achieve regional independence. This paper aims to analyze the degree of independence, degree of dependency, and degree of fiscal decentralization of the Bangka Belitung Islands Province. The data used is the realization data of the Bangka Belitung Islands Province Regional Budget for the 2016-2018 fiscal year. This study uses a quantitative descriptive analysis method based on local government financial ratios in the form of independence ratios, dependency ratios, and fiscal decentralization ratios. The results showed that from the aspect of independence, the financial capability of the Bangka Belitung Islands Province was in the low category (46.09-49.83 percent) with a consultative relationship pattern. Based on the degree of regional dependency in the very high category (61.05-68.41 percent), whereas in terms of the degree of fiscal decentralization, the financial capability of the Bangka Belitung Islands Province is in the moderate-sufficient category (29.47-33.26 percent)

PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES FACING THE NEWLY SPLIT SOUTH SUDAN STATE

This paper seeks to explore the possible problems and challenges facing the fledgling South State. It is this impartial approach to addressing such an issue that sets the current study as unique and exclusive. The people of South Sudan have finally managed to establish their own nation state after almost two-decade of internecine civil war. In fact wars between the North and South were fought ever since the dawn of independence, and even before. The newly independent State of the South Sudan has to be prepared to put up with lots of agonies partly seen and predictable and partly not. There are myriad of models of split States across the globe, however the reality of the Southern State is enormously different. The South has for decades been a battle ground for several wars and hardly ever a developmental program started there was fully accomplished as it was planned, no matter how vital was the nature of that project. The South is a land housing a multitude of ethnicities who disparagingly have their different set of cultural and social values with very slender common ground. The South, by its very tropical nature, provides a hospitable milieu for accumulation of diverse diseases. Positive aspects of independence as they shall form the future of the newly emerging nation shall receive their due analytical weight, as well. KEY WORDS: split, corruption, social maladies, ethnicities, cultural and social values, hygienic awareness, newly independent

Analysis on the Language Independent and Dependent Aspects of Deep Learning based Question Answering Systems

Natural languages are ambiguous and computers are not capable of understanding the natural languages in the way people really understand them. Natural Language Processing (NLP) is concerned with the development of computational models based on the aspects of human language processing. Question Answering (QA) system is a field of Natural Language Processing that provides precise answer for the user question which is given in natural language. In this work, a MemN2N model based question answering system is implemented and its performance is evaluated with a complex question answering tasks using bAbI dataset of three different language text corpuses. The scope of this work is to understand the language independent and dependant aspects of a deep learning network. For this, we will study the performance of the deep learning network by training and testing it with different kinds of question answering tasks with different languages and also try to understand the difference in performance with respect to the languages

NATIONALISM PRINCIPLES IN JPRUT’S NOVEL BY PUTU WIJAYA: LITERATURE SOCIOLOGY REVIEW

This study aims to describe the principles of nationalism in the Jprut novel by Putu Wijaya. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The data source in this research is Jprut's novel by Putu Wijaya. Data collection techniques in this research are done by reading and taking notes and analyze techniques. The reading technique is related to reading and understanding the contents of the novel, while the writing technique is used to record important data or information related to the values of nationalism contained in Jprut's novel by Putu Wijaya. The results of this study indicate four principles of nationalism from the five existing principles. First, the aspect of unity described in the spirit of mutual cooperation delivered by Bung Karno by the main character. The aspect of independence described by the main character in freedom of speech. The aspect of equality illustrated by the anger of local residents when the main character's house flew the flag upside down, and the last is the aspect of personality that is shown by the attitude of the main character that is different from other residents.

Pupillometry correlates of visual priming, and their dependency on autistic traits.

