Ash Content Value Research Articles

Proximate composition, mineral, vitamins and antioxidant activities of Cymbopogon citratus /dc/ stapt (lemon grass) and Oregamun vulgare (linn) leaves extracts harvested in Jos, North-Central Nigeria

There many factors that affects the physico-chemical features of plants, including, weather and climatic factors (lightintensity temperature, rainfall), pH, organic matter content, available nutrients etc. thus, the source of a plant plays a big role in its chemical and nutritive content. This study aimed to investigate the proximate composition, mineral, vitamins and antioxidant activities of Cymbopogoh citratus and Oregamun vulgare crude leave extracts (CCCLE and OVCLE), harvested in Zaramaganda, Jos, North-Central Nigeria. Fresh leaves of C. citratus and O. vulgare were harvested in Zaramaganda, Jos, North-Central Nigeria, prepared and extracted via cold water Soxhlet extraction. Chemical and nutritive composition of the two plant extracts were carried out by way of proximate analysis and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) while antioxidant activity was determined by radical scavenging assay using DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-pierylhydrazyl) as an artificial free radical activity. Proximate analysis revealed varied proportions of the content in the investigated plants. The highest % by mass was; moisture content 7.33%, crude protein 16.25% and crude fibre 1.78% respectively in OVCLE while ash (12.54%) and fat (23.54%) content were highest in CCCLE. Mineral analysis revealed higher concentration of calcium, sodium, potassium, zinc, manganese, and iron in CCCLE than OVCLE in mg/100 g. Similarly, the vitamin A, C and E content were highest in CCCLE than OVCLE in mg/g. The inhibitory concentration at fifty percent (IC50) values on the effect of aqueous extracts of OVCLE and CCCLE on DPPH scavenging activity showed that CCCLE (IC50=131.8 µg/mL) had the higher activity than OV (IC50=154.1 µg/mL) as compared to the standard, Ascorbic Acid (IC50=49.13 µg/mL). The crude aqueous extract of C. citratus and O. vulgare harvested from Zaramaganda, Jos, North-Central Nigeria are good source of Vitamins (A, C and E), Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Zinc and little of Manganese and Iron, also with good moisture content, ash content, crude fibre, lipid content and crude fat values. Furthermore, both plants were moderate in reducing DPPH radical levels and thus suggested for cancer patients.

Physicochemical characteristics of kefir milk from lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) seed milk

This study aims to determine the physicochemical characteristics of milk kefir from lotus seed milk (Nelumbo nucifera) and to determine the effect of increasing the concentration of lotus seed milk (Nelumbo nucifera) on physical and chemical properties. physical composition which includes lightness, chroma and hue color tests as well as viscosity and chemical composition which includes moisture, ash, fat, protein and carbohydrate content as well as to determine the best treatment for the manufacture of kefir milk. The research method used was a randomized block design (RDB) with treatment with different concentrations of lotus seed milk with 5 levels of treatment, namely A0 (100% cow's milk, 0% lotus seed milk), A1 (75% cow's milk, 25% lotus seed milk), A2 (cow's milk 50% lotus seed milk 50%), A3 (cow's milk 25% lotus seed milk 75%), A4 (0% cow's milk 100% lotus seed milk) and was repeated 2 times. The results showed that the lightness and chroma color test of kefir milk with lotus seed milk concentration treatment decreased but the hue color and viscosity of kefir milk increased. The ash, fat, protein and carbohydrate content values of milk kefir with lotus seed milk concentration treatment decreased, but the water content value increased.

