ASM Handbook Research Articles

Machining Data Selection by Using a Fuzzy Logic Model

The fuzzy model has been developed for machining parameter selection. The correlation between the hardness of the work-piece and cutting velocity is not exact, but a proper relationship can be established by using a developed model. The fuzzy model was applied to machining data for carbon steel (wrought) that are collected from the ASM handbook, and a proper relationship between handbook data and predicted data by the fuzzy application was obtained. The model was developed by considering input hardness and output speed. A linear fuzzy equation has been proposed to represent the machining data with good correlation. The aim of the present work is to develop a fuzzy logic model to enable the computerization process of machining data that is available in the machining data handbook. As a result, a fuzzy logic-based expert system for machining data selection can be created.

Basics of Heat Treating: Martempering

Abstract Martempering involves cooling steel from the austenitizing temperature and rapidly cooling into either specially formulated petroleum oil or a molten salt bath with a specific composition to a temperature slightly above the martensite start (Ms) transformation temperature of the steel. Martempering is performed to reduce distortion problems that may be encountered with conventional quenching methods. This article, adapted from the latest ASM Handbook on quenching and quenchants, describes suitable steels for martempering and variables that influence the process.

Initiation and growth of fatigue cracks in sheets with U-shaped notches in the first and mixed modes of fracture

Initiation and growth of fatigue cracks in sheets with U-shaped notches in the first and mixed modes of fracture

Single-Crystal X-Ray Diffraction

Abstract This excerpt from ASM Handbook, Volume 10: Materials Characterization describes the technique used to determine crystal structure and the arrangement of atoms in a unit cell.

Experimental and numerical parametric study of resistance spot welding process of AISI 1008 steel sheets

1. ASM Handbook (formerly 10th ed. and metal handbook), 1990, Properties and selection: nonferrous alloys and special-purpose materials, vol. 2, ASM International, 19-2. Google Scholar

High speed laser cladding of an iron based alloy developed for hard chrome replacement

Tougher environmental legislations related to the usage of hexavalent chrome are forcing industries to search for new alternatives to replace conventional hard chrome plating [European Union, Off. J. Eur. Union 56, 1–5 (2013)]. In addition to the environmental aspects, the typical requirements of the coatings are smooth surfaces with high resistance to wear and corrosion [R. Weil and K. Sheppard, “Electroplated coatings, friction, lubrication, and wear technology,” in ASM Handbook, ASM International, edited by S. D. Henry (ASM International, Metals Park, OH, 1992), Vol. 18, pp. 834–839]. Furthermore, to be attractive to any high volume industrial application, a replacement solution must not only have technical, but also cost benefits. High-speed laser cladding is such a process that can replace hard chrome plating [T. Schopphoven, A. Gasser, and K. Wissenbach, J. Laser Appl. 28, 022501 (2016); T. Schopphoven, A. Gasser, and G. Backes, Laser Tech. J. 4, 26–29 (2017)]. If compared to conventional laser cladding, where the layer thickness normally ranges between 0.5 and 1.5 mm, the high-speed laser cladding process can produce layers between 25 and 500 μm in thickness. The resulting heat input as well as the dilution with the substrate is very low [T. Schopphoven, A. Gasser, and G. Backes, Laser Tech. J. 4, 26–29 (2017)]. Until now, nickel based alloys have mostly been used as hard chrome replacement with high-speed laser cladding [T. Schopphoven, A. Gasser, and K. Wissenbach, J. Laser Appl. 28, 022501 (2016); O. Raykis, Laser Tech. J. 1, 28–30 (2017)]. However, there is a need for new innovative coating materials. The novel iron-based alloy in this study, consisting of 18% Cr and 2.5% Ni, features very good wear properties and high corrosion resistance. In combination with high-speed laser cladding, this alloy delivers an environmentally friendly and cost effective solution with complete metallurgical bonding to the substrate.

Toward Phase and Catalysis Control: Tracking the Formation of Intermetallic Nanoparticles at Atomic Scale

Summary Intermetallic nanoparticles (iNPs) have yielded enormous successes in catalytic applications by the formation of ordered phases. However, atomic-level understanding of the alloying mechanism, which plays a pivotal role in controlling intermetallic phases and tailoring their catalytic properties, is still elusive. In this study, we discovered a consecutive formation of ordered Pt3Sn and PtSn phases during the growth of Pt-Sn iNP inside a well-defined nano-reactor at elevated temperature by using in situ scanning transmission electron microscopy. We found that the surface-mediated diffusion of Sn controls overall dynamics of the reaction, while the unique coherent interfacial structure is determinative for the PtSn transformation. We then further controlled the phase selection of Pt-Sn iNPs and demonstrated their distinguishable catalytic behaviors. Our findings not only provide detailed experimental evidence on the alloying mechanism in intermetallic nanoscale systems but also pave the way for mechanistic control of synthesis and catalytic properties of iNPs.