In paradigms of visual search where the search feature (say color) can change from trial to trials, responses are faster for trials where the search color is repeated than when it changes. This is a clear example of "priming" of attention. Here we test whether the priming effects can be revealed by pupillometry, and also whether they are related to autistic-like personality traits, as measured by the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ). We repeated Maljkovic and Nakayama's (1994) classic priming experiment, asking subjects to identify rapidly the shape of a singleton target defined by color. As expected, reaction times were faster when target color repeated, and the effect accumulated over several trials; but the magnitude of the effect did not correlate with AQ. Reaction times were also faster when target position was repeated, again independent of AQ. Presentation of stimuli caused the pupil to dilate, and the magnitude of dilation was greater for switched than repeated trials. This effect did not accumulate over trials, and did not correlate with the reaction times difference, suggesting that the two indexes measure independent aspects of the priming phenomenon. Importantly, the amplitude of pupil modulation correlated negatively with AQ, and was significant only for those participants with low AQ. The results confirm that pupillometry can track perceptual and attentional processes, and furnish useful information unobtainable from standard psychophysics, including interesting dependencies on personality traits.

Pupillometry correlates of visual priming, and their dependency on autistic traits

In paradigms of visual search where the search feature (say color) can change from trial to trials, responses are faster for trials where the search color is repeated than when it changes. This is a clear example of “priming” of attention. Here we test whether the priming effects can be revealed by pupillometry, and also whether they are related to autistic-like personality traits, as measured by the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ). We repeated Maljkovic and Nakayama's (1994) classic priming experiment, asking subjects to identify rapidly the shape of a singleton target defined by color. As expected, reaction times were faster when target color repeated, and the effect accumulated over several trials; but the magnitude of the effect did not correlate with AQ. Reaction times were also faster when target position was repeated, again independent of AQ. Presentation of stimuli caused the pupil to dilate, and the magnitude of dilation was greater for switched than repeated trials. This effect did not accumulate over trials, and did not correlate with the reaction times difference, suggesting that the two indexes measure independent aspects of the priming phenomenon. Importantly, the amplitude of pupil modulation correlated negatively with AQ, and was significant only for those participants with low AQ. The results confirm that pupillometry can track perceptual and attentional processes, and furnish useful information unobtainable from standard psychophysics, including interesting dependencies on personality traits.

ANALISIS RASIO KEUANGAN UNTUK MENILAI KINERJA APBDESA (STUDI KASUS DESA BULAK KECAMATAN BENDO KABUPATEN MAGETAN)

The research was conducted to analyze financial ratios in order to assess the performance of village governments through village revenue and expenditure budgets for 2015, 2016, and 2017. The financial ratios used in the study were 5 namely independence ratio, harmony ratio, growth ratio, efficiency ratio, and effectiveness ratio. This research is quantitative descriptive. The research object is Bulak Village, Magetan Regency. The research was conducted using data from the village revenue and expenditure budget from 2015-2017. The results showed that the performance of the Bulak Village government from the aspect of independence and aspects of harmony was still very lacking. The growth rate of Desa Bulak is quite good, and the efficiency levels of 2015 and 2016 are inefficient, while 2017 is quite efficient, while the effectiveness of 2015, 2016 and 2017 is effective.
 Keywords: Expenditure Budget, Financial Ratio, Performance Measurement, Village Revenue (APBDes).

Corporate Governance, Board Independence and Financial Distress: A Critical Review of Literature

This paper purposes to critically review existing literature on the relationship between corporate governance aspect of board independence, and its influence on financial distress. Specifically, the study reviews the theoretical and empirical literature related to board independence and financial distress with the objective of establishing research gaps for further research. In this context, the study identifies some of the most important theoretical, contextual and methodical shortcomings in prior studies and literature. Review of literature shows that the results of empirical studies on the relationship between board independence and financial distress are not only contradicting but also inconclusive. Further, the agency, stewardship and resource dependence theories give contradicting propositions on the relevance of board independence as a corporate governance mechanism.

