Arrow Technique Research Articles

Variation in Flavonoid Compounds, Volatiles and Yield Related Traits in Different Iranian Rosa damascena Mill. Cultivars Based on SPME Arrow and LC-MS/MS.

Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) is an aromatic industrial plant with different applications. Selection of cultivars with high-value metabolites such as flavonoids-with acceptable yields-can lead to elite cultivars for mass propagation in various industries. A field experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) to evaluate metabolites and some yield-related morphological data. In the present investigation, for the first time 13 flavonoid components of nine Iranian damask rose cultivars were compared using LC-MS/MS. As a result, 13 flavonoids were identified, most of which were reported for the first time in rose petals. Phloridzin (72.59-375.92 mg/100 g dw), diosmetin (82.48-153.16 mg/100 g dw) and biochanin A (0-1066.89 mg/100 g dw) were the most abundant, followed by trans-chalcone (0-106.29 mg/100 g dw) and diosmin (41.55-84.57 mg/100 g dw). Levels of naringenin also ranged from 3.77 in B111 to 54.70 mg/100 g dw in C294, while luteolin varied from 4.37 in B111 to 28.87 mg/100 g dw in C294. The SPME Arrow technique also was applied to determine the real aroma of the studied cultivars. Phenethyl alcohol was the most abundant compound, in the range of 69.28 to 77.58%. The highest citronellol/geraniol (C/G) was observed in D234 (4.52%) and D237 (4.30%), while the lowest amount belonged to A104 (1.28%). Rose oxide, as the most crucial factor for odor, ranged from 0.06% in D237 to 0.15% in D211. Based on cluster and principal component analysis (PCA), D234 cultivar can be suggested as a promising cultivar with high yield, high C/G content and high rose oxide, while D234 and C294 were the most valuable cultivars in terms of flavonoids with high yield. Finally, these cultivars can be introduced for further breeding programs and industrial cultivation.

Exploring the volatile profile of whiskey samples using solid-phase microextraction Arrow and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

We present a novel sample preparation method for the extraction and preconcentration of volatile organic compounds from whiskey samples prior to their determination by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS). Sample preparation of the volatile compounds, important for the organoleptic characteristics of different whiskeys and their acceptance and liking by the consumers, is based on the use of the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) Arrow. After optimization, the proposed method was compared with conventional SPME regarding the analysis of different types of whiskey (i.e., Irish whiskey, single malt Scotch whiskey and blended Scotch whiskey) and was shown to exhibit an up to a factor of six higher sensitivity and better repeatability by a factor of up to five, depending on the compound class. A total of 167 volatile organic compounds, including terpenes, alcohols, esters, carboxylic acids, ketones, were tentatively-identified using the SPME Arrow technique, while a significantly lower number of compounds (126) were determined by means of conventional SPME. SPME Arrow combined with GC × GC-MS was demonstrated to be a powerful analytical tool for the exploration of the volatile profile of complex samples, allowing to identify differences in important flavour compounds for the three different types of whiskey investigated.

Adapting cognitive-behavioral therapy for a Malaysian muslim.

Background: Over the years, cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) has gained momentum because of its robust evidence in the treatment of several disorders. However, there is an issue of religious and cultural appropriateness as CBT principles are based on Western conceptualization. This single‐case study (N = 1) implements a culturally and religiously adapted CBT on a 34‐year‐old male with panic disorder with agoraphobia in Malaysia. The client had symptoms comprising various episodes of sudden onset of breathlessness, accelerated heart rate, and fear of dying for the last 14 years. The CBT was culturally and religiously adapted based on (1) A CBT manual in Bahasa Malaysia that was previously modified and adjusted according to the norms of the Malaysian society and (2) General guidelines in "Religious–Cultural Psychotherapy in the Management of Anxiety Patients" by Razali et al in 2002. The present modified CBT had 3 assessments formulation sessions and 12 intervention sessions. Methods: The first 6 sessions were based on the behaviour component of CBT (ie, a relaxation technique using Islamic prayer, reciting verses from the Holy Quran, slow breathing exercise, body scan, and progressive muscular relaxation). However, sessions 7 to 12 were focused on cognitive restructuring and exercises, such as identification of negative automatic thoughts, cognitive distortions, dysfunctional thought records, vertical arrow technique, and the coping statement was practised through collaborative empiricism, while implementing Islamic and cultural elements. The focus of termination sessions was on interoceptive exposure, cognitive rehearsal, and in vivo situational exposure. Results: Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) was administered at regular intervals. BAI scores revealed the effectiveness of adapting the intervention. Conclusion: Panic attacks, worry about panic attacks, and anxiety scores reduced remarkably and the client was able to go out of the house, travel independently, and pursue religious/social activities.

