The aim of this study was to identify the mechanisms of religious transformation and cultural continuity in the countries of Central Asia through the analysis of Islamic discourse in texts and architecture. This study specifically addresses the research question: how does Islamic discourse influence both religious transformation and cultural continuity across different Central Asian contexts? The methodological framework included content analysis of religious sources (treatises, fatwas, sermons), discourse analysis of normative documents from the Soviet period, and thematic analysis of architectural forms. The empirical material encompassed Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Kyrgyzstan, enabling a comparative examination of religious dynamics across the region. The research established that the Islamic tradition in the region maintained stable semantic and conceptual cores – such as dhikr, tariqa, akhlaq, umma, and iman – while their interpretations varied according to local cultural codes. In Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan, Hanafi and Sufi rhetoric predominated; Tajikistan demonstrated the presence of philosophical-Shī‘a elements; in Turkmenistan, religious knowledge was interwoven into oral tradition and folklore. The Soviet period exhibited a profound transformation of the religious infrastructure: institutional continuity was disrupted, the language of religious discourse was altered, and sacred space was curtailed. At the same time, epic and poetic genres ensured the partial preservation of Islamic symbolism. Post-Soviet religious rhetoric assumed a regulatory character, reflecting the imperatives of nation-building. Contemporary fatwas and khutbas were dominated by themes of moderation, morality, social responsibility, and cultural identity. The architecture of sacred sites recorded the evolution of Islamic identity: from medieval mausoleums to contemporary mosques reflecting a synthesis of religious and state strategies. The original contribution of this study lies in providing a comprehensive comparative analysis of Islamic discourse across multiple Central Asian countries, integrating textual and architectural evidence to trace both continuity and transformation. A possible avenue for future research could explore the impact of digital media and online religious platforms on contemporary Islamic discourse and identity formation in the region.

A wide range of viral infections threaten the long-term sustainability of poultry production. Newcastle disease (ND), caused by Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is endemic in most Asian countries, including Pakistan, causing 50%–100% mortality in young and mature chickens. Some local chicken breeds show resistance to certain diseases and have greater survival probability. The chicken gut microbiome is linked to immune response against infections and to production performance parameters. The present study aims to comprehend disease resistance patterns in multiple chicken breeds with respect to gut microbial communities. Day-old Naked Neck, Black Australorp, Rhode Island Red, white layer, and broiler chicks were raised on an antibiotic-free diet in a semi-controlled setup. Vaccinated and non-vaccinated birds were challenged with NDV. Disease onset was delayed in breeds other than broilers, in which disease symptoms appeared at day 3 post-challenge with maximum severity and mortality. Other breeds, irrespective of vaccination, survived through the challenge period. Naked Neck showed the least variation in clinical features and growth parameters. A lower diversity in broiler groups with a significant decrease after NDV challenge was revealed by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of cecal DNA. Furthermore, broiler cecal core microbiome membership was found to be more variable than other breeds. Moreover, differentially abundant genera were observed across treatment groups and breeds with a similar effect on the predicted metabolic pathways, indicating varied energy metabolism responses. Shotgun metagenomics revealed a higher abundance of functional genes, including antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, stress genes, virulence genes, and amino acid degradation genes in the broiler NDV-infected group compared to the control group. The gut microbiota in chickens affects immunity to infections, health, and productivity. Compared to broilers, local chicken breeds, specifically Naked Neck, are found to have high immune competence in resisting ND while maintaining most performance metrics. Broilers show lower alpha diversity with an unstable core microbiome. Therefore, stable core microbiome maintenance may help the birds cope with the viral infection. The results support the farming of resistant chicken breeds over broilers to reduce production losses from NDV outbreaks.

