Arrival Of Europeans Research Articles

Fashion Industry of “Russian Harbin” in 1917—1939. On the Problem of Mutual Cultural Influence

Representatives of the Russian diaspora of the “first post-revolutionary wave” left a significant mark in the history of the world fashion industry of the 20th century. The revolutionary events of 1917 in Russia and the arrival in Europe and America of thousands of Russian refugees have created in Western society there is a huge interest in “Russian" and "Russian style”, manifested in the mass demand for “Slavic” Handicrafts and products of Russian fashion Houses that emerged in the early 1920s, first in France then in Britain and the United States . One of the recognized centers of the fashion industry of the Russian abroad in 1917—1939 was Harbin, whose socio-cultural phenomenon is unique. The article focuses on the features of the development of “Russian Harbin” fashion industry in 1917—1939. Special attention is paid to the transformation of the “Russian style” in preserving the national traditions of the clothing culture of the emigrant society of the “first post-revolutionary wave” and to the problem of personification of the anthropology of the fashion industry of “Russian Harbin” of 1917—1939.

Chinook Resilience: Heritage and Cultural Revitalization on the Lower Columbia River by Jon D. DaehnkeTony A. Johnson

93 Reviews REVIEWS CHINOOK RESILIENCE: HERITAGE AND CULTURAL REVITALIZATION ON THE LOWER COLUMBIA RIVER by Jon D. Daehnke foreword by Tony A. Johnson University of Washington Press, Seattle and London, 2017. Illustrations, maps, notes, bibliography, index. 256 pages. $30.00 paper. Too often, writings about contemporary Indigenous peoples still trade on tragedy. The Chinook in particular offer a ready temptation in this regard as a non-recognized people physically located at the end point of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, one of European America’s most treasured national narratives. Once situated as key regional brokers of trade, culture, and power, the Chinook lost much of this position with European arrival and United States colonization and occupation of the continent. Chinook Resilience, as the title suggests, does not rest in those moments of loss and pain. Jon Daehnke tells the story of the Chinook, their efforts at continuing as a people, and their ongoing battle for official and legal recognition by the United States government. At the same time, this book mostly centers on the role of heritage in Indigenous cultural survival and the complexities of that survival under the stresses and forces of settlercolonialism.Thus,Daehnkereliesonthree themes: the ongoing impacts of colonialism in regards of heritage-based projects and practices; Indigenous forms of and purposes for sustaining heritage; and the need to pay attention to tensions over different notions of place and space. The Chinook offer a uniquely compelling case becausetheirnon-recognitionstatusoftenmakes heritage efforts complicated and constrained. While resting on a solid base of archaeology, the text Daehnke presents is rooted in handson experience and full engagement with the Chinook people. He appropriately identifies his approach as both “heritage ethnography” and “collaborative ethnography,” both of which signal the broad realms of culture he must navigate as well as the need to work intensively with and for the Chinook. The author’s compelling recounting of meetings and disagreements over policy and practice, and tensions over cultural legacies in multi-tribal areas, cuts to the heart of what many Indigenous communities navigate on a daily basis. Daehnke offers skilled accounts that are clearly based on experience with these proceedings but also provides important illustrations of the larger context of settler colonialism that generates so many of those tensions. As he shows, today’s tribal leaders often prove the most deft of contortionists in working with local, regional, organizational, and federal agencies in order to push forward even the most modest projects. By necessity, the Chinook (like many) have become experts at working to build effective relationships with key non-Native partners, which facilitate rather than obstruct cultural practices and protocols. Daehnke shows how the Chinook’s mundane but crucial work to create a viable present and future when working with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, for example, still continues to combat Eurocentric maps, anthropological methods, and ongoing land claims of settler colonialism. My favorite are the final two chapters, which highlight the efforts toward the construction of the plankhouse at Cathlapotle, and the emergence and growth of tribal canoe journeys. These sections prove to be the heart of the book, as they represent multifaceted and relatively successful heritage or cultural revitalization endeavors. Those examples, both outlined in wonderful detail and care, are precise illustrations of forward-looking acts of sovereignty negotiated within the constraints of a settler colonial nation-state. The canoe journeys, in particular, are inter-tribally determined modes of asserting Indigenous geographies and sovereignties . And, as the author points out, they also serve as a springboard for other forms of cultural revitalization in the Pacific Northwest, from plankhouse construction to language to wood carving to weaving. If there is room for mild criticism, I would say that Daehnke’s academic fluency with the concepts of space and place remains under- 94 OHQ vol. 121, no. 1 developed. Cultural and human geographers (including Indigenous geographers) would have much to add to the conversation, as a great deal of literature and debate exists over topics as seemingly simple as the meanings of space and place. Yet, the overall project is still clearly well-informed by Indigenous spatial practices. Despite the potential for this book to fall into a fully academic...