Optimization and validation of automated solid-phase microextraction arrow technique for determination of phosphorus flame retardants in water.

In the present work, a very sensitive and fully automated direct immersion PAL SPME Arrow procedure, coupled with GC-MS, has been developed and validated for determination of nine phosphorus flame retardants in different types of water samples (river, drinking and rainwater). PDMS/DVB was selected among three commercially available SPME Arrows (PDMS/DVB, DVB/PDMS/CWR and PDMS/CWR), since it resulted in the best sensitivity. The important experimental parameters were optimized via a central composite design response surface methodology and as result, extraction time of 65min, extraction temperature of 80 °C and added salt concentration of 19% (w/v), were selected as the optimum values. The optimized method showed linear response over the calibration range (2 - 500ng L-1), with R2-values higher than 0.9937. The precision (RSD%) measured by replicate analyses (n=7) was estimated at 2 and 100ng L-1 and was less than 29% and 21%, respectively. The LOQ of PAL SPME Arrow, calculated as S/N=10, was between 0.2 and 1.2ng L-1 (for triphenyl phosphate and tris-(1‑chloro‑2-propyl) phosphate, respectively) with extraction efficiencies between 5.9 and 31% (for tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate and tri-n‑butyl phosphate, respectively). To assess the performance of the developed technique for real samples, two river water samples, tap water from two regions and a rainwater sample were analyzed. Most of the target analytes were observed in the river samples with concentrations of 1.0 - 250ng L-1 and the obtained recoveries at 50ng L-1 ranged between 60 and 107%. Considering the figures of merit of the optimized method, PAL SPME Arrow-GC-MS showed to be the most sensitive analytical approach for determination of phosphorus flame retardants in water, with satisfying precision and accuracy, compared with conventional SPME-NPD, LLE-GC-MS and SPE-LC-MS/MS.

Dorsal median lipectomy (the arrow technique): A new approach for the treatment of the circumferential truncal skin and fatty tissue excess

The increase in the number of patients who undergo massive weight loss surgery has led to an increasing number of patients who complain of circumferential abdominal skin and soft tissue excess. Currently, the only surgical option to treat soft tissue excess is vertical median abdominal lipectomy (fleur-de-lys technique). However, many patients are reluctant to undergo this surgery because of the position of the scar. We presented a new surgical approach to manage circumferential excess -dorsal median lipectomy (arrow technique)- in which the dorsal scar is well-tolerated by patients.

Socratic Questions With Children: Recommendations and Cautionary Tales.

This clinically focused article offers cognitive behavior therapists recommendations and cautionary tales for using the Socratic method when working with children. The importance of the therapeutic relationship in combination with developmental considerations is discussed. The use of Socratic method in various cognitive behavioral modules is illustrated by means of case examples. Dialogues provide examples of how the cognitive specificity hypothesis and downward arrow technique can be used to support young clients in eliciting negative automatic thoughts. The importance of pacing, the mixing of closed and open-ended questions, and behavioral experiments to aid cognitive restructuring are also highlighted through extracts from clinical conversations. Finally, the article emphasizes that the purpose of the Socratic method is to broaden thinking and to access new knowledge rather than just giving young clients new thoughts and problem solving strategies.

Core belief content examined in a large sample of patients using online cognitive behaviour therapy

BackgroundComputerised cognitive behavioural therapy provides a unique opportunity to collect and analyse data regarding the idiosyncratic content of people’s core beliefs about the self, others and the world. Methods‘Beating the Blues' users recorded a core belief derived through the downward arrow technique. Core beliefs from 1813 mental health patients were coded into 10 categories. ResultsThe most common were global self-evaluation, attachment, and competence. Women were more likely, and men were less likely (than chance), to provide an attachment-related core belief; and men were more likely, and women less likely, to provide a self-competence-related core belief. This may be linked to gender differences in sources of self-esteem. Those who were suffering from anxiety were more likely to provide power- and control-themed core beliefs and less likely to provide attachment core beliefs than chance. Finally, those who had thoughts of suicide in the preceding week reported less competence themed core beliefs and more global self-evaluation (e.g., ‘I am useless’) core beliefs than chance. LimitationsConcurrent symptom level was not available. The sample was not nationally representative, and featured programme completers only. ConclusionsMen and women may focus on different core beliefs in the context of CBT. Those suffering anxiety may need a therapeutic focus on power and control. A complete rejection of the self (not just within one domain, such as competence) may be linked to thoughts of suicide. Future research should examine how individual differences and symptom severity influence core beliefs.