Background: This investigation compared the efficacy and safety of fexuprazan 40 mg and esomeprazole 40 mg in patients with acid reflux-related disorders, including erosive esophagitis (EE) and laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD). Methods: A systematic search was conducted across five databases until January 2025. Primary outcomes included esophageal lesion healing, complete resolution of symptoms (CRS), and 24 h symptom-free days. Meta-analyses used random-effects models with the inverse variance method. The Risk of Bias 2.0 tool and the certainty of evidence (CoE) using GRADE methodology were assessed. Results: Three randomized controlled trials (n = 695) conducted in Asian countries were included. Fexuprazan may have little to no effect compared to esomeprazole on EE healing rate at 4 weeks (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.12, I2 = 0%, n = 2 studies, CoE very low) and 8 weeks. No significant differences were found between treatments regarding CRS at 1 week (RR 1.29; 95% CI: 0.84 to 1.99; I2 = 0%; n = 2 studies; CoE very low) and 8 weeks, or in the 24 h symptom-free days at 1 week (MD 2.67 days, 95% CI −2.76 to 8.10, I2 = 41%, n = 2 studies, CoE very low) and 8 weeks. Fexuprazan also showed little to no effect on treatment-emergent adverse events (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.20, I2 = 0%, n = 3 studies, CoE very low). Nonetheless, the evidence for all outcomes was rated as very uncertain. Conclusions: Fexuprazan 40 mg may provide similar efficacy compared to esomeprazole 40 mg in EE, with a comparable safety profile to esomeprazole in EE and LPRD patients. However, the evidence is highly uncertain, requiring further studies.

Background and Objectives: Numerous cases of mucormycosis appeared among COVID-19 patients, predominant- ly in Asian countries. This study aimed to investigate the clinical profile, in-hospital outcome, and one-year prognosis of COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM). Materials and Methods: All patients who developed CAM in Shiraz, South Iran, between July and October 2021 were included in this study. We collected data on presentations, comorbidities, risk factors, and outcomes. Results: Sixty-two patients with CAM were analyzed; the mean age was 59.3 years, and 58.1% were male. Diabetes mel- litus was present in 80.6% (11.2% uncontrolled), hypertension in 54.8%, and chronic kidney disease in 11.3%. All patients had sinonasal involvement; ophthalmic, cutaneous, cerebral, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, and renal involvement occurred in 41.9%, 8.1%, 6.4%, 6.4%, 1.6%, and 1.6%, respectively. In-hospital and one-year mortality were 40.3% and 48.3%. Concur- rent CAM and COVID-19, hypertension, older age, and radiologically severe COVID-19 lung involvement were associated with higher mortality. In multivariable analysis, age ≥60 years predicted in-hospital (OR: 5.47; 95% CI: 1.53-19.56) and one-year mortality (OR: 7.65; 95% CI: 1.90-30.84). Long-term mortality was also associated with ≥3 risk factors (OR: 4.12; 95% CI: 1.09-15.52) and lung severity index >30 (OR: 9.35; 95% CI: 1.01-86.63). Conclusion: These findings emphasize the critical role of age in immune responses to opportunistic infections and highlight the impact of multiple comorbidities and severe lung damage on long-term prognosis in CAM.

Dynamic prognostic information is crucial for treatment decisions and patient consultations in extrahepatic bile duct (EHBD) cancer, given its poor prognosis. This study aimed to investigate the long-term conditional relative survival (CRS) rates among patients with EHBD cancer in Korea, where its incidence is notably high. Data from 46 916 individuals diagnosed with EHBD cancer between 1999 and 2021 were obtained from the Korea Central Cancer Registry (KCCR) for this retrospective cohort study. CRS was analyzed according to various strata, including the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) stage and the first course of treatment. The 5-year survival probability at diagnosis was 20.8%, whereas the conditional probability of surviving to the fifth year for patients who had already survived 1, 2, 3, and 4years after diagnosis (the probability of surviving an additional 4, 3, 2, and 1 year) was 35.4%, 55.5%, 74.0%, and 88.6%, respectively. Among the 5-year survivors, 72.4% lived for an additional 5years. For patients who underwent surgery at the localized or regional stage, the 5-year survival rates at diagnosis were 53.5% and 34.7%, respectively. Among 2-year survivors, 71.7% (localized) and 56.6% (regional) survived to the 5 years after diagnosis, and among 5-year survivors, 73.0% (localized) and 69.0% (regional) lived for an additional 5years. The long-term survival rate among patients with EHBD cancer did not plateau, even among 5-year survivors with localized-stage disease, as it continued to decline over time. These findings suggest that continued surveillance and individualized assessments are warranted for patients with EHBD cancer throughout long-term follow-up.