Assessing gait efficacy in older adults: An analysis using item response theory

BackgroundAssessing confidence in walking in older adults is important, as mobility is a critical aspect of independence and function, and self-report provides complementary information to performance-based measures. The modified Gait Efficacy Scale (mGES) is a self-report measure used to examine confidence in walking. Research Question: What are the psychometric properties of the mGES at the item level? Are there opportunities for improvement? MethodsWe performed a secondary analysis of baseline data from a cluster randomized trial of 424 community-dwelling older adults and reliability data from 123 participants. We fitted a graded response model to dissect the mGES to the item and individual response level and examined opportunities to improve and possible shorten the mGES. We examined psychometric characteristics such as internal consistency, test-retest reliability and construct validity with respect to other relevant measures. ResultsMobility tasks such as navigating stairs and curbs with separate items for going up and down largely provide the same information on confidence, with downward direction providing slightly more. It may be reasonable to consider removal of walking 1/2 mile, stepping down and/or stair tasks with railings items due to little or duplicate information contributed compared to other items. The shortened scales proposed by removing the above items had similar psychometric properties to mGES. SignificanceThe mGES has good psychometric properties, but can be potentially shortened to substantially reduce responder burden. The upward direction curb and stairs items can be removed to result in a 7-item scale with virtually no loss of desirable psychometrics. An alternative 3-item version, level surface walking, stepping down curb and climbing up stairs without a railing items, entails only a minimal loss in psychometric properties.

WATAK TOKOH PROTAGONIS DALAM FILM KARTINI KARYA HANUNG BRAMANTYO (ANALISIS STRUKTURAL)

This research is aimed at describing the protagonist character in the film Kartini by Hanung Bramantyo. This research is descriptive. The result of the research shows that: (1) the aspect of generosity found in the novel Kartini which means that she likes to give a help to other people. (2) the aspect of honesty found in the character Kartini who likes to be honest to other people. (3) the aspect of sincerity which means that she likes to be sincere towards people who give her compliments as if she is not a person with reputation while she is. (4) the aspect of smart in which she always knows how to make a decision to solve problems. (5) the aspect of independence in which she always tries to send scholarship proposal to continue her study in Netherlands without bothering others. (6) the aspect of loyalty to friends in which she (7) the aspect of defence in which she always defends and fights for woman’s and she is brave to say the truth whenever she faces problems. Based on the result of the analysis, it can be found that the most dominant aspect is sincerity and defend. Meanwhile the less dominant aspect is generosity and independence.

A Feedforward Circuit Regulates Action Selection of Pre-mating Courtship Behavior in Female Drosophila.

In the early phase of courtship, female fruit flies exhibit an acute rejection response to avoid unfavorable mating. This pre-mating rejection response is evolutionarily paralleled across species, but the molecular and neuronal basis of that behavior is unclear. Here, we show that a putative incoherent feedforward circuit comprising ellipsoid body neurons, cholinergic R4d, and its repressor GABAergic R2/R4m neurons regulates the pre-mating rejection response in the virgin female Drosophila melanogaster. Both R4d and R2/R4m are positively regulated, via specific dopamine receptors, by a subset ofneurons in the dopaminergic PPM3 cluster. Genetic deprivation of GABAergic signal via GABAA receptor RNA interference in this circuit induces a massive rejection response, whereas activation of GABAergic R2/R4m or suppression of cholinergic R4d increases receptivity. Moreover, glutamatergic signaling via N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors induces NO-mediated retrograde regulation potentially from R4d to R2/R4m, likely providing flexible control of the behavioral switching from rejection to acceptance. Our study elucidates the molecular and neural mechanisms regulating the behavioral selection process of the pre-mating female.

