Breadfruit Research Articles

Preparation of starch from breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) with dual modification through oxidation and cross-linking methods

Preparation of starch from breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) with dual modification through oxidation and cross-linking methods

Physicochemical and Sensory Characteristics of Flakes made of Proportion of Breadfruit Flour (Artocarpus altilis) and Mocaf (Modified Cassava Flour) and Concentration of Sodium Bicarbonate

Flakes are a thin, sheet-shaped food with a brownish-yellow color and are usually consumed with milk as a breakfast menu. In this research, we will make flakes using a combination of breadfruit flour and Mocaf flour. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of the proportion of breadfruit flour and mocaf flour and the concentration of sodium bicarbonate on the physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics of the quality of the flakes produced. This research used a completely randomized design (CRD) factorial pattern with two factors and two replications. Factor I is the proportion of breadfruit flour and mocaf flour consisting of 10:90, 20:80, and 30:70. Factor II is the concentration of sodium bicarbonate, namely 0.3%, 0.4%, and 0.5%. If there is a significant difference, it will be continued with the DMRT 5% further test. The best treatment results were obtained in the treatment of the proportion of breadfruit flour (20%) and mocaf flour (80%) and sodium bicarbonate concentration of 0.4%, namely water content 3.48%, ash content 2.63%, fat content 1.67%, protein content 3.81%, carbohydrate content 87.22%, starch content 78.58%, rehydration power 125.32% and organoleptic values, which include color 3.72 (Slightly brownish yellow), aroma 3.48 (Slightly languorous), taste 3.92 (Slightly savory), and crunchiness 3.92 (slightly crunchy). Contribution to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):SDG 2: Zero HungerSDG 3: Good Health and Well-BeingSDG 9: Industry, Innovation, and InfrastructureSDG 13: Climate Action

Formulation and Activity Test of Nanogel from Ethanol Extract of Breadfulness Leaves (Artocarpus Altilis) as A Topical Preparation for Healing Burn Wounds in Male White Rats

Breadfruit leaves (Artocarpus altilis) contain secondary metabolites that help burn wound healing, and nanogels improve drug delivery through better skin penetration. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of breadfruit leaf ethanol extract nanogel in healing burns in rats. Ethanol extract of breadfruit leaves was obtained by maceration using 96 % ethanol solvent, nanogels were prepared in 3 concentrations namely F1 (1.5625 %), F2 (3.125 %) and F3 (6.25 %) which were tested for physical characteristics of the preparation, stability, antibacterial activity, irritation and burn healing on rat skin. The ethanol extract of breadfruit leaf nanogel was stable for 12 weeks of storage, organoleptically good, good spreadability 5 - 6.1 cm, transmittance percentage test 92.17 - 92.98 %, and more stable at room temperature for 12 weeks of storage, pH stable for 12 weeks of storage, good viscosity between 2,970 - 3,227 cPs, centrifugation test and cycle test showed no phase separation, had antibacterial activity with an inhibition zone diameter of 9.4 to 11 mm against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and did not cause irritation in rabbits. Group F2 showed a faster percentage of wound diameter reduction of 92.84 %, compared to groups F1 and F3 with a healing percentage of 81.14 and 88.91 % concentration within 21 days. Histopathologically, the calculation of the number of angiogenesis, fibroblasts and collagen using a Zeiss Primo Star microscope, Germany, F2 showed better blood vessel formation, which was as many as 14 compared to F1 and F3 with an average of 9.4 and 10 respectively. The formation of the number of fibroblast cells in F1, F2 and F3 was 95, 148 and 132 respectively. Collagen density in F1, F2 and F3 averaged 1 (< 10 %), 3 (50 - 90 %), 3 (90 - 100 %). It can be concluded that F2 has the best healing percentage compared to F1 and F3. HIGHLIGHTSEthanol extract of breadfruit leaves and nanogel preparations of ethanol extract of breadfruit leaves have antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria which often infect human skin, especially open wounds. Nanogel of ethanol extract of breadfruit leaves with a concentration of 3.125 % (F2) provided a better healing effect on burns in mice with an average percentage of burn healing of 92.84 % on day 21, while a concentration of 6.25 % (F3) with an average percentage of burn healing of 88.91 % on day 21, and a concentration of 1.5625 % (F1) with an average percentage of burn healing of 81.14 % on day 21. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Physico-chemical and nutritional properties of breadfruit pulp and peel flours: Insights into starch molecular characteristics and their impact on starch digestibility.

Physico-chemical and nutritional properties of breadfruit pulp and peel flours: Insights into starch molecular characteristics and their impact on starch digestibility.

Studies on some engineering properties of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) starch flour

Studies on some engineering properties of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) starch flour

Production of edible straw based on banana flour and breadfruit flour binding with tapioca starch

Abstract The accumulation of plastic waste is the biggest problems in Indonesia environmental pollution. The aimed of this research is to find out the formula for edible straws using two types of flour-based materials, banana flour and breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) flour with the addition of tapioca starch. This research used a factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) consisting of 2 factors, type of flour (T) and ratio of flour: tapioca (R). The parameters analyzed were amylose content of flour, water content, water absorbance (normal temperature and hot temperature) of edible straw. The amylose content of banana and breadfruit flour were 26.36% and 19.84%, respectively. The water content of edible straw made from banana flour higher (14.1%) than that of breadfruit flour (12.7%). The water absorbance from both materials showed the same trend, it increases as the longer soaked times (6h) and increased the swelling of edible straw. Immersion in higher temperature cause higher water absorbance compared to room temperature. Overall banana flour edible straw shows the lower water absorbance compared to breadfruit edible straw in both immersion water temperature.

Herbal Therapy Potential of Balinese Local Plants for Degenerative Diseases: A Review

Indonesia has a rich biodiversity, including numerous medicinal plants. However, their utilisation remains limited, particularly in treating degenerative diseases. This study explores the potential of local Balinese plants as herbal therapy for diabetes mellitus and hypertension through a systematic literature review. Data were collected from scientific databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct, covering publications from 2018 to 2025. Out of 117 identified articles with exclusion and the same article, 13 relevant studies were selected as primary references. The analysis indicates that plant extracts from Murraya paniculata, Vitis vinifera Var. Alphonso Lavallee, Syzygium polycephalum, Antidesma bunius, Aegle marmelos, Zingiber zerumbet, Elaeocarpus grandiflora, Artocarpus altilis, Impatiens balsamina, Tagetes erecta, Vitex trifolia, and Punica granatum show potential in managing degenerative diseases. Their bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and saponins, act by inhibiting key enzymes, enhancing insulin sensitivity, reducing oxidative stress, and modulating lipid metabolism. These findings suggest that Balinese local plants have promising potential as natural therapies for degenerative diseases, warranting further clinical validation.

Study of modified breadfruit starch (Artocarpus communis) edible coating with red galangal extract (Alpinia purpurea) on the quality of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota L.)

Tropical areas like Indonesia have an abundance of economically useful plants known as the sapodilla (Manilkara zapota L.). There are edible coatings available to preserve the delicacy of the sapodilla. Finding the optimal ratio of red galangal extract to breadfruit starch edible coating was the aim of this study in order to enhance the sapodilla fruit's quality. The study employed an experimental method employing Factorial RAL (completely randomized design) with several treatments of breadfruit starch concentrations, including concentrations of 1%, 2% and 3% that were stored at cold (8°C) and room temperatures. Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that a 2% concentration of breadfruit starch at cold temperatures (8°C) with a shelf life of 18 days was the best concentration treatment with a water content value of 77.5478%, a weight loss of 11.4123% and a total number of microbe colonies of 1.22E+7 CFU/g.

Preparation of magnetic activated carbon based on breadfruit (<i>Artocarpus altilis</i>) peel waste by impregnation method for lead absorption in wastewater

Preparation of magnetic activated carbon based on breadfruit (<i>Artocarpus altilis</i>) peel waste by impregnation method for lead absorption in wastewater

Remediation of Crude Oil Polluted Soil Using Biochar and Nanocomposites Prepared From Bread Fruit Seed Husk

Crude oil contamination presents significant environmental challenges, particularly in soil fertility. This study investigates the use of breadfruit seed husk-derived biochar, combined with iron (FeNPs) and copper (CuNPs) nanoparticles, for degrading total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in contaminated soils. FeNPs and CuNPs were synthesized and characterized using standard methods, including SEM, UV-Vis, and FTIR. The study examined the degradation of TPH in three soil samples (A, B, C) treated with biochar, FeNPs, and CuNPs, both individually and in combination. The FeNPs + Biochar combination achieved the highest TPH degradation (up to 89.03% in soil sample A), significantly outperforming CuNPs + Biochar and biochar alone. Results indicate that FeNPs, through redox reactions, are more effective in breaking down long-chain hydrocarbons than CuNPs, which show lower efficiency due to dependence on specific soil conditions. This study suggests that the combination of biochar and FeNPs offers a promising, eco-friendly approach for the remediation of crude oil-contaminated soils.

Semisynthesis and biological activities of derivatives of cyclocommunol from Artocarpus altilis fruit peel

Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit) is an economically important species of the Moraceae family found throughout the tropics. While breadfruit pulp is widely used and processed into various food products, the peel waste is currently underutilised. Our chemical study of breadfruit peel has led to the isolation of the major constituent cyclocommunol (1). Using 1 as the starting material, we synthesised nine cyclocommunol derivatives (2–10) and tested their antibacterial and antitumor activities. Compounds 1, 3, 4, and 9 have weak antibacterial activity against several Gram-(+) and Gram-(–) bacteria. In addition, compounds 7 and 9 showed moderate cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, whereas compound 4 showed comparable cytotoxicity against the NCI-H460 lung cancer cell line. The study showed that the underutilised breadfruit peel waste may be used as a source of compounds with pharmaceutical potential.

Formulasi dan Evaluasi Sediaan Granul Effervescent Ekstrak Kulit Buah Sukun (Artocarpus altilis)

Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) is a kind of consumable plant, generally peoples will process the fruit and discharge the peel. Effervescent granule is a practice of powder preparation. This study aim to create the effervescent granulation preparation to making the peel if breadfruit will easier to consumen with extract concentrations : F1 (5%), F2 (10%), and F3 (15%) and determine the characteristics of the resulting preparation. Making effervescent granules using the alkaline granulation method. Then the resulting preparation is evaluated by testing, including organoleptic test, pH, flow rate, angle of repose, dissolve time, water content, granule size distribution, and froth height. Breadfruit peel extract can be formulated into effervescent granule preparations. Effervescent granules of F1, F2, and F3 from breadfruit peel extract produce a brownish-white powder, characteristic of the extract. All of the formulas have qualified pH, water content, rest angle, dissolve time, and granule size. Flow velocity F1 7.99 g/sec and F2 7.21 g/sec, including flow velocity "good,” while F3 includes “poorly soluble’ 2.68 g/sec. However, the formulas do not meet the foam height requirements in the market with a foam height of 3 cm, where FI is 0.9 cm, F2 is 0.93 cm, and F3 is 0.96 cm.

In silico-based investigation of the molecular mechanism of Artocarpus communis seed hexane fraction against metabolic syndrome.

The medications for metabolic syndromes are very minimal and the available are not effective and show adverse effects. There is a huge need for the development of effective and safe drugs to battle metabolic syndromes. In this context, our study aimed to decipher the key molecules from Artocarpus communis seed hexane fraction and their possible mechanism of action against metabolic syndrome. Network pharmacology and hub gene analysis revealed that STAT3 displayed the highest number of interactions with 56 genes compared to its counterparts HSP90AA1 (51 interactions) and EP300 (42 interactions). The molecular docking analysis revealed a suitable phytochemical with a higher binding affinity towards the three target genes (STAT3, HSP90AA1, and EP300), which were taken further for the molecular dynamic simulations. Overall, the simulation results depict that all the phytochemicals were stably bound within the cavity of the respective target proteins. Therefore, Artocarpus communis seed hexane fraction can potentially alleviate metabolic syndrome in humans. Solvent-based extraction was performed in this study to extract the phytochemicals in Artocarpus communis seed powder. The hexane fraction was subjected to GCMS analysis to identify the constituents. ADMETlab 3.0 was used in ADME predictions. Gene databases (GeneCards, Pharos, NCBI-gene, and DisGe NET) were used to identify the genes for the study. STRING, DAVID, and KEGG pathways were utilized in this study. PubChem and Protein Databank were used to retrieve the structures of phytochemicals and protein structures. Schrodinger Suite was used for the molecular docking and Desmond 2021-4 was used to simulate the ligand-bound complexes.

Optimization of alkali modified breadfruit peel flour-LDPE composite for car mirror casings

Abstract The research was carried out to optimize the properties of alkali modified breadfruit peel flour-low-density polyethylene (BPF-LDPE) composite. The BPF-LDPE composite was produced for both alkalized with NaOH (NS-BPF-LDPE) and unmodified (UN-BPF-LDPE) composite by compounding bread fruit peel fiber (BPF) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE). The BPF was blended at 5–25 wt.% fiber content (A 1) and 20–100 mesh (850–150 µm) particle size (A 2). The variation of A 1 and A 2 on the tensile strength (U TS), stretching modulus (U TM), elongation (U E), flexural strength (U FS), bending modulus (U FM), hardness (U H), Impact strength (U IS) and water absorption resistivity (U WAR) of the BPF-LDPE composite were verified, respectively. Response surface methodology (RSM) was implemented for this process. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) was tested on NS-BPF-LDPE and UN-BPF-LDPE composite, respectively. The results noted that at optimal state, A 1, A 2, U TS, U E, U TM, U FS, U FM, U H, U IS and U WAR, were 150 µm (100 mesh), 25 wt.%, 7.638322 MPa, 8.105433 %, 0.341301 GPa, 23.48253 MPa, 0.331741 GPa, 167.2593 Pa, 45.28871 kJ m−2 and 4.730205 %, respectively. After the modeling process, the error detected from experimental related results and that RSM was <2.9445 %. All the RSM predicted responses attributed significant correlation indicating good prediction of NS-BPF-LDPE composite in production of engineering component.

From forests to farming: identification of photosynthetic limitations in breadfruit across diverse environments.

Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg) is a prolific tropical tree producing highly nutritious and voluminous carbohydrate-rich fruits. Already recognized as an underutilized crop of high potential, breadfruit could ameliorate food insecurity and protect against climate-related productivity shocks in undernourished equatorial regions. However, a lack of fundamental knowledge impedes widespread agricultural adoption, from modern agroforestry to plantation schemes. Here, we used a multi-environment breadfruit variety trial across the Hawaiian Islands to determine photosynthetic limitations, understand the role of site conditions or varietal features, and define their contributions to agronomic efficiency. Photosynthetic rates were dependent on location and variety, and strongly correlated with fruit yield (r2=0.80, P<0.001). Photochemistry was suitable to full-sunlight conditions, with a saturation point of 1545 photosynthetically active radiation, Vcmax of 151μmolm-2s-1 and Jmax of 128μmolm-2s-1, which are high-end compared with other tropical and temperate tree crops. However, limitations on CO2 assimilation were imposed by stomatal characteristics, including stomatal density (P<0.05) and diurnal oscillations of stomatal conductance (>50% reductions from daily maxima). These constraints on CO2 diffusion are likely to limit maximum productivity more than photochemistry. Our results comprise the first comprehensive analysis of breadfruit photosynthesis, successfully link ecophysiology with fruit yield, and identify vital traits for future research and management optimization.

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY TEST AND INFRARED PROFILE OF HEXANE, EHYL ACETATE, AND ETHANOL EXTRACT OF BREADFRUIT LEAVES (Artocarpus altilis)

The emergence of various degenerative diseases caused by highly active and dangerous chemical compounds known as free radicals requires the use of antioxidants to inhibit oxidation reactions and prevent cell damage by binding free radicals and highly reactive molecules. Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) leaves are rich in phytochemical secondary metabolites. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity and correlate the functional group obtained by infrared profile in the hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts of breadfruit leaves with variations in solvent polarity. This study was conducted using an experimental method using breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) leaves as test materials. The extract was obtained by the maceration method with variations of solvent polarity, namely hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. The examination of antioxidant activity by Diphenyl Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method to determine the Inhibitory Concentration 50% (IC50) values and determination of functional groups using the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) method. The antioxidant activity is indicated by Inhibitory Concentration of 50% (IC50) of hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts of breadfruit leaves, respectively 139.24 µg/mL (moderate), 47.26 µg/mL (very strong), and 129.31 µg/mL (moderate). The functional group obtained for hexane extract were C–H, C=O, C=C, C– O; for ethyl acetate extract were O–H, C–H, C=O, C=C, C–O; and for ethanol extract were O–H, C–H, C=O, C=C, C–O.

La justice congolaise dans l’oeuvre de Tchicaya U Tam’si : entre tradition et héritage colonial

The novelistic work of Tchicaya U Tam'si, in particular his novel These sweet fruits of the breadfruit tree, is so topical in this postcolonial Africa that it raises, in the literary world, what it is agreed to call the “almost obsessive duality of contemporary writers”. The latter constantly oppose, in a Manichaean logic, tradition and modernity, colonization and postcolony. How could it be otherwise, if Tchicaya U Tam’si himself was already defining himself while defining his poetic struggle as political. He warned: “My poetry is politics. » Justice runs through the work of Tchicaya U Tam’si. In his time, the latter opposed the traditional justice of the Bantu to the modern justice of the colonizer. So, between tradition and colonial heritage, what social and societal autopsy These sweet fruits of the breadfruit tree give us postcolonial justice? What justice for what social order in Africa?

Formulation And Physical Evaluation of Body Scrub Cream From 95% Ethanol Extract of Breadfruit Peel (Artocarpus altilis) as Antioxidants

Background: Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) peel contains many chemical compounds including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, polyphenols, and steroids/terpenoids. Breadfruit peel has potential as an antioxidant because it contains phenolic compounds, especially flavonoids and polyphenols. Objective: The aim of this study was to formulate and physically evaluate the preparation of a scrub cream from a 95% ethanol extract of breadfruit peel (Artocarpus altilis) and test its antioxidant activity. Methods: Body scrub cream formulations were prepared using different extract concentrations, such as F1 (no extract), F2 1%, F3 3%, F4 5%, and F5 (Vit C as an equalizer for the antioxidant activity test). Body scrub cream was formulated as an oil-in-water type cream preparation using breadfruit starch as a scrub. Physical evaluation of this preparation consisted of organoleptic, homogeneity, viscosity, pH, spreadability, adhesiveness, and room-temperature storage tests. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH method. Results: The results of the physical evaluation test showed that the body scrub cream produced good results and complied with the requirements of cream products. Antioxidant activity test results show the IC50 value of each formula is F1 (without extract) 107.8 µg/mL, F2 (1%) 72.48 µg/mL, F3 (3%) 56.54 µg/mL, F4 (5%) 43.40 µg/mL and F5 (vitamin C K+) 38.94 µg/mL. Conclusion: Based on these observations, the best formula is Formula 3 because the antioxidant test results are classified as strong, and the physical evaluation tests are considered stable.

Added Value and Feasibility Analysis of Breadfruit Chips (A Case Study of Bumdes Tabelala Barakati)

The abundant breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) potential in Wabula 1 Village remains underutilized, creating a gap in optimizing local resources for economic improvement. This study assessed the added value and feasibility of processing breadfruit into breadfruit chips at Bumdes Tabelala Barakati. In November 2024, the study used a descriptive and quantitative approach with data collected from a single respondent, the head of Bumdes Tabelala Barakati. Added value analysis utilized the Hayami method, while feasibility was analyzed using the R/C ratio. Results showed an added value of IDR 55,425.54 per kilogram per production period, with a 92% added value ratio, highlighting the significant contribution of processing to product value. The production margin was IDR 56,666.67 per kg. Feasibility analysis confirmed the business viability with a B/C ratio of 2.73.

Desarrollo de biopelículas degradables a partir de harina de fruta de pan (Artocarpus altilis), como alternativa al uso de plásticos sintéticos convencionales

This work analyzes the environmental problems derived from the use of conventional synthetic plastics, which, due to their resistance and long useful life, generate waste accumulation and health problems associated with the ingestion of microplastics and the release of toxic substances. As a sustainable alternative, the development of biodegradable biofilms from breadfruit flour (Artocarpus altilis) is proposed. The objective of the research is to evaluate the viability of these biofilms as an ecological substitute for petroleum-derived plastics, by characterizing their physical, mechanical and optical properties, as well as their degradation capacity under controlled soil conditions. The methodology included obtaining biofilms from starch present in breadfruit flour, followed by tests to determine their properties and biodegradability rate. The biofilms prepared in the laboratory were subjected to controlled degradation conditions in soil. The results indicated that these biofilms presented good physical, mechanical and optical properties suitable for use as an alternative material to synthetic plastics, with a capacity for complete degradation in approximately 30 days. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that biofilms based on breadfruit flour are a viable and ecological solution to reduce environmental pollution caused by conventional plastics, contributing to the sustainability of the environment.