The increasing digitalisation of retail has contrasted in recent years with the analogue nature of supermarkets, especially in China. While the open attitude toward data collection of the Asian country favours digital activity, the tradition of sensory neighbourhood shopping has hindered the sector from taking advantage of technology, with the exception of Freshippo: Alibaba’s supermarket chain. Its unique programmatic composition includes a distribution centre and a robot restaurant, incorporating a mobile application that seeks to reconcile the best of physical and digital commerce. This architecture seems to share with Friedman's Spatial City the technique of programmatic superposition as a way to synchronize its rhythms with those of the visitor. Its digital ancestry might lead one to think that it is Alibaba's technology that is restoring the supermarket, but quite on the contrary, this article reveals that it is the physical architecture, as the material display of the food, that serves as the ultimate tool for online sales.

Food waste is one of the most important world-wide challenges whose environmental, economic and social impacts have far-reaching effects that include contributing to greenhouse gas emissions, resources depletion as well as the rising levels of food insecurity. These problems are further intensified in Asia due to high rate of urbanization, population growth, changing dietary habits, and lack of waste management facilities. These conditions complicate the fact that countries are increasingly struggling to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 12.3, which is to ensure that by 2030, half of the world has dropped per-capita food waste, and food losses at the entire supply chain spectrum are cut by half. This review discusses the latest food waste management activities, challenges, and developments in Asian nations based on the evidence found in 170 academic articles published between 2015 and 2025 and chosen according to PRISMA guidelines. This research paper assesses food waste sources different region, treatment, and policy responses, but with special attention to the realm of sustainability and a circular economy. The results indicate that East Asian nations have developed policy-making and waste-to-energy technologies. South Asian countries, on the contrary, remain plagued by structural issues, such as poor waste separation, lack of experience, low awareness of the population, and poor infrastructure. Such cross-cutting concerns as land shortages, financial constraints, and ineffective policy enforcement also make it less likely to achieve SDG 12.3. In general, the review determines some important gaps, regional differences and potential areas of improvement of food waste management systems in Asia. Therefore, this review shows the necessity of consistent strategies, more coordination, and better interaction with the population to contribute to sustainable and effective food waste reduction solutions throughout the region.

The article aims at forming clusters of Russian regions based on socially significant indicators of trade development. Clustering was conducted using the k-means method based on statistical data from 85 regions. As a result, five clusters were identified. The first cluster is characterized by a high share of chain retail turnover in the total retail trade volume. The second cluster shows no extreme values and is defined as average. The third cluster stands out for its well-developed market and fair trade. The distinctive feature of the fourth cluster is high consumer prices. The fifth cluster is marked by many retail facilities. In the context of fulfilling the social functions of trade, the most challenging is the fourth cluster, which includes four regions in the Far Eastern Federal District. To increase the social impact of trade in this cluster, it is advisable to develop foreign trade with neighboring Asian countries, including China, and to promote the expansion of Russian and cross-border e-commerce. The value of the results lies in the fact that clustering based on indicators reflecting the social significance of trade enables the adaptation of trade development policies to the specific characteristics of each region. This will contribute to a more comprehensive realization of trade’s social functions and help mitigate regional socioeconomic disparities.

Apportioning the ozone-related health impact to precursor emissions and formulating health-oriented ozone control strategies in Southeast Asia.

Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PIBO) is a rare but severe chronic airway disease in children. It usually follows a severe viral lower respiratory tract infection in early life. Persistent inflammation and fibrotic remodeling of the small airways lead to narrowing, air trapping, and progressive loss of lung function. In recent years, reports from countries with high childhood infection burdens, particularly in Asia and Western countries, have drawn more attention to this condition. However, PIBO often remains under-recognized because its symptoms resemble asthma or other chronic lung diseases. This review summarizes available evidence on the epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of PIBO in children. Literature was reviewed from published pediatric studies and case series across different regions. Several studies highlight hypoxemia and prolonged mechanical ventilation as strong predictors of disease. Recurrent viral infections, bacterial co-infections, and environmental exposures appear to increase vulnerability. The pathogenesis involves epithelial injury with neutrophildriven in ammation and fibrosis, eventually producing fixed airway obstruction. Clinically, affected children present with a chronic cough, wheeze, tachypnea, and persistent hypoxemia that do not respond to bronchodilators. High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is considered the most reliable imaging tool, frequently showing mosaic attenuation, bronchiectasis or air trapping. Lung function testing usually confirms irreversible obstruction. Management remains largely supportive. Systemic corticosteroids, azithromycin, and some immunomodulatory approaches have been tried with variable outcomes. What is clear is that earlier recognition and intervention can help slow progression. More collaborative research is still needed before consistent pediatric guidelines can be developed. The Journal of Ad-din Women's Medical College; Vol. 13 (2), July 2025; p 47-50

ABSTRACT Natives’ attitudes towards immigrants play a crucial role in shaping a nation’s immigration policies and social cohesion. Using data from 11 Asian countries in the 2018–2021 World Values Survey, we investigate age differences in attitudes towards immigrants. We find that anti-immigrant sentiment increases markedly with age, with those aged 65 and older expressing significantly more negative views than younger adults. Labour market concerns are a key moderator: older natives in precarious jobs or unemployment – especially in sectors with high shares of foreign workers – exhibit stronger opposition to immigration. Manual skills are positively associated with pro-immigrant views, while communication skills do not significantly influence attitudes in most age groups. Regarding socioeconomic and ideological factors, higher education and religiosity promote more positive views among older adults, while social capital has varying effects across different age groups. These results highlight the central role of labour market vulnerabilities and competition in shaping immigration preferences across generations.

Many neglected and underutilized crops species have been incorporated locally in human diets since time immemorial, especially in sub-Saharan Africa and many Asian countries where they greatly contribute to food and nutrition security but have been globally underexploited. Underutilized crops such as amaranth, moringa, orange – fleshed sweet potato, snake tomato and spider plant represent a promising frontier for nutraceutical product development due to their rich nutrient and bioactive profiles. These crops hold significant potential to address nutritional deficiencies, diversify food systems, and enhance global food security. Their high concentration of micronutrients, antioxidants, and health – promoting phytochemicals underscore their value beyond conventional staples. Advances in processing technology – including controlled drying, fermentation, extrusion, and strategic fortification – are critical to transforming these crops into stable, safe, and consumer – ready products. Innovations in product development have yielded functional noodles, nutrient – dense snacks, value – added beverages, and ingredient powders that leverage the intrinsic nutraceutical qualities of the raw materials. However, processing often leads to degradation of sensitive bioactives, necessitating targeted strategies such as optimized temperature protocols, encapsulation, and minimal processing to enhance bioactive retention. Economic and sustainability considerations further strengthen the case for valorizing underutilized crops; by integrating local smallholder producers into value chains, reducing post – harvest losses, and creating novel market opportunities, these crops contribute to resilient food systems and equitable rural development. Consumer acceptance studies are essential to gauge sensory preferences, cultural relevance, and market readiness, ensuring product success and widespread adoption. Future prospects include integration into precision nutrition frameworks and expanded nutraceutical product pipelines. Overall, underutilized crops thus offer a viable and innovative pathwway for developing sustainable, health – oriented food products.

Safety, immunogenicity and preliminary protective efficacy of a bivalent bacterial ghost vaccine against typhoidal Salmonella in rabbits: a pilot study.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a major health burden in Asia. Advances in antiviral therapies are reshaping the etiological landscape of HCC. This study evaluated temporal shifts in HCC etiology across Asian countries and their clinical implications. This multinational study analyzed 6,261 newly diagnosed HCC patients registered in the APASL Hepatology/Oncology Consortium (A-HOC) from 19 centers across seven Asian countries and regions between 2013 and 2023. Data on demographics, tumor characteristics, etiology, and treatment patterns were collected. Etiologies included hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), alcoholic liver disease (ALD), metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), MAFLD plus excess alcoholic intake (MAFLD + eAL), autoimmune liver disease, cryptogenic, and others. Temporal trends and regional variations were assessed. In many countries, HBV remained predominant (43.3%-69.5%) and relatively stable throughout the period, while HCV showed only modest reductions. In Japan, HCV was the leading cause of HCC (33.1%), with a significant decline over time, accompanied by a rise in MAFLD-related HCC. ALD-related HCC increased in South Korea, and MAFLD-related HCC rose in Turkey. Tumor size and stage at diagnosis varied by etiology and region, affecting treatment strategies. Early-stage diagnosis was more frequent in Japan and Taiwan, whereas advanced-stage HCC was common in China and Indonesia. Distinct regional patterns and temporal changes in HCC etiology across Asia highlight the need for tailored prevention and surveillance measures. The growing burden of MAFLD-related HCC emphasizes its emerging role in liver cancer development, particularly in regions with declining viral hepatitis.

Abstract Asia is a principal source of global migration, and its intra-regional movements profoundly reshape the political, economic, and ecological landscapes of Asian nations. To address the spatiotemporal zero-inflated and dispersion present in migration data, as well as the need for interpretable inference on the overall mean, we develop a spatiotemporal marginalized zero-inflated Conway–Maxwell–Poisson (MZICMP) regression model. This model transcends the limitations of conventional zero-inflated approaches by employing a dispersion parameter that accommodates equidispersion, overdispersion, and under dispersion, and by jointly modelling excess zeros and the marginal mean through the inclusion of country-level covariates, smooth temporal effects, and spatial random effects. For parameter estimation, we implement a Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm that combines Gibbs sampling with Metropolis–Hastings steps. Simulation demonstrates the model's efficacy in capturing both temporal autocorrelation and spatial zero-inflation patterns, and an empirical application to 1990–2020 intra-Asian out-migration reveals: (1) the share of secondary industry and the share of tertiary industry both show significant negative correlations with out-migration flows, whereas battle-related deaths and the total volume of bilateral trade exhibit positive correlations; (2) the average outmigration trend among Asian countries was relatively high during the period 2005–2010, then declined in 2015–2020; the model results indicate a satisfactory capture of this temporal pattern.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a rapidly growing global public health challenge affecting both developed and developing countries. Its prevalence is strongly influenced by demographic, epidemiological, nutritional, and environmental determinants. South Asian countries, including Pakistan, are experiencing a disproportionate rise in diabetes burden due to urbanization, sedentary lifestyles, and dietary transitions. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and examine its association with selected modifiable and non-modifiable determinants among the adult population of District Swat and District Peshawar. Methodology: After obtaining ethical approval, a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from February to June 2024 among adults aged 18 years and above residing in Swat and Peshawar districts. A sample size of 309 participants was calculated using standard prevalence-based assumptions. Data were collected using a structured and pre-tested proforma covering sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle behaviors, dietary patterns, and clinical history. Diabetes mellitus was defined based on prior diagnosis, use of anti-diabetic medication, and/or HbA1c level >6.6. Results: Out of 309 participants, 19.74% were found to have diabetes mellitus. Among diabetic individuals, 44.26% were aged above 60 years, 60.66% were males, and 68.85% belonged to urban or semi-urban areas. Overweight or obesity was present in 39.34%, while 40.98% were unemployed. Significant associations were observed between diabetes mellitus and tobacco smoking (57.38%, p<0.001), positive family history (31.15%, p=0.0248), sedentary lifestyle (67.21%, p=0.0003), lack of physical exercise (80.33%, p=0.011), and meat consumption (p<0.001). Advanced age, marital status, low income, and overweight/obesity also showed significant associations. Conclusion: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the study population was lower than national estimates but showed strong associations with both modifiable and non-modifiable determinants. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Lifestyle, Prevalence, Physical Activity, Risk Factors, Tobacco Smoking.