Experimental Manipulation of Beliefs about Uncertainty: Effects on Interpretive Processing and Access to Threat Schemata

This study investigated the influence of beliefs about uncertainty on interpretive biases and access to threat schemata, with the use of an experimental manipulation. Individuals from the community and undergraduate students (N = 74) were randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions: positive beliefs about uncertainty (n = 37) and negative beliefs about uncertainty (n = 37). To manipulate beliefs about uncertainty, participants watched a presentation on problem solving that either contained information about the positive or the negative effects of uncertainty on problem solving. To assess interpretive biases, participants completed a modified version of the Ambiguous/Unambiguous Situations Diary. Participants read potentially threatening passages and rated their level of worry. Passages were then disambiguated either positively or negatively and participants rated the likelihood and the value (goodness or badness) of these events. To assess access to threat schemata, the Catastrophizing Interview was administered. The Catastrophizing Interview is a structured worry task that assesses various aspects of the worry process, using the downward arrow technique. The results indicated that, although many of the expected group differences were not observed, participants in the negative beliefs about uncertainty group did rate the positively disambiguated scenarios as less positive and the average likelihood of feared consequences to personal worries as more probable. This study provides partial support for the notion that beliefs about uncertainty may have a causal effect on interpretations of ambiguous situations as well as on ease of access to threat schemata.

New Bouncing Curved Arrow Technique for the Depiction of Organic Mechanisms

Many students fail to develop a conceptual understanding of organic chemistry. Evidence suggests this failure goes hand-in-hand with a failure to grasp the techniques, meaning, and usefulness of curved arrow notation. Use of curved arrow notation to illustrate electrophilic addition appears to be a critical juncture in student understanding. Misconceptions arise because electrophilic addition is the first reaction where the curved arrow shows electrons from a pi bond forming a new bond that does not originate from a specific atom. This article describes a new technique (bouncing curved arrows) that addresses this stumbling block by designating which alkene carbon makes a bond to the electrophile. By removing this stumbling block and replacing it with a clear demonstration of the utility of curved arrows to describe regiochemistry of organic reactions, we encourage students to use curved arrows rather than rote memorization to deal with subsequent mechanisms. Student and faculty survey data are provided as evidence that both groups find bouncing curved arrows useful for describing electrophilic addition reactions, as well as electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions and carbocation rearrangements.

The Downward Arrow Technique

This paper addresses the use of the downward arrow technique to elicit core beliefs and a selection of strategies used to modify it.

Using imagery to identify and characterise core beliefs in women with bulimia nervosa, dieting and non-dieting women

Women with bulimia nervosa (BN), dieters and non-dieting control participants were questioned about spontaneous imagery linked to concern with food and eating, weight and shape. The downward arrow technique was used to access any associated negative or core beliefs, which were examined for belief, distress and content. A semi-structured interview with open and closed questions was used. Negative self (core) beliefs were successfully accessed, and responses to the interview items had good test–retest and good inter-rater reliability. Patients with BN reported significantly more negative self (core) beliefs than those in the other two groups. Only a very small number of core beliefs about other people or the world in general were reported. Emotional belief ratings appeared to be higher overall than rational belief ratings. Patient's negative self-beliefs contained themes of “self-value”, followed by “failure”, “self-control” and “physical attractiveness”, in descending order of frequency. The findings are discussed in relation to existing research, and implications for cognitive theories of bulimia nervosa and clinical practice are briefly discussed.

Disorders of Body Image

General adult psychiatrists commonly encounter patients with unusual attitudes to their bodies, often in connection with eating disorders. The condition of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)—in which the patient is preoccupied with an imagined or exaggerated aspect of the appearance—is more rarely seen, especially in the National Health Service, where more severe mental illnesses get priority. When we do see patients with this condition, they tend to be difficult to help. Sometimes the referral comes from a general practitioner who wishes to know whether a patient's request for cosmetic surgery is appropriate. For all who deal with such patients, Castle and Phillips' short book is packed with clinically useful information. Whilst the title suggests that the book addresses all disorders of body image, the focus is on BDD. This is fair enough since there are already many texts on eating disorders; only one chapter deals specifically with eating disorders, although basic-science chapters include information on anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and obesity. The book also offers clinically relevant chapters on body image in general psychiatric disorders and body image disorders in childhood. However, the editors are particular authorities on BDD and in three chapters they provide an account of its diagnosis and management. As well as a general account of the epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical features and management of BDD, there are detailed descriptions of psychopharmacological and cognitive—behavioural treatments. The clinical chapters are preceded by accounts of basic research in body image. Neurological and anthropological evidence is supplemented by a fascinating chapter on the brain physiology of disgust as an emotion. Beyond psychiatry, it seems that as many as 7-16% of patients seen by cosmetic surgeons and dermatologists have BDD; and, whereas most individuals who have cosmetic surgery perceive their body image to have improved, some 80% of patients with BDD are dissatisfied with the results of treatment. The more detailed chapters on treatment of BDD are clearly relevant for psychiatrists and psychologists treating the condition. The chapter on cognitive—behavioural treatment requires some knowledge of specific methods (e.g. downward arrow technique) but this can easily be acquired from textbooks. They have offered a useful overview of cognitive—behavioural strategies that can be applied in BDD—such as response prevention exercises with mirror use and cognitive restructuring—though the scientific basis for such treatments is not made clear. The advice will be valuable to psychologists as well as psychiatrists. With psychopharmacological treatment the focus is on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors but other treatment options are discussed. Throughout the book, research references are up to date and comprehensive. The evidence base consists mainly of studies with small numbers; few randomized trials have been done. Disorders of Body Image—well written and signposted with clear subheadings—will be a useful work of reference for general psychiatrists who see the occasional patient with BDD; we therefore recommend it to libraries in mental health trusts. Psychologists will find it helpful in cognitive—behavioural therapy, and psychiatrists with a special interest in BDD (most of whom will be in private practice) will wish to have their own copy. Cosmetic surgeons too.

Disorders of Body Image

General adult psychiatrists commonly encounter patients with unusual attitudes to their bodies, often in connection with eating disorders. The condition of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)—in which the patient is preoccupied with an imagined or exaggerated aspect of the appearance—is more rarely seen, especially in the National Health Service, where more severe mental illnesses get priority. When we do see patients with this condition, they tend to be difficult to help. Sometimes the referral comes from a general practitioner who wishes to know whether a patient's request for cosmetic surgery is appropriate. For all who deal with such patients, Castle and Phillips' short book is packed with clinically useful information. Whilst the title suggests that the book addresses all disorders of body image, the focus is on BDD. This is fair enough since there are already many texts on eating disorders; only one chapter deals specifically with eating disorders, although basic-science chapters include information on anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and obesity. The book also offers clinically relevant chapters on body image in general psychiatric disorders and body image disorders in childhood. However, the editors are particular authorities on BDD and in three chapters they provide an account of its diagnosis and management. As well as a general account of the epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical features and management of BDD, there are detailed descriptions of psychopharmacological and cognitive—behavioural treatments. The clinical chapters are preceded by accounts of basic research in body image. Neurological and anthropological evidence is supplemented by a fascinating chapter on the brain physiology of disgust as an emotion. Beyond psychiatry, it seems that as many as 7-16% of patients seen by cosmetic surgeons and dermatologists have BDD; and, whereas most individuals who have cosmetic surgery perceive their body image to have improved, some 80% of patients with BDD are dissatisfied with the results of treatment. The more detailed chapters on treatment of BDD are clearly relevant for psychiatrists and psychologists treating the condition. The chapter on cognitive—behavioural treatment requires some knowledge of specific methods (e.g. downward arrow technique) but this can easily be acquired from textbooks. They have offered a useful overview of cognitive—behavioural strategies that can be applied in BDD—such as response prevention exercises with mirror use and cognitive restructuring—though the scientific basis for such treatments is not made clear. The advice will be valuable to psychologists as well as psychiatrists. With psychopharmacological treatment the focus is on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors but other treatment options are discussed. Throughout the book, research references are up to date and comprehensive. The evidence base consists mainly of studies with small numbers; few randomized trials have been done. Disorders of Body Image—well written and signposted with clear subheadings—will be a useful work of reference for general psychiatrists who see the occasional patient with BDD; we therefore recommend it to libraries in mental health trusts. Psychologists will find it helpful in cognitive—behavioural therapy, and psychiatrists with a special interest in BDD (most of whom will be in private practice) will wish to have their own copy. Cosmetic surgeons too.