Lembaga Negara Independen Di Indonesia Dalam Perspektif Konsep Independent Regulatory Agencies

This study aims to determine the independency of Independent State Institutions (LNI) in Indonesia with the perspective of the concept of Independent Regulatory Agencies (IRAs). In addition, it also analyzes the LNI model that is in line with the concept of IRAs. The number of Independent State Institutions (LNI) in Indonesia has relatively increased since the amendment of the 1945 Constitution. However, the need for institutions that are free from government interference is not accompanied by the formulation of standards and mature institutional design on the aspect of independence as the main characteristic of LNI. This study uses a normative method, with statutory and conceptual approaches. This study concludes that the independence of LNI in Indonesia tends to be non-uniformed. Some institutions meet the aspects of formal independence in the concept of IRAs, but some others still have aspects of regulation that are incomplete. The results of the study of de facto independence also concluded that there were interventions, politicization and resistance from various parties towards the presence and policy of LNI in Indonesia. The LNI model that is in line with the IRAs concept can be done by improving 3 aspects: first, minimizing the authority of the DPR in the selection of LNI leaders, second, providing independent authority, and third, emphasizing the non-partisan provisions in each institutional regulation of LNI.

Institutional Challenges of Technological Change: What Can Indonesia Tell Us 10 Years After DSO Policy Was Initiated?

Indonesia is one of the countries that has not yet successfully completed digital switchover (DSO). We scrutinize the institutional and regulatory challenges that Indonesia is facing to free up the spectrum. We analyze the reasons behind a decade-long delay and ongoing endeavors to implement DSO in the country. Indonesia started the initiative in 2008 when the broadcasting law was put in place. However, as of 2019, the country has not yet commenced the switch over. The Indonesian broadcast industry is dominated mainly by the analog terrestrial TV services offered by 419 broadcasters. While there is a wide choice of TV delivery platforms, namely, analog terrestrial TV, digital satellite TV, analog and digital cable TV, the industry still fails to modernize to commence DSO despite regulatory and governmental efforts. In July 2012 the ministry of communication and information, Technology (Kominfo) introduced the Ministerial Decree No.: 17/2012, to establish a high-level committee to understand the challenges of DSO and the broadcast industry. However, the initiative failed to impact future processes. We analyze from the institutional economics perspective, the role of the unique regulatory structure of Indonesia on the delay in the process. In this respect, we study the aspects of regulatory independence, the policies in place, funding, and inclusion of stakeholders in the planning process. We note a number of issues: lack of regulatory independence, absence of government’s initiatives to play a critical role, uncertainty in the timeline, unresolved issues with technical standards, lack of economic assessment of both the broadcasters and mobile network operator’s cost and failing to add the consumers in the planning process. One of the crucial challenges is the fact that the majority of Indonesia’s broadcasters are affiliated with political parties. Moreover, imbalance in digital sector development in Java and out of Java regions cause huge differences in ICT adoption. TV programs are still viewed by 70% of households in out-of-Java areas where most votes might generate. Whereas in Java the ubiquity of the Internet and ‘Triple Play’ has significantly reduced the dependency of people on national broadcasters. All of these are the sources of institutional hindrances that are the causes of DSO delay in Indonesia.

Role of Central Bank Independence in Banking and Financial Stability Ensuring

This paper is devoted to defining the role of the central bank in ensuring banking and financial stability. The main purpose of the study is to assess the direction and strength of the impact of central bank independence in terms of its individual aspects on the parameters of banking and financial stability for different groups of countries. Systematization of literature sources and the results of existing empirical research has shown that the expected effects of increasing the independence of the central bank are to improve banking and financial stability. For the study, a sample of statistical data for 10 developed and 10 developing countries for the period 1991-2012 was formed. The methodological basis of the study were the tools of panel regression modeling with fixed effects with Stata software use. The article presents the results of empirical analysis, which showed that the independence of the central bank is an important factor in ensuring banking stability. At the same time, the impact on financial stability has not been conclusively confirmed. The study empirically confirms and theoretically proves that the stage of development of the country determines the strength of such influence. Thus, developed countries generally show closer links between central bank independence and banking and financial stability, which in most cases are directly dependent, while developing countries have less lasting effects. The results of the analysis of the links between certain aspects of central bank independence and the level of banking and financial stability are of great practical value. The results of the study create a scientific basis for substantiating the sequence of actions aimed at strengthening the independence of the central bank. Thus, in developing countries, the focus should be on defining and prioritizing central bank goals, while developed countries should take a deeper approach to this issue and ensure the independence of monetary policy and financial independence of the central bank. Keywords: central bank, independence, banking stability, financial stability, Z-score, non-performing loans, capitalization, developed countries, developing countries, panel data.