Production and Characterization of Bio-Briquettes from Coconut Leaves and Cassava Peels

Bio-briquettes from a mixture of coconut leaves charcoal and cassava peel charcoal have been produced and characterized in this study. The analysis carried out included density, burning rate, water content, ash content, and calorific value. Bio-briquette samples were produced with composition variations between coconut leaves charcoal and cassava peel charcoal with mass percentage ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100. The mixture used to produce briquettes with a ratio of tapioca flour, water and charcoal as raw materials is 1.5:1.5:2. The results of the study show that the density and calorific value of bio-briquettes increases with the increase in the amount of cassava peel in the briquette content. The optimum bio-briquette product from this research was found in variations of coconut leaves and cassava peel with a ratio of 75:25. The density is 0.96 g/ml, the burning rate is 0.190 g/min, the water content is 3%, the ash content is 18.81%, and the calorific value is 3521.47 Cal/g.

Energy Potential of Urban Green Waste and the Possibility of Its Pelletization

Due to ongoing changes in the European energy market, there is currently a need to find new and additional uses for waste materials. Horticultural waste, which has not yet been fully recognized, offers a relatively wide potential in this area. Although the properties of these wastes are not ideal for combustion, they can be used as a solid biofuel. The pellets that are produced, however, may have useful properties, either energetic or environmental, and are valuable when utilized in boilers. In this study, six examples of typical input raw materials were selected, analysed, and subsequently pelletized. The experimental results provided an overview of the physio-chemical properties of the evaluated samples. Specifically, the moisture content (9.2–27.8%), bulk density (131.4–242.8 kg·m−3 wt), ash content (3.0–28.0%), lower calorific value (11.3–16.2 MJ·kg−1), and major and minor elements, were evaluated. The pelletization process and resultant pellet characteristics, such as durability (96.3–98.8%), moisture content (7.5–11.5%), and dimensions, were also evaluated. In the statistical evaluation, significant differences were found between individual samples. In particular, both the branches and the mixture of perennial plants met the industry standard limits, showing that they are of sufficient quality. On the contrary, the sample of fallen leaves was particularly problematic with regard to a number of parameters (moisture, ash content, and calorific value). The overview of the analyses performed expands the current state of knowledge on the potential to use selected types of horticultural waste in the field of energy and for the production of shaped biofuels.

Quality of Charcoal Briquettes from Sawdust Waste of Ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri) and Coconut Shell (Cocos nucifera) Based on Variations in Ratio and Particle Size

The industrial revolution and the improvement in living standards of developing countries have caused serious environmental problems. Energy consumption has been steadily increasing over the years due to the increasing world population. Alternative energy is energy that does not come from fossil fuels. Charcoal briquettes are an alternative fuel made mostly from biomass. Charcoal briquettes, a mixture of sawdust waste of ulin and coconut shells, are alternative energy substitutes for fossil fuels. This study aims to determine the benefits of ulin and coconut shell as renewable energy such as charcoal briquettes, as well as determine the effect of variations in the ratio and particle size of ulin charcoal and coconut shell charcoal on the quality of charcoal briquettes. The research method uses a Factorial Experiment Design with 3 repetitions for testing moisture content, volatile substance levels, ash content, and fixed carbon levels. As for testing the calorific value, 2 repetitions were carried out. The results showed charcoal briquettes with optimal results were found in A1B5 treatment (particle size 40 mesh with a ratio of 100% coconut shell particle) with a moisture content value of 5.27%, ash content of 1.37%, and a calorific value of 6998.19 cal/g. The content, ash content, and calorific value produced from the briquettes have met SNI No. 01-6235-2000 standards.

Drying kinetics of modification cassava-seaweed noodles using an oven

Consumption of noodles in the world is always increasing. Noodles made from wheat flour are unhealthy because they cause diabetes, so alternative noodles are needed, such as modified cassava flour and seaweed. Modification cassava is used because it does not contain gluten and seaweed has nutritional value to make healthy, low-calorie noodles. The purpose of this study was to determine the temperature and time of the drying parameters of seaweed noodles. The drying method uses an oven with variable temperature (60, 70, 80, and 90 ) and drying time (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 hours). The results of the study obtained optimal water content at 60 with 6 hours of 11.75%. The drying kinetics evaluated by logarithmic equation, optimal drying constant value at 80 of 0.67 h<sup>-1</sup> with R2 0.9391. Effective moisture diffusivity (D<sub>eff</sub>) maximum evaluated by second Fick law obtained 9.35×107 m<sup>2</sup>/sec at temperature 90 with R2=0.9227. The proximate value of ash content is 12.11%, protein is 9.46%, lipid is 0.10%, and carbohydrates is 65.08%.

