Aspects Of Fairness Research Articles

HUBUNGAN SIKAP PNS PEMERINTAH KOTA BANDUNG TERHADAP REWARD DAN PUNISHMENT DENGAN KOMITMEN ORGANISASI

Reinventing government is the first step in transforming public organization to be more professional and efficient by creating and improving the workers’ quality (Osborne & Gaebler, 2014). Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the correlation of workers’ attitudes towards reward and punishment linked to organizational commitment. The 276 samples were obtained using cluster sampling. Data were collected through questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The results showed that the variables are inversely correlated. The workers are unsatisfied with the current rewards and punishment system. The implementation of reward and punishment’s regulations are only as formality, subjective, and it does not meet the aspect of fairness. Researcher suggests to conduct a more objective assessment of the workers’ performance. Keywords: Attitude, Reward, Punishment, Organizational Commitment, Organization Behavior, Government Workers.

Implementation of Islamic Business Ethics Values based on IFSB 09: BMT La Tansa Ponorogo Experience

The importance of ethics in the business world is of high priority and global importance. New trends and problems arise every day which is a major challenge for any organization. Today, the need for ethical behavior in organizations has become important. Just as, if a dishonest business practice, only thinking about the maximum profit and harming the other will bring an institution will no longer be trusted and gradually lost. So the purpose of this research is the implementation of Islamic business ethics based on IFSB standard 09. It is proven from the overall result of interview analysis, observation, and transcript of interview result. BMT La Tansa Ponorogo has a series of activities within the scope of strengthening and cultivation of values that serve as the foundation of all operational activities. These values include Sincerity, Simplicity, Independence, Islamic Prayer, and Freedom. In conducting business and activities, business actors have understood and implemented Islamic principles or values based on Al Qur’an and Hadith. Implementation of this Islamic business ethics that includes aspects of honesty and fairness, prudential aspects, aspects of ability, information aspects for customers, aspects of information about customers, solutive aspects of conflict of interest, and aspects of Shari’a compliance.

The Unfolding Purpose of Fairness

The duty to observe the requirements of procedural fairness is well settled in Australian administrative law. So too is the variable content of that duty and the possibility that it may be limited or excluded by legislation expressed in suitably clear terms. One key aspect of fairness that is not yet clear is its purpose. Why do courts require those who exercise public or official power to act fairly? The question cannot be fully answered by reliance on legislative intent or reference to the common law because recourse to one or both of these possible sources of the duty to act fairly does not necessarily answer why that duty is drawn from the common law or implied as part of statutory interpretation. This article examines recent steps by courts and commentators that suggest an exploration of the purpose of fairness may be beginning to occur.

Recipes for Structural Fairness in Games

Background. Although fairness is central to society and to games that are taken seriously, the structural aspect of fairness has not been addressed as a problem of games.Aim. To resolve the problem of structural fairness in multi-player, multi-episodic games, especially for business games that are transaction based, where sales result from individual transactions rather than from formulae that aggregate and allocate modeled-market demand.Method. Mathematics and examples are used to clarify positions, present proofs, and show application.Argument. Structural fairness is of three kinds: positional, order, and arrival.Finding. For fixed number of parties, positional rotation assures complete positional fairness, whereas order rotation assures both complete positional fairness and complete order fairness, but only when number-of-party and number-of-episode conditions are satisfied. For variable number of parties, arrival rotation assures fairness to parties added last. The classic Gold and Pray model can be modified to allow supply to affect demand by applying order rotation to stock outs.Application. The rotational procedures apply to business games with modeled and real markets, and may apply to all games with a scoring system that is taken seriously.Conclusion. Games can be structurally fair, but the game that is structurally fair must be a multi-episodic game that incorporates fairness into its design. For assuring structural fairness, proportional and random methods are generally inferior to rotation.

A novel loss allocation in pool markets using weight-based sharing and voltage sensitivity analysis

Fair loss allocation is one of the main requirements in electricity markets. This paper presents a loss allocation method in pool markets which allocates each component of transmission losses based on its characteristics leading to a fair, certain and transparent method. The proposed method expresses system losses in terms of the Z-bus and power injections. Then, the system losses are divided into two components addressing the direct and indirect effects of power injections. Two different methods are investigated to allocate such components including a weight-based sharing and a novel analytical voltage sensitivity analysis. The paper presents an accurate separation between the share of active and reactive power injections in each bus. Numerical results show considerable aspects of allocation fairness and transparency, which indicates the good performance of the proposed method compared to former studies.

Fair Trade: What Does It Mean and Why Does It Matter?

The paper begins by locating the issue of trade within the broader literature on international and global justice. It then sets out eight different conceptions of ‘fair trade’, and examines the principles that lie behind them. They fall into three broad categories: procedural fairness accounts, which apply principles of equal treatment to the international rules under which trade takes place; producers’ entitlement accounts, which claim that trade must be structured so that all participants are safeguarded against harms such as exploitation or poverty; and fair exchange accounts, which require trade to be conducted on terms that produce a particular division of resources or benefits between the trading partners. These conceptions are partly complementary, but may on occasion pull in different directions, requiring us to reflect on the relative weights we attach to different aspects of fairness in trade.

School funding formulae: designed to create a learning society?

The right to education depends upon a willingness to finance education fairly. Addressing the difference in educational achievement between learners of different backgrounds is a key aspect of fairness. Framed by contemporary neoliberal policies around marketisation and competitiveness, this paper examines fairness in the education finance policy (EFP) of three jurisdictions in England, Israel and Oklahoma. Using a comparative analysis of school funding formulae and an international survey on the perceptions of local policy actors, the de jure and the de facto EFPs are examined. Our findings reveal de jure policies attempting to address fairness through integrating different student background characteristics. However, variability is evident in the extent to which the de facto policies align with an aspiration for fairness. This is linked to the marketisation of education in each jurisdiction. We conclude that weightings of students’ background characteristics can only be one feature in policy interventions orientated towards bringing about social equity.

Preschool Children’s Perceptions of Fairness

Most studies on fairness behavior in preschool focus on fair resource allocation and on children’s behavior when faced with fairness dilemmas. The purpose of this study is to understand preschoolers’ point of view: what do they think when presented with various scenarios that call for fairness behavior? We interviewed 66 children aged 3.5–6 years, half of them girls, asking them about four social events in preschool life. We found that the children included three aspects in their answers that constituted the foundation of their perception of fairness and construal of social events: an explanation, expression of empathy and offering a solution. The children did so spontaneously and consistently. Moreover, the results showed that the more personally committed to the scenario the children felt, the fairer the behavior they reported. The study underscores various aspects of fairness and suggests referring to them both in research and in educational practice.

On the evolutionary origins of equity.

Equity, defined as reward according to contribution, is considered a central aspect of human fairness in both philosophical debates and scientific research. Despite large amounts of research on the evolutionary origins of fairness, the evolutionary rationale behind equity is still unknown. Here, we investigate how equity can be understood in the context of the cooperative environment in which humans evolved. We model a population of individuals who cooperate to produce and divide a resource, and choose their cooperative partners based on how they are willing to divide the resource. Agent-based simulations, an analytical model, and extended simulations using neural networks provide converging evidence that equity is the best evolutionary strategy in such an environment: individuals maximize their fitness by dividing benefits in proportion to their own and their partners’ relative contribution. The need to be chosen as a cooperative partner thus creates a selection pressure strong enough to explain the evolution of preferences for equity. We discuss the limitations of our model, the discrepancies between its predictions and empirical data, and how interindividual and intercultural variability fit within this framework.

Measuring fairness in franchisor-franchisee relationship: a confirmatory approach

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop, test and validate a measure of fairness in the context of franchisor-franchisee relationship and test for the dimensionality of fairness.Design/methodology/approachThe authors surveyed 300 franchisees of a large-scale franchisor in India. The authors employ confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to analyse the data.FindingsThe authors tested four models of the fairness construct through CFA using structural equation modelling. The three-factor corrected model of the fairness construct exhibits comparatively better goodness of fit indices as compared to the other correlated models of the fairness construct. It clears the threshold level of validity and reliability test. The findings of the study suggest that the factor structure of fairness is three-factor correlated model with aspects of procedural fairness and informational fairness getting subsumed into one construct.Research limitations/implicationsFactor structure of fairness construct differs with earlier empirical research findings with both interpersonal fairness and informational fairness subsuming into each other to form one construct.Practical implicationsThis measure can be utilized by franchisee managers to track perceptions of fairness among franchisees to manage the franchise relationship in a better way. Franchisees expect information sharing from the franchisor and not the representative of the franchisor.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to develop a valid and reliable measure of fairness construct in the context of franchise relationship. This study also identifies factor structure of fairness construct.