Magnetovariational soundings across the South Island of New Zealand: difference induction arrows and the Southern Alps conductor

Magnetovariational (MV) data from 14 sites on a transect of the South Island of New Zealand are presented. The induction arrows clearly show the effects of induction in the surrounding oceans. Comparison with the responses of an analogue model of the effect of the oceans on induction in the New Zealand region indicates that the induction arrows also contain information on anomalous on-land conductivity structure. The use of difference induction arrows to remove the effect of induction in the oceans from the observed responses is validated using both two- and three-dimensional numerical models pertinent to the New Zealand situation. Difference induction arrows calculated by subtracting the analogue model results from the observed data show a clear reversal, in both real and quadrature arrows, across the South Island. Two-dimensional numerical modeling of the projections of the difference arrows on to the transect shows that the response is consistent with the existence beneath the Southern Alps of an anomalously conducting region previously identified by magnetotelluric (MT) sounding. Use of the difference arrow technique is seen to be valid over a large period band because of the reduction in the coast effect response range as a result of the island situation.

Cognitive Therapy with Couples: The Initial Phase of Treatment

Cognitive Therapy with Couples: The Initial Phase of Treatment Frank M. Dattilio. Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Press, 1994, (Video: 56 minutes). In this videotape, Dattilio demonstrates the application of cognitive therapy techniques to counseling with couples. The 56-minute videotape is accompanied by a 19-page program guide that highlights the techniques demonstrated and outlines the content of the sessions. Both the videotape and the program guide are intended to supplement the book Cognitive Therapy with Couples (Dattilio and Padesky, 1990). Actors portraying a white married couple are shown meeting with Dattilio for an initial conjoint session, two individual sessions (one with the wife and one with the husband), another conjoint session, and a final follow-up session several weeks later. The five session excerpts range in length from a very brief 3 minute follow-up session to longer session excerpts lasting approximately 14 minutes. In the opening pages of the program guide, Dattilio offers a brief summary of his use of cognitive therapy with couples. He focuses on the expectations that each partner brings to the relationship and how these expectations may grow increasingly negative over time resulting in a breakdown of communication. In order to explore these expectations, Dattilio presents a variety of techniques including the comparison of current negative frames with former positive frames, the use of the "downward arrow" technique to identify personal meanings, the use of the dysfunctional thought record to identify and record automatic thoughts, the identification of feelings, and the assignment of homework, primarily from the book Love is Never Enough (Beck, (1988). In his closing statements, Dattilio notes that the video is designed to be an introduction to the techniques discussed in Cognitive Therapy with Couples (Dattilio and Padesky, 1990). The degree to which this video is successful in introducing these techniques will be discussed from three perspectives: the perspectives of the student, the practitioner, and the consumer. This video was watched and reviewed within the context of a supervised practicum experience for doctoral students in counseling psychology. From the perspective of student trainees, the context within which to use the techniques presented is unclear. Dattilio successfully demonstrates the cognitive therapy techniques mentioned above, but because this is done through a series of relatively short session excerpts, the larger contexts of the complete therapy sessions are lost. As a consequence, trainees may feel confused as to when to apply these techniques. Dattilio could have avoided this problem by either presenting the techniques in one full-length session or by presenting the techniques in isolation as microskills. The therapist models some positive skills that may be helpful to the student trainee such as using humor to reduce rising tensions and focusing on strengths in the relationship between the couple. However, Dattilio displays some behaviors that may be inconsistent with those commonly taught to students. For example, Dattilio often uses the technique of challenging negative automatic thoughts, but he does not follow those challenges with empathic support for the client's experience of emotion. This process is particularly evident in the individual session with the wife. The therapist uses the downward arrow technique with the client to arrive at a core belief. Once this core belief is unearthed, she begins to cry, but Dattilio does not offer empathic support for the client's emotional reaction. More experienced therapists should understand that in the real world of therapy, this display of emotion would likely be acknowledged and explored by asking a question such as "How are you feeling right now?" However, based upon the demonstration of techniques in this video, novice student therapists may come away believing that cognitive therapists ignore clients' emotions. …