Robust consistency of choice switching in decisions from experience

AbstractDecision making is a multifaceted process but studies of individual differences in decision behavior typically use only the proportions of choices from different options as behavioral indices. I examine whether the probability of choice switching in decisions from experience, reflecting one’s exploration strategy, is consistent across sessions and tasks. In Study 1, I re-analyzed an experiment in which participants performed six decision tasks in two sessions that were 45 days apart. Choice switching rates were highly consistent across sessions and tasks, and their consistency exceeded that of rates of risky choices. In Study 2 I conducted a similar analysis for the Technion Prediction Tournament, and also found higher consistency across tasks in switching rates than in choice rates. Additionally, in both studies, there were moderate to high correlations between switching rates at the beginning and towards the end of the task. The results thus highlight an often overlooked but highly consistent and independent aspect of human behavior.

Multiple traits and multifarious environments: integrated divergence of morphology and life history

Understanding complex responses of multiple character suites (e.g. behaviour, life history, morphology) across multifarious environments is a challenging task. Here we use a multivariate approach (partial least squares structural equation modelling) to disentangle environmental drivers (i.e. predation, resource availability and population demographics) of population divergence in life history and morphology. We further employ a two‐block partial least squares analysis in a novel approach to uncovering integrated and independent aspects of divergence in correlated character suites. Examining Bahamas mosquitofish Gambusia hubbsi inhabiting blue holes, we found phenotypic divergence mainly resulted from differences in predation regimes, but demography and resources also proved important in particular aspects of divergence. We uncovered significant covariation among life histories and morphologies, and revealed that phenotypic divergence between predation regimes involved both integrated and independent responses. For instance, female life histories strongly diverged independently of morphology, while some morphological shifts (abdominal distension) resulted from changes in fecundity; males showed strong morphological divergence independent of life history, but much of their life‐history shifts reflected joint morphological changes (lean weight and body shape). Our study illustrates the utility of gathering disparate data types from multiple populations/species to better understand the causes and nature of phenotypic divergence in the wild.

Clinical Features, P16 Over-Expression and Overall Survival in Patients with Oral Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Background: Prevalence of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) is increasing with an invasive clinical behavior with a relatively lower prognosis.Objectives The focus of the research was to investigate the clinical features of OTSCC patients and p16 overexpression associated with overall survival (OS). Methods: We retrospectively collected one hundred and twenty-three patients diagnosed with OTSCC from clinical records. Kaplan–Meier technique was utilized for deducing OS while Log-Rank test was integrated in assessment of the differences between variables. The effects of various prognostic factors on OS were analyzed by the multivariable Cox regression model. Results: A total of 57 deaths were observed, after an average follow-up of 5.3 years. Overall, the 5-year OS was 65.57%. In multivariable analysis, p16(+) (95% CI=0.15-0.83, HR=0.35, P=0.018) confirmed its role as an independent prognostic factor associated with an reduced risk of OS and T4 stage (HR=4.76, 95% CI=2.30-9.93, P<0.001), N1-2 stage (HR=3.36, 95% CI=1.88-6.03, P<0.001), M1 stage (HR=4.15, 95% CI=1.82-9.48, P=0.001), III-IV stage (HR=5.10, 95% CI=2.75-9.45, P<0.001) assured their role as independent prognostic aspects related to high risk in OS. Conclusions: Our results showed the significance of p16 expression in predicting OTSCC prognosis. Funding Statement: This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81703298). Declaration of Interests: All authors disclose no conflicts of interest. Ethics Approval Statement: The authors of this study sought approval of ethics committee of Henan Cancer Hospital and the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS).