Artificial Saline Water Research Articles

Energy from Salinity Gradient of Wetland Saline Water Using Reverse Electrodialysis Membrane

Reverse electrodialysis (RED) membrane is an emerging renewable energy which harvest electricity from mixing two streams on different salinities. In real practice is still not clearly defined for the effectiveness of salinity gradient power (SGP)-RED due to the limitation of artificial saline water. Generally, South Kalimantan Indonesia is rich by wetland and coastal area. Due to that wetland saline water is potential as saline water sources for collection the SGP. This experiment aims to investigate the impact of natural feed stream wetland saline water was collected from Muara Halayung South Kalimantan-Indonesia to demineralized (WSW),artificial brackish (ABW) (0.35 wt %NaCl), and artificial seawater (ASW) (3.5 wt % NaCl) in terms of power density measured on a lab-scale RED membrane stack prototype 12 x 12 cm. Ion exchange membrane (IEM) was used in this work consisted from cellulose modified Anion Exchange Membrane (AEM) by EDTA-quaternization (EDC) process. Whereas, Cation Exchange Membrane (CEM) was employing Nafion NR-212 with thickness 0.002 in. Lab-scale RED tests operated 3 hours into area system has 121cm2; AEM and CEM area have 100cm2; uses spacer nylon a pair between membranes; and two electrodes by stainless-steal and copper. Feed water was into RED system then measured power density as an electrical energy potential that from separate ions by AEM and CEM. The result among of this experiment, characteristic of wetland saline water naturally had electro conductivity (EC) 135.6 µS/cm; TOM 15.2 ppm; and has ionic compound higher in Na+ and Cl- which is Cl- compound as one of potentially formed salinity on that wetland water and become potential uses one of natural feed water in RED system. The highest energy power density on RED process obtained by mixed WSW:ASW was 1.43 W/m2. While ratio of the gradient salinity WSW:ABW to ABW:ASW were increasing 86% which has 1:5 to 1:30 as the effect of stream mixing by two natural feed water.

Use of either pumice or willow-based biochar amendments to decrease soil salinity under arid conditions

In order to alleviate salt- and water-stress in plants, innovative and economically-feasible techniques are needed. In this study, pumice and biochar (made from willow at 350 °C) of different particle sizes (1.5-, 3-, and 6-cm Ø) were separately added at different rates (3, 6, and 12%, v/v basis) to a sandy soil and their effects on soil salinity and water retention were evaluated over time. Soils were drip irrigated with an artificial saline water under non-draining conditions. Pebbles applied at identical rates and sizes as pumice and biochar, were used as positive controls, whereas no amendment was the negative control. Treatments underwent 10 wetting and drying cycles at 35 °C at the end of which, the residual sandy soil (RS) was separated from the amendments. The electrical conductivity (EC) of RS followed the order pumice < biochar < positive control = negative control, with differences being significant at P < 0.05. The smallest EC and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) values of the RS were achieved when applying 12% pumice, regardless of the particle size; the opposite pattern (12% > 6% > 3%) was observed in the pumice when analysed separately from RS. Pumice and biochar treatments also retained more water in the soil after each drying cycle (significant at P < 0.05). At the end of the experiment, the EC values of the leachates indicated that salts retained in pumice were more slowly mobilised than those in the biochar. The application of either pumice or biochar (made from willow at 350 °C) can contribute to decrease soil salinity, but pumice could additionally serve as a tool to remove salts from salt-affected soils.

Saline water desalination with multilevel solar distillation

We use freshwater to fulfil our activity, but the majority of water is classified as saline water. Saline water can be processed to become freshwater (desalination process), but the downside of using those technologies is the cost of energy that need to run the process. Using electrical power to run saline water treatment will make the process expensive, especially for coastal areas with bad energy resource and distribution. Renewable energy can become an alternative to power saline water desalination. Solar radiation is one of the renewable energies that can be used because thermal radiation from solar energy can be applied to drive desalination directly. This research aims to analyse production desalinated water volume to physical properties, water quality, and chemical removal from the desalination process. By making one set of multilevel solar still desalinator and run it using artificial saline water with concentration 15 gram/L for 3 days and 40 gram/L for 3 days, it can produce up to 509 ml freshwater by running desalinator from 09.00 to 15.00. Desalination process can remove 100% salinity, up to 99.90% of Chlorine ion. The pH of freshwater that produced quite low, the lowest pH is 5.45.