Study of recycling of carbon tailings from Portland cement pro-duction

In the clinker Portland production process, rotary kilns burn fuels to reach temperatures as high as 1450 °C. In the Mato Grosso do Sul State, the most common fuel used in such kilns is grounded charcoal. After the grinding steps, charcoal is sieved, and the re-tained material is discarded as tailings. Despite such materials have some carbon matter in its composition, it is a high ash content material. This work is based on the hypothesis that, during the grinding of the material, organic compounds would break in finer particles since they show lower abrasive strength. Thus, ash materials would remain in the coarser particles. The goal of the work is to evaluate the viability of the use of charcoal fines in Portland cement to reuse the material in clinker Portland production. To achieve the proposed goal, fines were fractionated in different particle sizes. Each size fraction was characterized regarding its ash content, proximate analysis, and calorific value. The results allowed to relate size fraction with ash content and calorific value. The results revealed that coarser size fractions (retained in 0,500 mm) presented lower ash content and calorific value. Furthermore, such size fractions correspond to 24,04 % in mass of material.

ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF GRAIN SIZE ON INCREASING CALORIES OF LOW RANK COAL USING THE BROWN COAL UPGRADING METHOD

Upgrading Brown Coal aims to reduce the water content in coal so that the calorific value of coal will increase. The methods used in the upgrading process are inherent moisture, volatile matter, ash content, and fixed carbon. The results after upgrading the calorific value of coal by varying the coal size and heating time showed that the most optimum coal calorific value was in sample B1 size 100 mesh with a mixture composition of 50 grams of coal, 100 ml of used cooking oil and 100 ml of diesel, namely with a calorific value of 7388. 86 Cal/gr. The greater the composition value of used cooking oil and diesel, the smaller the inherent moisture value. In sample A with a mesh size of 50 with a composition of 50 grams of coal, 100 ml of used cooking oil, and 100 ml of diesel, the inherent moisture value was 6.7132%. Sample B with a mesh size of 100 with a composition of 50 grams of coal, 100 ml of used cooking oil, and 100 ml of diesel obtained an inherent moisture value of 6.9858%. The smaller the composition of used cooking oil and diesel, the smaller the ash content value, in the sample the mesh size is 50 with a value of 2.0771%, and in sample B the mesh size is 100 with a value of 1.9070%. The effect of coal size on the upgrading process is to increase the maximum calorific value of the 50 mesh size of the coal.

Proximate and Mineral Composition of Noodles Incorporated with Moringa and Sardine Powders

This study aims to investigate the effect of incorporating Moringa oleifera leaf powder and sardine powder into wheat-based noodle formulations on their nutritional composition. Different formulations were prepared with varying ratios, expressed in percentage (%): WM1 (99.6 wheat: 0.4 moringa ), WM2 (99.2 wheat: 0.8 moringa) andWM3 (99 wheat :1 moringa ); WS1 (95 wheat: 5 sardine ), WS2 (90 wheat: 10 sardine ), WS3 (85 wheat: 15 sardine) and the control sample (WC) containing 100% wheat was also included for comparison. The nutritional parameters assessed included crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, ash, carbohydrate and energy content. Mineral compositions were also determined, including calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn). The results demonstrated significant variations in the nutritional composition of the different formulations compared to the control sample. Results of proximate composition based on dry matter showed that the crude protein values ranged from 11.76-21.40g/100g, crude fibre values ranged from 0.00-0.02g/100g, crude fat values ranged from 1.89-2.94g/100g, ash content values ranged from 1.38-2.26g/100g, carbohydrate content values ranged from 62.31-74.29g/100g and energy values ranged from 358.50-364.53 kcal/100g. Furthermore, the minerals results showed iron values ranged from 32.55-65.50mg/100g, calcium values ranged from 7.39-66.61g/100g, magnesium values ranged from 28.86-87.35mg/100g and zinc values ranged from 2.21-39.25mg/100g. These results indicate that the fortification of noodles with moringa and sardine powders can be a viable approach for enhancing the nutritional value of the final product. Keywords: Proximate composition, Micronutrients, Moringa leaf, Sardine, Recommended Dietary Intake.

Effect Of Combination of Wheat Flour with Yellow Pumpkin Paste and Yeast Concentration on The Quality of Yellow Pumpkin Donuts (Cucurbita Moschata)

The aim of this research was to determine the effect of the ratio of pumpkin paste and yeast concentration on donuts. The variables used include the effect of the ratio of wheat flour to pumpkin pasta and the concentration of yeast on the quality of pumpkin donuts, the ratio of 40% pumpkin paste: 60% wheat flour, 50% pumpkin pasta: 50% wheat flour, 60% pumpkin pasta: 40% and pumpkin paste 1%, 2% and 3% respectively. Meanwhile, the parameters explained are water content, ash content, and organoleptic tests (color, taste, aroma and texture). The research data were processed using a Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 2 replications, data analysis using ANOVA and the Least Significant Difference Follow-up Test (BNT).The best treatment in this study was the T2L2 treatment and the SNI 01-2000 donut quality requirements were 50% pumpkin pasta donuts with a wheat flour ratio of 50: 50% (T2) and a yeast concentration of 2% (L2) with a water content value of 20.71%. , ash content value 0.91%, organoleptic test color value 3.37%, taste value 3.83%, aroma value 3.37% and texture value 3.54%.

Effect of adhesive concentration and particle size on the quality of hazelnut shell briquettes with glutinous rice adhesive

One alternative energy that can be used as a substitute for fuel oil and gas is biomass energy such as briquettes. This study aims to determine the amount of heat, moisture content and ash content of briquettes made using hazelnut shells and glutinous rice adhesives that vary in adhesive concentration and particle size. This study used a complete randomised design (CRD) with variations in glutinous rice concentration of 20%, 30%, and 40% while the particle sizes used were 12 mesh and 24 mesh. The results showed that the adhesive concentration did not significantly affect the test parameters while the particle size affected the moisture content, ash content and calorific value of the briquettes. The highest calorific value was obtained by using 24 mesh particle size with 20% adhesive concentration with a calorific value of 5321 cal/g while the 12 mesh particle size produced the highest calorific value of 4704 cal/g at 20% adhesive concentration. The lowest moisture content value was obtained by using 24 mesh particle size with 20% adhesive concentration with a moisture content value of 6.9% while the 12 mesh particle size produced the lowest moisture content value at 20% adhesive concentration with a value of 7.4%. The lowest ash content value was obtained by using 24 mesh particle size with 30% adhesive concentration with an ash content value of 4.99% while the 12 mesh particle size produced an ash content value of 5.82%. The use of 12 mesh particle size is not in accordance with SNI standards because the heating value produced is still below 5000 cal/gr while the use of 24 mesh particle size is in accordance with SNI standards for all test parameters.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION STUDY OF COAL ASH CONTENT AS POTENTIAL MATERIAL

Coal in Indonesia is used as fuel for power plants to support the availability of electricity. Besides that, several industries such as the cement, paper, textile, and fertilizer also use coal as fuel for production process. Due to that the coal waste such as ash was generating as increasing coal usage. Therefore, further research was carried out to investigate ash content and chemical composition of coal with various types of calories in the South Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan. In addition, this study provides information about management and potential processing of coal ash so that environmental pollution able to minimized. The method used to obtain primary data to determine the content of each parameter is by direct testing on each parameter for variations in the type of coal calorie. As a result, coal with low to high value has a percentage of ash content, respectively 2.5%; 2.3% and 9.7% and mineral content, respectively 77.40%; 0,96% and 95.06%. As well as the chemical composition of coal for SiO2, respectively 26.56%; 30;50% and 58.76%, Al2O3 respectively 11.14%, 12.41% and 28.86%, Fe2O3 respectively 16.12%, 16.40% and 4.24%. CaO and TiO2 respectively 0.50%, 0.64% and 1.53%. The results obtained, namely the value of ash content and the amount of minerals show an increase in each variation of the type of coal calories as well as the economic value shows a graph that always increases.

Optimization of Making Charcoal Briquettes from Rice Husks with Variations in the Composition of Adhesive Materials and Compaction Pressure

This study was done to find a way to turn the rice husk trash. This study aims to generate high-quality briquettes by optimizing the composition of adhesive materials and compaction pressure during the production of briquettes from rice husks. This study's methodology was an experimental one. Testing briquette quality involves measuring their moisture content (%), ash content (%), and calorific value (cal/g) in accordance with SNI 01-6235-2000, which is the standard for briquette quality. The conclusion is briquette samples with a 70:30 composition of charcoal and adhesive and high compaction pressure are the most ideal samples, as evidenced by the fact that they passed the moisture content test and created products with the lowest ash content and highest calorific value.

Hematological Response Studies of Climbing Perch (Anabas testudineus) Fed with Fermented Feed on the Fermentation of Kelakai Leaves (Stenochlaena palustris)

The purpose of this study was to analyze the nutritional value of fermented feed on kelakai leaves that are feasible as climbing perch feed and the hematological response of climbing perch raised by fermentation-based feeding of kelakai leaves. The study was carried out using an experimental method on the maintenance of climbing perch which was fed based on fermented leaves with 5 treatments and 3 tests. The parameters observed are the nutritional content of feed based on fermented leaves and hematological responses which include erythrocyte, leukocyte, hemoglobin, and hematocrit values. The results of the research on the nutritional content of feed showed that fermented feed on kelakai leaves has a protein content of 27%-31%, crude fiber content of 4%-7%, water content of 12%-14%, ash content of 11%-13%, fat content of 4%-6%. It was concluded that there was a decrease in fiber content and fat content and an increase in protein content, water content, and ash content. It happens gradually in line with the increase in probiotic dose. The results of the study on the hematological response of climbing perch are erythrocytes range from 1.65-3.91, leukocytes range from 223.23-287.43, hematocrit ranges from 15.30-35.07 and hemoglobin ranges from 5.37-10.33. The results of the proximate analysis of feed based on the fermentation of kelakai leaves showed that the values of water content, ash content, crude fiber, protein, and fat were in the recommended range. The hematological response of climbing perch shows good results and is in the normal range.

Effect of feed supplement modifications using keratinolytic bacteria on growth performance and meat chemical composition of domesticated quail

This study was carried out to determine a novel strategy for utilization of feather in poultry feed, along with the addition of immobilized keratinolytic Bacillus sp. SLII–1 as a supplement. Eighty male quails (day–old) were randomly divided into four diet groups, with each group receiving four different treatments. The results showed that Bacillus sp. SLII–I exhibited keratinolytic potential by increasing the protein solubility of feather meal in a liquid medium. The immobilization of Bacillus sp. SLII–I using 3% sodium alginate and 0.8% chitosan composition occurred at approximately 4.05×107 CFU/g, while the viable cells were maintained in acidic medium (pH 3.0) at around 3.95×107 CFU/g. Quails aged 19–33 days, fed with feather meal and Bacillus sp. SLII–1, demonstrated significantly higher weight gain and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) as compared to those treated with feather meal without supplements. There were no significant differences in the values of dry matter, ash, and crude protein content of the meat among the quails in all the treatments. Therefore, feed supplemented with immobilized bacteria and feather waste can be utilized as an alternative diet for quails. This way, the use of feed materials can be reduced, and at the same time, chicken feather waste can be effectively utilized.