Between Inclusion and Fairness

The article claims that equity is an indispensable dimension of the widening of access to adult education. Building on the understanding of social justice in adult education as a complex phenomenon, two indicators are developed: an index of inclusion and an index of fairness in participation in adult education. The article analyses social justice separately in formal and nonformal education for two social groups—people with low and high education. Using data from the Adult Education Survey from 2007 and 2011 for 25 countries, it is shown that in most of the countries, there are signs of improvement in the fairness aspect of social justice as a result of a decrease in the overrepresentation of people with high education and in the underrepresentation of people with low education. However, the inclusion of people with low education in adult education remains considerable lower in comparison with the inclusion of people with high education.

Community-based business models: Insights from an emerging maker economy

Community-based business models are an emerging phenomenon in business reality, particularly in new economic developments such as making. They are a form of commons-based peer production. This paper contributes to advancing research through a multiple case study of eleven community-based maker businesses. The study elaborates on altruism and hedonism as emerging design themes, it addresses aspects of fairness and reciprocity in the interactions with the community, it looks into what values are created, and it reflects on the maker context where businesses strive not purely for profit maximization.

Introducing a Fairness-Based Theory of Prosecutorial Legitimacy before the International Criminal Court

The International Criminal Court became operative in 2002. The first prosecutor of the Court faced the enormous challenge of setting up a series of policies addressing at the same time the backlog of overriding expectations. His task was daunting, and his prosecutorial choices triggered a series of controversies among a variety of relevant audiences, while the concept of legitimacy appeared to become the panacea to the debate. The current contribution purports to achieve a twofold goal using a doctrinal, descriptive and normative angle: (i) to provide an alternative normative theory of the thorny principle of prosecutorial discretion and particularly of the interests of justice reference, based on the fairness aspect of legitimacy and (ii) to recommend an alternative to today’s adopted prosecutorial policy with regard to the interests of justice reference in Article 53, emphasizing its long-term effect on the overall perception of the Court.

Small retailer’s new product acceptance in emerging market: a grounded theory approach

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a model of small retailers’ new product acceptance criteria using a grounded theory approach in an emerging market, India. Design/methodology/approach – Empirical research on retailers’ new product acceptance either takes survey design or modeling approach. This study uses grounded theory approach to systematically collect and analyze data to generate a model for the small retailers’ new product acceptance in an emerging market, India. In depth interviews with ten small retailers, five situated in small market town and five in a metro were conducted. Findings – Retail margin on offer is the first and foremost criteria considered while accepting a new product along with product and market-related factors. The small retailers spelt out the tradeoff decision on retail margins while accepting a new product. The tradeoff criteria that emerged during the analysis are trade and promotional support, sales potential of the product, salesperson relationship with the retailer, aspects of fairness in the relationship, corporate reputation, relevant product information, and availability of the product with other retail competitors. Practical implications – The study suggests that marketers have to maintain healthy relationship with the channel partners especially the retailers who are in direct contact with the final consumer. The findings of the study suggest that marketers specifically need to take into consideration aspects of fairness and encourage salespersons to build and foster relationships with small retailers. Originality/value – This study is one of the few study which uses grounded theory approach to propose a retailer’s new product acceptance model.

Sharing the Pain: Perceptions of Fairness Affect Private and Public Response to Hazards

Structural causes of vulnerability to hazards are well established in geographical research. But what facilitates individual adaptive behavior? How does the performance of government intervention affect such behavior? Drawing on political economy, environmental psychology, and climate justice perspectives, we explore how perceived fairness of responses to weather-related extreme events affects the public and private distribution of responsibility and action. We focus on flood risk and examine how perceptions of fairness of response by residents in flood-affected areas, along with their prior experience of flooding and perceptions of scope of government responsibility and capacity, affect willingness to take individual adaptive action. We use data from surveys of 356 households affected by a flood event in November 2009 in Cumbria, UK, and Galway, Ireland, to compare perceptions of fairness of responses and private intentions across two political jurisdictions. We find that aspects of fairness are related to willingness to take adaptive action but vary with context, experience, and knowledge of flooding. In Cumbria, where there is greater experience of flooding, willingness to act correlates with procedural justice, risk knowledge, and capacity. Capacity for flood management in Galway is firmly associated with state agencies, whereas in Cumbria it is perceived to result from responsibilities of public and private action. These findings highlight the central role of government action and its perceived fairness in structuring private responses to environmental risks and point to the crucial role of climate justice perspectives in navigating adaptation.

Should Versus Want: On the Relative Contribution of Injunctive Norms and Preferences on Trust Decisions

AbstractDespite much research on the determinants of trust among strangers, its mechanisms are understood only rudimentarily. Recently, it has been proposed that people trust strangers because they believe they should, thus complying with an injunctive norm even if it conflicts with their preferences. However, given the boldness of this claim and in light of independent arguments and earlier findings that suggest otherwise, the hypothesis requires critical scrutiny. Thus, we tested whether the decision to trust (in the trust game) is indeed more strongly driven by what people think they should entrust rather than what they want to entrust in two studies. We consistently found a stronger influence of “want” than of “should” on trust decisions even when controlling for the fairness aspect inherent in the trust game. Thus, our findings speak against a predominant role of injunctive norms for trust behavior and confirm that the latter is mostly driven by preferences. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Perceptions of fairness in financial services: an analysis of distribution channels

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine fairness within financial services. In making the contribution the authors examine fairness by four different channels to market and across a range of financial services products. The product categories in the study are those with the highest density levels in the UK.Design/methodology/approach– Underpinned by the development of new measures, this paper is based on telephone interviews and on-line surveys with UK customers of financial services. More than 1,000 customers participated in the survey during the middle of 2013. After reporting the measurement model, the authors use ANOVA to report the differences in the perception of the dimensions of fairness by channel to market.Findings– The authors found there to be significant differences in perceptions using different channels to market. The research shows that where a face-to-face interaction takes place, such as branch contact, they are perceived to be fairer than when interactions are more remote. Given the dimensions of fairness, this reveals the importance of communications during explanations so that interactions are deemed to be fair.Research limitations/implications– The focus of this research was the examination of fairness within the setting of the UK’s financial services sector. The authors are minded that if the research is replicated in other countries or contexts then different aspects of fairness might emerge.Practical implications– Given the challenges faced by the financial services sector, there are implications for practitioners because they must be seen to be treating customers fairly. The research shows that remote contact such as the internet is not perceived as being as fair as face-to-face contact. The fair treatment of customers is likely to lead to positive brand benefits.Originality/value– This study complements the understanding of fairness and provides insight for scholars and practitioners, within financial services.

Fairness-aware radio resource management for medical interoperability between WBAN and WLAN

Wireless body area networks (WBANs) in the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) bands have been increasingly adopted for various medical applications. Due to the shared nature of the ISM bands, when a WBAN coexists with a wireless local area network (WLAN), performance of WBAN may significantly degrade because of asymmetric attributes between WBAN and WLAN such as transmit power and response time. In this paper, we propose a novel channel access protocol for achieving effective channel sharing in the aspect of efficiency and fairness, which adaptively controls the contention window size of WLAN based on the delay information of WBAN. Our extensive simulation results for real-time electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring show that the proposed scheme can guarantee the required quality of service of WBAN while insignificant degradation of WLAN performance.

PENGARUH BUDAYA ORGANISASI DAN PERSEPSI DUKUNGAN ORGANISASI TERHADAP KOMITMEN KARYAWAN

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of organizational culture and perceived organizational support toward organizational commitment. The instrument was used in this study were organizational commitment scale is based on aspects of organizational commitment, organizational culture scale is based on aspects of organizational culture and perceived organizational support scale based on aspects of the perceived organizational support. This study was involved 203 banking employees. The results showed that organizational culture and perceived organizational support significantly influenced of organizational commitment. It means organizational culture and perceived organizational support contributed to increasing organizational commitment. Meanwhile, organizational culture has a greater contribution to organizational commitment than perceived organizational support. This study also showed that two aspects of organizational culture contributed to organizational commitment, there were espoused values and artifacts. An espoused value has a higher contributed to organizational commitment. Meanwhile, for perceived organizational support, fairness aspect contributed to organizational commitment.

Duty and workstation rostering considering preferences and fairness: a case study at a department of anaesthesiology

This research addresses a personnel scheduling problem at hospitals. We present two mixed integer linear programming models – a duty-roster model and a workstation-roster model. The duty-roster model determines the assignment of physicians to 24-h and late duties whereas the workstation-roster model assigns physicians to actual workstations as operating rooms. The former serves as an input for the latter. In both models, we maximise the number of assignments subject to labour regulations and internal department-specific scheduling rules. Furthermore, we consider experience levels and qualifications in our models. To promote for job satisfaction, we take into account fairness aspects as well as individual physician preferences. Using real-world data from our cooperating department of anaesthesiology with 120 physicians, we set up a case study. Computational results indicate the superior quality compared to manual scheduling which is currently in use at our cooperation hospital. Furthermore, we develop an extensive computational study with 5800 instances to test the models. We show that the computational burden is negligible and we derive managerial insight for the scheduling process.