Defects as a root cause of fatigue failure of metallic components. I: Basic aspects

Abstract According to the definition of the ASM handbook [ [1] , [3] ], a defect is “an imperfection … that can be shown to cause failure by a quantitative analysis and that would not have occurred in the absence of the imperfection”. The topic of the present three-part review is a discussion of defects which can cause failure in cyclically loaded structures. The features discussed comprise material defects such as non-metallic inclusions, pores or micro-shrinkages, etc. and geometric defects such as surface roughness and secondary notches which have their origin in manufacturing, and defects such as surface damage due to scratches, impact events or contact fatigue as well as corrosion pits which arise in service. In this first part, the discussion is prefaced by an introduction to basic aspects which are essential for a deeper understanding of the characteristics and mechanisms how the defects influence fatigue crack initiation and propagation. These include the life cycle of a fatigue crack from initiation up to fracture, crack arrest, multiple crack initiation and coalescence, and the material and geometrical properties affecting these.

ASM News for September 2015

Abstract News about ASM members, chapters, events, awards, conferences, affiliates, and other society activities. Topics include: 2015 class of ASM Fellows; ASM holds its first-ever Affiliate Summit in July 2015; spotlight for ASM Handbook, Volume 7 editors Prasan Samal and Joseph Newkirk.

Preparing and Etching Titanium to Document Surface Affects

This paper is a follow-up and update of the article “Titanium and Its Alloys” in Volume 9 of the ASM Handbook, Metallography and Microstructures [1]. Because of its inherent characteristics, titanium is one of the more difficult metals to prepare for metallographic examination, as illustrated below. The challenge is to understand and minimize metallographic preparation artifacts through an understanding of their cause. They will be introduced if the wrong preparation steps and/or etching techniques are applied. For example, if one used the metallographic preparation process for a body centered cubic tempered martensitic steel, etching of Ti and its alloys would not reveal the true structure. This article covers the effect of etchant selection and etching time, the effect of remnant mechanical deformation and cold work produced during specimen preparation, the influence of interstitial conLuther M. Gammon Materials Microscopy Consultant, Auburn, WA; e-mail: lmgammon@msn.com Rodney R. Boyer Titanium Consultant, Issaquah, WA 98027; e-mail: rodney.r.boyer@gmail.com Authors: Gammon, L. M.; Boyer, R. R.: Preparing and Etching Titanium / Praparation und Atzen von Titan 264 Pract. Metallogr. 50 (2013) 4 tamination and enrichment on the microstructure, and the effect of these problems on heat affected zones.

New Technical Resource for Induction Heating Professionals

Abstract Induction Heating and Heat Treatment, Volume 4C of the ASM Handbook, was developed to serve as a comprehensive resource on induction thermal processes to meet the needs of the induction heating and heat treating communities. This article reviews the topic coverage of the volume.

ASM News for June 2014

Abstract News about ASM members, chapters, events, awards, conferences, affiliates, and other society activities. Topics include: ASM Board nominees for 2014-2015 announced; profile of Valery Rudnev, editor of ASM Handbook, Volume 4C, Induction Heating and Heat Treatment; volunteer profile for Bob Gaster.

ASM Handbook Series on Heat Treating Expands to Four Volumes

ASM Handbook Series on Heat Treating Expands to Four Volumes

ASM News for November and December 2013

Abstract News about ASM members, chapters, events, awards, conferences, affiliates, and other society activities. Topics include: ASM Affiliate Societies announce officers and board members for 2013; ASM Handbook editor spotlight on Jon Dossett and George Totten.

Quenching and Partitioning Steel Heat Treatment

Quenching and partitioning (QP property advancements continue to be made through research on this emerging technology. Early investigations [1] also proposed a corresponding thermodynamic model for Q&P steel and its heat treatment, which is now referred to as constrained carbon equilibrium [3]. Since first proposed in 2003, Q&P steel has gained interest for its potential to enhance properties of strength and ductility with compositions similar to transformationinduced plasticity (TRIP) steel and has been proposed as a third-generation automotive steel (Fig. 1) [4]. Many researchers [5–17] have investigated the relationship between properties and microstructures of Q&P steels subjected to various heat treatments and showed that the ultrahigh strength of Q&P steel results from martensite laths, while its good ductility is attributed to TRIP-assisted behavior of retained austenite during deformation. De Moor et al. [14] examined the stability of retained austenite and showed that the TRIP effect occurs in Q&P steels, thereby effectively contributing to the significant strain hardening. Santofimia et al. [15, 16] and Takahama et al. [17] analyzed microstructural evolution during annealing Editor’s Note The following is a preview chapter from the upcoming volume Steel Heat Treating Fundamentals and Processes, Volume 4A, ASM Handbook, Jon Dossett and George Totten, editors. The volume is scheduled for publication later this year.

Preparing and Etching Titanium to Document Surface Effects

Abstract This paper is a follow-up and update of the article “Titanium and Its Alloys” in Volume 9 of the ASM Handbook, Metallography and Microstructures [1]. Because of its inherent characteristics, titanium is one of the more difficult metals to prepare for metallographic examination, as illustrated below. The challenge is to understand and minimize metallographic preparation artifacts through an understanding of their cause. They will be introduced if the wrong preparation steps and/or etching techniques are applied. For example, if one used the metallographic preparation process for a body centered cubic tempered martensitic steel, etching of Ti and its alloys would not reveal the true structure. This article covers the effect of etchant selection and etching time, the effect of remnant mechanical deformation and cold work produced during specimen preparation, the influence of interstitial contamination and enrichment on the microstructure, and the effect of these problems on heat affected zones.

복합재료 적층판 기계적 체결부 응력집중계수에 대한 고찰

복합재료 적층판 기계적 체결부 표준시험(ASTM D5961) 결과에 대하여 이론적 강도 계산 및 유한요소 해석결과를 비교한다. 응력집중계수를 산출하기 위하여 ASM Handbook의 금속 및 복합재료에 대한 산출식을 이용하여 실험 결과값과 비교한다. 형상학적 인자들과 체결방식(단일/이중 겹칩)에 따른 체결강도의 차이도 비교한다. 유한요소 해석에 있어, 복합재료 적층판의 기계적 체결부의 효율적인 유한요소 모델을 찾기 위해 몇 가지 유한요소 모델들과 실험 결과들을 비교한다. In this paper, the results of composite laminate mechanical joints test(ASTM D5961) are compared with the theoretical strength calculations and FEM analysis results. To calculate the S.C.F.(stress concentration factor) on joint strength, equations on metallic and composite materials in ASM Handbook used and compared with experimental results. The difference of joint strength are compared by geometrical parameters and joining types(single/double lap joint). In FEM analysis, to find efficient FEM model on composite laminate mechanical joint, several FEM models are compared with experimental test results.

Celebrating ASM’s First 100 Years in Supporting Materials Innovation: 1913-1923

Abstract In recognition of ASM International's 100-year anniversary, AM&P highlights historic events and technological advancements that occurred over the course of those years. This issue covers the first decade, from 1913 to 1933, which includes the awarding of a patent for the nitriding process, the invention of the Rockwell hardness tester, the commissioning of "Big Bertha" in WWI, the inaugural edition of the ASM Handbook, and the start-up of America's first continuous hot rolling mill in Ashland, Ky.

Three-dimensional Finite Element Analysis of a Semi-Elliptical Circumferential Surface Crack in a Carbon Steel Pipe Subjected to a Bending Moment

The study of crack growth is important to evaluate the structural integrity of nuclear power plant piping from the viewpoint of the leak-before-break concept. A thick-walled pipe with a semi-elliptical circumferential surface crack of different initial crack sizes subjected to a bending load is considered for the analysis. A three-dimensional finite element code using ANSYS (Version 8) has been developed with the capability to handle singularity and to evaluate the mode I stress intensity factor based (SIF) on the displacement extrapolation method. The crack growth rate has been calculated by applying the Paris law. The fatigue life predicted for crack penetration through the wall thickness has been compared with that of experimental results in published literature. The deviation is found to be within 17 per cent. Using the finite element model, data in respect of the stress intensity factor for different stresses, thicknesses, crack depths, and half-crack-length conditions have been predicted. Based on the data, a new correlation has been evolved to evaluate the stress intensity factor range in the depth and surface directions. The stress intensity factor has also been calculated by the empirical relations given in the ASM Handbook. The predicted fatigue life using the plate equation deviates from experimental results by a maximum of 77 per cent while the deviation of the prediction using the pipe equation is more than 100 per cent in many cases. The predictions with the proposed correlation give better results that fall within 21 per cent deviation from the experimental results.

ASM handbook, volume 11: failure analysis and prevention

ASM handbook, volume 11: failure analysis and prevention