The Effect of Different Waste Material Binders in Relation to Khaya Senegalensis Solid Fuel Pellet Quality

Fuel pellets are an attractive renewable energy source derived from biomass sources thanks to their uniformity and ease of handling. However, raw biomass and waste material binders have several drawbacks, which include poor physical properties, particularly low density and compositional heterogeneity, which restrict their wider use as a general source of energy. Besides, due to the low energy density, low bulk density, and uneven shape and size of raw biomass, it is very difficult to store and transport biomass in its original form, which decreases transport efficiency. This study investigated the effect of waste material binders (rice husk, corn cob, and sugarcane bagasse) on the mechanical and thermal properties of Khaya Senagalensis pellets. The mechanical and thermal properties were determined according to ASTM standards. Waste material binders have affected pellet quality such as density, bulk density, moisture content, durability, compressive strength, shatter index, water resistance, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and calorific value. From the analysis, sugarcane bagasse as a binder shows the highest quality pellet in terms of mechanical properties. Sugarcane bagasse produces the highest density (0.967g/cm3), bulk density (0.4094), durability (99.71%), shatter index (98.85%), water resistance (98.35%), and thermal properties, which are the highest volatile matter (94.71%) and the lowest ash content (1.71%). In a nutshell, sugarcane bagasse is a good binder that gives a positive impact to the K.senegalensis pellets in terms of storage and transportation compared to corn cob and rice husk binder.

Physicochemical, Hydration and Steady Shear Rheological Properties of Flours Derived From Different Crop Residues From the Honduran Agro–Food Industry

This study aimed to determine the physicochemical, hydration, and rheological characteristics of flours derived from different crop residues (taro, cassava, maize, and banana) affected by climate change in Honduras and to investigate their potential application in food processes. The physicochemical (moisture content, ash, protein, crude fat, starch, amylose content, and color), hydration (water absorption capacity (WAC), water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), swelling power (SP), true and bulk density), pasting (pasting temperature, peak, trough, breakdown, setback, and final viscosity), and rheological properties of the flours were evaluated. Taro flour had the highest values of ash content, WAI and SP and the lowest for crude fat, amylose content, bulk density and peak, breakdown, setback viscosity and consistency index. Cassava flour had the highest breakdown viscosity and flow behavior index values and the lowest for protein content, hysteresis loop area, yield stress, and consistency index. Maize flour had the highest crude fat, protein, and amylose content, bulk density, WAC, setback viscosity, hysteresis loop area, and yield stress, and the lowest values were for ash, protein content, WSI, pasting temperature, breakdown viscosity, and flow behavior index. Banana flour had the highest starch, carbohydrate, WSI, pasting temperature, peak viscosity and consistency index, and the lowest value for protein content, WAI and SP. The study's results have determined the compositional value and functionality of the flours obtained from the agro-residues studied for their potential use in different food products. Keywords: Crop residues flour; Food security; Change climatic; physicochemical characterization; steady shear

Integrated Geophysical and Geochemical Analyses for Assessment of Potential Coal Prospects in Tirah Area, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