Performance of Cobalt-Silica Membranes through Pervaporation Process with Different Feed Solution Concentrations

This work shows the performance of cobalt-silica membranes through water desalination via pervaporation process. The aim of this work is to find out the performance of the cobalt oxide as a templating agent in the silica cobalt membranes for water desalination via pervaporation process. It also aims to investigate the water flux and salt rejection of silica cobalt membranes using artificial saline water. The concentration of cobalt oxide as a template for fabricating cobalt-silica membranes were 5 – 35 wt%. The feed solution applied during pervaporation process were 0.3 – 5 wt% NaCl with operating temperatures of 25, 40 and 60 °C. The silica xerogels were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). From the FTIR result, it is known that the higher the concentration of cobalt in the membrane, the more silanol and siloxane groups. Based on BET analysis, Si-Co 35 wt% membrane has largest pore volume (0.129387 cm3g-1). In addition, the highest value of water flux (7.2660 kg.m-2.h-1) and salt rejection (100%) is achieved by Si-Co 5% membrane in 0.3% NaCl feed at 60 °C. The value of water flux decreases and the value of salt rejection increases with increasing feed concentration.

The Ability of Avicennia marina to Uptake Ions of Sodium and Chloride in Reed Bed System Reactor

Many technologies can be used to solve the clean water crisis. One of the technologies is desalination, but this technology is expensive. So that, it is necessary to find cheaper desalination technology and easier to operate. Bio-desalination is a technology that utilizes bacteria to remove sodium and chloride ions in seawater. In this research, the application of the phytotechnology concept for bio-desalination reactors was carried out. Bio-desalination technology used the uniqueness of mangrove plants (Avicennia marina) in a reed bed system reactor that adapted from a reed bed system commonly used in constructed wetlands (CWs). The aim of the research was to determine the uptake of sodium and chloride ions by Avicennia marina in a reed bed system bio-desalination reactor. The namely of reactor were AM15‰, AM25‰, AMVA15‰ and AMVA25‰. The VA code was shown that Vibrio alginolyticus addition in this reactor. The artificial saline water with initial salinity of 15‰ and 25‰ was chosen based on our previous study. Parameter of salinity was determined using salinometer. Concentration of sodium and chloride ions were analyses using ion chromatography. Based on the results, the concentration of sodium and chloride ions in Avicennia marina at AM15‰ were 843.18 mg/kg and 4959.96 mg/kg, respectively. Meanwhile, those were 1410.01 mg/kg and 5292.64 mg/kg at AM25 ‰, respectively. The concentration of sodium and chloride ions in AMVA15‰ were 1003.39 mg/kg and 3186.96 mg/kg, and it were 8036.43 mg/kg and 9783.91 mg/kg at AMVA25‰. The value of Bio-concentration Factor (BCF) and Translocation Factor (TF) were greater than 1, it indicated that Avicennia marina was as an hyperaccumulator plant for sodium and chloride ions. In conclusion, the Avicennia marina can be used in reed bed system bio-desalination reactor to reduce salinity.

Silica Membranes for Wetland Saline Water Desalination: Performance and Long Term Stability

In this study, silica thin film pH=6 (precursor TEOS:tetraethyl ortosilicate) developed from sol gel process and deposited (2 layers) directly onto alumina substrate(tubular support with 100 nm pore size) without depositing interlayer (interlayer-free).Then, the desalination process via pervaporation was applied to test the membranesperformanceusing artificial saline water and wetland saline water. Results show the decrease of water flux (1.9 to 1.43 kg m-2 h-1) and salt rejection(97 to 95%) when using artificial salty water (0-7.5 wt%) and the long-term stability of silica membrane was stable at 1.7 kg m-2 h-1 for over 100 hours when using wetland saline water as a feed.

Potential ecotoxicity of metals leached from antifouling paint particles under different salinities

Antifouling paint particles (APPs) are residues generated during maintenance of vessels. In boat maintenance areas of South America, waste generation and disposal are not completely regulated. Therefore, APPs can enter into the aquatic environment and act as a source of contamination by metals and other biocides. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential ecotoxicity of the metal mixture present in APPs leached under different salinities. Therefore, the copepod Acartia tonsa was exposed to different concentrations of a leachate solution prepared by the addition of APPs (1.25g/L) in artificial saline water (salinities 5, 15 and 30). Thereafter, complexing agents (EDTA and sodium thiosulfate) were added to the experimental media in order to evaluate metal influence in APPs toxicity. APPs leachate solutions were very toxic to A. tonsa, reaching an estimated LC50 of 1% at salinities 5% and 15%, and 2% at salinity 30. The addition of the chelators in leachate solutions showed that metals are the major responsible compounds for the observed toxicity. Moreover, results from the calculated toxic units suggested a slightly synergic effect between Cu and Zn in the paint formulation. A metal speciation modelling showed that Zn was predominant as a free ion at all salinities, therefore, explaining the high leachate toxicity. Furthermore, the release of Zn was observed more at lower salinities, whereas Cu was observed at higher salinities. APPs are frequently released in estuarine systems, under conditions of salinity gradients. Therefore, navigated estuaries might be under the threat of this neglected residue.

Palm fibers and modified palm fibers adsorbents for different oils

The cleanup of oil spill using natural adsorbents is considered as an eco-friendly and cost-effective way, emphasizing the importance of such natural and effective promising technique. Palm fibers, PFs, were used as natural sorbent material for oil spill removal. The present study examines the sorption efficiency and capacity of raw and modified fibers for three types of oil: diesel oil, crude oil and vegetable oil. The results revealed that the efficiency of fibers to remove different types of oil from artificial saline water was related to sorption time and the system conditions such as oil film thickness, particle size, sorbent dosage and temperature. The results showed high sorption efficiency and capacity of palm fibers for different kinds of oil. PFs were very proved to be promising fibers because of all advantages of agricultural wastes plus the high resistance of that fibers which appeared obviously in the present study.

Experimental evaluation of the performance and energy efficiency of a Vacuum Multi-Effect Membrane Distillation system

The main goal of the current manuscript is the experimental outdoor testing of a Vacuum Multi-Effect Membrane Distillation (V-MEMD) System, the evaluation of the performance and energy efficiency under real operating conditions and the overall design of system components under local economic conditions. This system has a nominal capacity of 30–50L/h and operating temperature range of 50–85°C. The MD system utilizes the memsys V-MEMD modules with four effects. Supporting equipment and systems such as heating, cooling, feed, brine, distillate, recirculation and vacuum loops (cycles) were designed, purchased, installed and tested as an integrated system under outdoor environmental conditions. Experiments were conducted with tap and artificial saline water 30mS/cm as feed streams. The system performance testing showed that the distillate production can reach 50L/h at 80°C of inlet heating water. The system distillate production was found to increase mainly with the increase of heating water temperature and flow rate. The energy efficiency indicators of the system was calculated based on the obtained experimental data, namely Specific Thermal Energy Consumption (STEC) ranged between 300–700kWh/m3, Gained Output Ratio (GOR) was recorded to vary between 1–2.2 and Performance Ratio (PR) was calculated to be 0.4–0.9kg/Mj.

Post Disasters Social Pathology in Bangladesh: A Case Study on AILA Affected Areas

Bangladesh is experiencing with frequent natural disasters due to her unique geographical characteristics. In this regard the aim of the study is to examine how a natural catastrophe creates social pathologies or social crises in the society and to identify the major causes of social pathology by employing qualitative and quantitative approach. Although there is no concrete definition of social pathology, it can be defined as disruptions in normal social life and social chaos that replaces social order. Multiple socio-economic factors i. e. prevalence of saline water, fewer job opportunities, lack of education, migration of male member, are responsible for social diseases or social pathologies such as crime, poverty, corruption, unemployment, sex crime and gender based violence. Artificial saline water intrusion by political elites and losses of economic productivity are the basic reasons for creating social anomies or disorders in coastal Bangladesh. Thus, the people living in coastal areas are experiencing several problems including physical illness, health problem, food crisis, and breaking down the family life where women and children are subjects in most inhuman situation and they are becoming more vulnerable. Balanced social structure through establishing comprehensive sectoral development and risk reduction process could manage minimum life sustaining requirements of the poor and disadvantaged people which it also could ensure social harmony and solidarity in post disaster period.

Água levemente salinizada aumenta a eficiência da larvicultura de peixes neotropicais

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de água levemente salinizada sobre a larvicultura intensiva do tambaqui, matrinxã, apaiari e piau, durante os dias iniciais de alimentação. As larvas foram mantidas em água artificialmente salinizada, em concentrações de 0 (água doce) a 14 g L-1 de NaCl (intervalo de 2,0 g L-1), e foram alimentadas com duas porções diárias de náuplios de Artemia, de acordo com protocolo para cada espécie, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. Larvas de tambaqui, matrinxã e apaiari podem ser cultivadas em até 2 g L-1 de concentração salina, sem prejuízos ao crescimento e à sobrevivência. Larvas de piau foram mais tolerantes e suportaram até 4 g L-1 de concentração salina. Acima disto, a mortalidade dos peixes aumentou e chegou a 100% à concentração de 6 g L-1 (matrinxã e apaiari) e de 10 g L-1 (tambaqui). A salinização da água a 2 g L-1 proporcionou maior taxa de sobrevivência a larvas de matrinxã e maior crescimento a larvas de tambaqui, apaiari e piau. Estas duas últimas espécies apresentaram melhor crescimento com a maior quantidade de náuplios. Água salinizada a 2 g L-1 é benéfica para as espécies estudadas, pois otimiza o potencial de crescimento das larvas e o uso de náuplios de Artemia como alimento vivo.

Online coupling of ultraviolet titanium dioxide film reactor with poly(methyl methacrylate) solid phase extraction–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for speciation of trace heavy metals in freshwater

To rapidly discriminate dissolved labile and stable organic-complexed metal ions, a fully automated approach comprising a photocatalyst-assisted digestion reactor (PADR), a non-functionalized poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) solid-phase extraction (SPE) column, and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) instrumentation was developed. To separate labile dissolved metals from other concomitant metal complexes, a non-functionalized PMMA bead was used as the SPE adsorbent because of its selective interaction with labile metal ions. The PMMA SPE–ICP-MS hyphenated system was optimized, and its analytical reliability was confirmed by using it to analyze the certified reference material—NIST 1643e (artificial saline water). Detection limits (σ=3, n=7) for all analyte ions (Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb), which ranged from 0.005 to 0.186μgL−1, could be reached; therefore, this technique appeared uniquely suited to determining levels of trace elements in most natural freshwater samples. To determine the total quantity of dissolved metals, a new digestion reactor (PADR) was developed for online conversion of metal–organic complexes to their labile forms. Compared to conventional photolysis methods, the digestion time improved considerably and the digestion efficiency for organic substances was excellent (>90%) in the PADR format, with a very short resident time of 10min. After construction of the PADR–PMMA SPE–ICP-MS hyphenated system, the speciation potential of our developed method was evaluated by analyzing three intentionally contaminated water samples. Results indicated that our developed hyphenated system is effective for online determination of total, labile, and metal–humic complexes in freshwater samples and that is capable of providing representative metal speciation patterns for different aquatic systems.

Open-channel chip-based solid-phase extraction combined with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry for online determination of trace elements in volume-limited saline samples

In this study, we used an automated online chip-based solid-phase extraction (SPE)–inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) system for analyzing trace elements in small-volume saline samples (∼15 μL). The proposed method involved the adsorption of trace metal ions in the interior of a functionalized poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) channel in order to separate these ions from saline matrices. The adsorption of transition metal ions was presumably dominated by the surface complexation between the carboxylate moieties in the interior of the PMMA channel and the metal ions, which facilitated the formation of metal–carboxylate complexes. The components of the proposed online analytical system used for the simultaneous detection of multiple trace metals in saline samples involved microdialysis (MD) sampling, an established chip-based SPE procedure, and ICP-MS. The SPE–ICP-MS hyphenated system was optimized, and then, the analytical reliability of this system was further confirmed by using it to analyze the certified reference materials—SRM 2670 (human urine) and SRM 1643e (artificial saline water). The satisfactory analytical results indicated that the proposed on-chip SPE device could be readily used as an interface for coupling the MD probe with the ICP-MS system. The dramatically reduced consumption of chemicals and “hands-on” manipulations enabled the realization of a simplified and relatively clean procedure with extremely low detection limits in the range of 5.86–76.91 ng L −1 for detecting Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, and Pb in 15-μL samples by ICP-MS. The effectiveness of an online MD–chip-based SPE–ICP-MS technique for continuous monitoring of trace elements in a simulated biological system was also demonstrated. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper to report the direct exploitation of a PMMA chip as an SPE adsorbent for online sample pretreatment and trace metal preconcentration prior to ICP-MS measurement.

Effect of Chloride and Sulfate Salinity on Micronutrients Release and Uptake from Different Composts Applied on Total Phosphorus Basis

Generation of different biowastes is increasing day by day, and ultimate load on agricultural lands has increased. Concerns over increased phosphorus (P) application with nitrogen (N)–based compost application shifted the trend to P‐based applications. But focus on only one or two nutritional elements will not serve the goals of sustainable agriculture. Full insight into nutrient availability from different composts is necessary. The need to understand the nutrient release and uptake from different composts has increased because of the use of saline irrigation water in the recent scenario of fresh water shortage. Therefore, current greenhouse studies were designed to evaluate the bioavailability and leachability of some micronutrients [calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and zinc (Zn)] from different biocomposts under chloride (Cl−) and sulfate (SO4 −2) saline environment. In the first pot experiment, soil was amended with livestock compost (AC), poultry compost (PC), and composted sludge (SC) at the rate of 200 kg P ha−1 equivalent bases. Pots were irrigated with artificial saline water of sodium chloride (NaCl) or sodium sulfate (Na2SO4; 60 mmolc L−1), and leachates were collected for Ca and Mg analysis. As composts were applied on total P bases, which left varying amounts of nutrients in each treatment, it was observed that nutrient uptake and release differed greatly regardless of the total amount applied with each compost type. Amount of Ca applied with PC (3.9 g pot−1) was greater, but Ca concentration in leachate was greater under AC‐amended treatments. Magnesium concentration also varied greatly under compost types. Among the saline irrigation, Ca and Mg concentration in leachate increased under both saline irrigations compared to nonsaline treatment, and SO4 −2 had relatively greater ionic strength to replace cations than Cl−. Calcium, Mg, and Zn uptake by maize stem and leaves were greater from SC‐amended pots followed by PC, SC, and control. Irrespective of the salt types, Ca and Mg uptake reduced under both saline irrigations, whereas Zn uptake increased as compared to nonsaline treatment. Among the salt types, it was observed that plant growth and nutrient uptake was more influenced by Cl− than SO4 −2 saline irrigation. In the second experiment, soil was saturated with NaCl and NaSO4 (75 mmolc L−1) and amended with AC. The trend of nutrient uptake under both salt types was similar to first experiment, and the results of AC amendments have been discussed. It can be inferred from the results that regardless of the total amount applied, nutrient uptake greatly varies under different composts and their availability depends upon the source rather than total amount applied. Analogously, sulfate‐dominated irrigation water can increase the leaching of Ca and Mg from root zone more than chloride.

Effect of a commercial alcohol ethoxylate surfactant (C11-15E7) on

Biodegradation of poorly soluble polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been a challenge in bioremediation. In recent years, surfactant-enhanced bioremediation of PAH contaminants has attracted great attention in research. In this study, biodegradation of phenanthrene as a model PAHs solubilized in saline micellar solutions of a biodegradable commercial alcohol ethoxylate nonionic surfactant was investigated. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the surfactant and its solubilization capacity for phenanthrene were examined in an artificial saline water medium, and a type of marine bacteria, Neptunomonas naphthovorans, was studied for the biodegradation of phenanthrene solubilized in the surfactant micellar solutions of the saline medium. It is found that the solubility of phenanthrene in the surfactant micellar solutions increased linearly with the surfactant concentrations, but, at a fixed phenanthrene concentration, the biodegradability of phenanthrene in the micellar solutions decreased with the increase of the surfactant concentrations. This was attributed to the reduced bioavailability of phenanthrene, due to its increased solubilization extent in the micellar phase and possibly lowered mass transfer rate from the micellar phase into the aqueous phase or into the bacterial cells. In addition, an inhibitory effect of the surfactant on the bacterial growth at high surfactant concentrations may also play a role. It is concluded that the surfactant largely enhanced the solubilization of phenanthrene in the saline water medium, but excess existence of the surfactant in the medium should be minimized or avoided for the biodegradation of phenanthrene by Neptunomonas naphthovorans.

Photoinduced oxidation of Hg0(aq) in the waters from the St. Lawrence estuary.

The oxidation of volatile aqueous Hg0 in aquatic systems may be important in decreasing the fluxes of Hg out of the water column. Using incubations of natural samples from the St. Lawrence River, we examined some of the parameters that control this oxidation. Hg0 was found to be chiefly mediated by UV radiation since (i) "dark" oxidation was not found to be statistically significant; (ii) visible light induced a significant but slow photooxidation (k = 0.09 h(-1)); and (iii) visible + UV radiation led to a faster photooxidation (k = 0.6-0.7 h(-1)), mainly because of UV-A induced reactions. Doubling UV irradiation did not increase the reaction rate of Hg0 photooxidation in natural water samples, indicating that some factor other than photon flux was rate limiting and suggesting that the reaction involves intermediate photoproduced oxidant(s). The addition of methanol, a *OH scavenger, decreased Hg photooxidation rates by 25% in brackish waters and by 19% in artificial saline water containing semiquinones, indicating that *OH may be partly responsible for Hg0 oxidation. Photooxidation rates were not affected by oxygen concentrations and did not decrease when samples were heat-sterilized, treated with chloroform, or filtered prior to exposure to light.