Illegal wildlife trade is an important branch of global environmental crime. It relies heavily on transit countries to promote the cross-border movement of illegal wildlife products by boosting markets, laundering services, processing and packaging products, and concealing routes. However, transit countries' strategic role is not well understood. We constructed a dataset of 15years of illegal wildlife seizure cases from the Center for Advanced Defense Studies (C4ADS) air seizure database and Wildlife Trade Portal database. From the dataset, we determined transnational illegal wildlife trade routes with complete supply chain information. There were 84 transit countries, and the organisms involved in trade included mammals, birds, reptiles, marine species, amphibians, and arthropods. We identified that about 40% of illegal wildlife trade routes crossed one or multiple countries. Species being moved along these routes originated mainly from Africa and were transported through African, European, or Asian countries to East Asia or Southeast Asia. Transit countries for illegal wildlife products tended to be geographically close to and have a high trade volume of legal biological products with both the origin and destination countries and had advanced airport infrastructure. Transit countries were associated with 39.7% more individual animal products being illegally traded, particularly ivory, pangolin products, and rhinoceros horn, and served as key bridges among economically underdeveloped and geographically distant countries with weak trade links in legal biological products. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring and enforcement in transit countries and suggest that transit hubs be targeted based on location, trade in legal biological products, and transport infrastructure.

Rising burden of MASLD and CKM syndrome in Asia: A decade of trends and future projections.

We developed a Suitable Conditions Index (SCI) to predict dengue transmission in our prior work. However, the initial SCI was not refined with other important abiotic parameters. Therefore, in this study we refined the index by calculating three variants: temperature-based baseline daily average SCI (BDA-SCI), precipitation-weighted daily average SCI (PWDA-SCI), and waterbody-weighted daily average SCI (WWDA-SCI). We used the district-wise data for two South Asian dengue-endemic countries: Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. Temperature-suitable days specific to Aedes aegypti (17.05-34.61℃) and Aedes albopictus (15.84-31.51℃) were averaged (BDA-SCI) and weighted by district-level precipitation (PWDA-SCI) and waterbody data (WWDA-SCI). We assessed the association between dengue incidence and each SCI, along with other covariates using negative binomial regression models. Furthermore, a binomial logistic regression model (BLR) was used to measure the predictive accuracy of each SCI. The BDA-SCI for Ae. aegypti was highest in Sri Lanka at 0.96 (Standard deviation [SD] 0.04, range 0.85-1.00), compared to Bangladesh 0.68 (SD 0.06, range 0.61-0.87). For Ae. aegypti, WWDA-SCI (Relative risk [RR]aegypti = 1.06, p = 0.056, Akaike Information Criteria [AIC] 1218.6) and BDA-SCI (RRaegypti = 1.05, p = 0.008, AIC 1214.2) had a stronger association with dengue incidence in Bangladesh than PWDA-SCI (RRaegypti = 1.06, p = 0.056, AIC 1232.2), whereas in Sri Lanka, PWDA-SCI (RRaegypti = 1.06, p = 0.056, AIC 472.63) performed better (AICBDA-SCI: 481.36, AICWWDA-SCI: 475.89) in the multivariable model, similar to the findings for Ae. albopictus. The BLR model predicted districts with above-median dengue incidence, and model performance indicated that BDA-SCI achieved highest accuracy for Bangladesh, while WWDA-SCI performed best for Sri Lanka, based on higher sensitivity and the Area Under the Curve value. Overall, the SCI method demonstrated a practical approach for identifying dengue vector suitability and transmission risk. Refining this index with location-specific climatic and environmental variables may enhance the model accuracy and may be used for future predictions under climate change scenarios. Thus, our refined SCI will assist in creating a reliable early warning system and inform the policymakers to initiate vector control strategies, including monitoring and eliminating dengue breeding sites and implementing biocontrol strategies within hotspots.

ABSTRACT This paper introduces a novel unit‐Lindley mixed‐effects model (NULMM) within the generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) framework, designed for analyzing correlated response variables bounded within the unit interval. Parameter estimation was conducted via maximum likelihood, using Laplace approximation and adaptive Gaussian‐ Hermite quadrature (AGHQ). Simulation studies revealed that the Laplace approximation yielded biased estimates, while AGHQ with 5 or 11 quadrature points produced unbiased results. The proposed model was applied to rural electricity access data from South Asian countries, with covariates including time, log(GDP), log(Rural Population), and income level. Results show that time and log(GDP) are positively associated with rural electricity access, whereas log(Rural Population) has a negative association but is not statistically significant. Additionally, significant disparities were observed between low‐income and upper‐middle‐income countries. Model comparisons demonstrated that NULMM provides a better fit to the data than the beta mixed model and the unit‐Lindley (UL) mixed model.