This study presents a comprehensive investigation of the Paleocene coal in the Tirah area, District Khyber, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, utilizing onsite Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) experiments combined with geochemical analyses of obtained coal-rock samples. ERT and GPR profiles, along with geochemical data, were collected and meticulously analyzed to assess the potential and quality of coal seams based on coal ranking, aiming to delineate their spatial distribution and future exploitation prospects. The study reveals a wide range of resistivity values, spanning from 8.93 Ωm to 2472 Ωm. The uppermost layer, comprising silt and clay with water saturation, exhibits resistivity values ranging from 8.93 Ωm to 50 Ωm. The subsequent stratum, characterized by wet sandstone with minor shale and clay, has resistivity values between 50 Ωm and 95.3 Ωm. Significantly, the zone with resistivity values between 95.3 Ωm and 800 Ωm is identified as the probable host of the coal seams. Based on the results, the coal seams are estimated to exist at depths ranging from 14 to 23 m, with resistivity values between 95.3 Ωm and 800 Ωm. GPR results further corroborate these findings, revealing coal-bearing strata at various depths, thus confirming the ERT results. Additionally, proximate and ultimate analysis provided insights into the quality of the coal, with average concentration values of moisture content (6.95%), ash content (22.12%), volatile matter (28.55%), fixed carbon (42.40%), carbon content (55.35%), hydrogen (4.7%), nitrogen (0.95%), sulfur (4.82%), and oxygen (10.06%). Comparative analyses of the obtained results with local coals from the Salt Range in Punjab, Pakistan, and coal from Ogboyaga, Nigeria, confirm that the studied coal ranks as sub-bituminous. This comprehensive assessment offers valuable insights into the potential and quality of Paleocene coal in the studied region and is applicable to other areas with similar geological settings.

Quantitative Analysis of Coal Quality by a Portable Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Three Chemometrics Methods

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technology has the characteristics of small sample demand, simple sample preparation, simultaneous measurement of multiple elements and safety, which has great potential application in the rapid detection of coal quality. In this paper, 59 kinds of coal commonly used in Chinese power plants were tested by a lab-designed field-portable laser-induced breakdown spectrometer. The data set division methods and the quantitative analysis algorithm of ash content, volatile matter and calorific value of coal samples were carried out. The accuracy and prediction accuracy of three kinds of dataset partitioning methods, random selection (RS), Kennard–Stone (KS) and sample partitioning based on joint X-Y distances (SPXY), coupled with three quantitative algorithms, partial least squares regression (PLS), support vector machine regression (SVR) and random forest (RF), were compared and analyzed in this paper. The results show that the model featuring SPXY combined with RF has the best prediction performance. The R2 of ash content by the RF and SPXY method is 0.9843, the RMSEP of ash content is 1.3303 and the mean relative error (MRE) is 7.47%. The R2 of volatile matter is 0.9801, RMSEP is 0.7843 and MRE is 2.19%. The R2 of calorific value is 0.9844, RMSEP is 0.7324 and MRE is 2.27%. This study demonstrates that the field-portable LIBS device combining appropriate chemometrics algorithms has a wide application prospect in the rapid analysis of coal quality.

Analisis Nutrisi Sereal dari Ampas Kelapa dan Ampas Susu Kedelai

Coconut pulp and soy milk pulp flour can be combined to reduce the use of wheat flour in the manufacture of cereals. The high fiber and protein content of coconut and soy milk pulp will improve the quality of cereals. The aim of this study was to obtain the mass ratio of coconut and soy milk pulp flour which produces cereals with high nutritional value. The ratio of coconut and soy milk pulp flour used was 0:100; 25:75; 50:50; 75:25; and 100:0 (w/w). Cereal quality was determined based on the value of carbohydrate, protein, fat, fiber, water, and ash content. The results showed that the protein, fat, water, and ash content met the SNI standard, while the fiber content was still higher than the maximum SNI limit. Statistically, the treatment of the ratio of coconut and soy milk pulp flour had a significant effect on all cereal quality parameters (sig. 0.00 < α (0.05)). The high cereal protein content was found in all levels, namely in the range of 14.29-21.14%, while the fat content was in the range of 17.8-34.41%. The use of a 0:100 ratio produces carbohydrate content that meets SNI, which is more than 60%. The use of a combination of coconut pulp and soy milk pulp for the manufacture of cereals that needs to be developed is 25:75 (w/w), however still needs further modifications to reduce fiber content and increase the carbohydrate content.