Tatau: A History of Sāmoan Tattooing by Sean Mallon and Sébastien Galliot

Reviewed by: Tatau: A History of Sāmoan Tattooing by Sean Mallon and Sébastien Galliot Kristina Togafau Tatau: A History of Sāmoan Tattooing, by Sean Mallon and Sébastien Galliot. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2018. isbn 978-0-8248-7849-8; 320 pages, illustrations, glossary, index, bibliography. Cloth, us $80.00. From deep time to the present, Samoans have always been mobile, maintaining extensive voyaging and networks throughout Oceania. For us, as a seafaring people, mobility has been a means of exchanging language, knowledge, and material goods between ourselves and others in Oceania. In Tatau: A History of Sāmoan Tattooing, Sean Mallon and Sébastien Galliot have traced Samoan mobility via the expansion of the tatau as it continues to reach across the global stage. Their text is both a celebration of the practice and, more importantly, a historicization of the effects of imperial powers in Oceania that have led to a Samoan diaspora. Mallon and Galliot's work elucidates the ruptures in our history made by imperialism, and through that they have opened up [End Page 299] space for the rest of us to continue the 'ave'ega of our story. Mallon and Galliot begin, as most things do, with a story. They present two perspectives—ethnographic and oral tradition (fāgogo)—of tatau that grapple with its relationship to Sāmoa as its place of origin. In the story of the sisters Taemā and Tilafaigā, they bring the practice of tatau from "Fiti" (Fiji) to Sāmoa, demonstrating it to those they meet along their travels across the archipelago. The story, as well as the practice itself, functions as a map that tracks the sisters' movements, the land, and Samoan history. From this fāgogo, two encounters during their journey led to the beginning of the two clans, Su'a and Tulou'ega, that would from then on be responsible for the practice. Ultimately, Mallon and Galliot favor Samoan oral tradition as the root of tatau and its mapping of the two houses held responsible for carrying on the tradition. These two genealogical lines have become the gatekeepers of tatau. As tatau becomes more popular among non-Samoans, and with the invention of new social media, both of these lines are crucial in preserving traditional practices and ceremony. The arrival of Europeans convoluted the implications of receiving tatau; their documentation—or lack of documentation—of tatau implied that they did not regard it or the ceremony surrounding it as significant. For Europeans at the time (1722–1900), commerce and trade were the primary objectives in relation to the archipelago. Mallon notes that what little was documented during early contact was mostly in passing and that "we must be content with the impression left by short-term visitors" (35). Many of the mentions of tatau at that time liken the markings to "breeches," which functioned in a similar manner to conceal the wearer's nakedness. The designs and motifs themselves are only vaguely described, if at all. With the arrival of missionaries, tatau practice and its social and political significance began to change as Christianity took hold of the archipelago. Missionaries pushed for tattooing to be abandoned, but this was not just because the practice was seen as part of a "heathen" culture. Thomas H Hood notes that the missionaries opposed the "social disturbance it caused" through the accompanying ceremony and celebratory feasts, dancing, and wrestling matches (45). The ceremony itself seemed to be the biggest issue, as it distracted from other work. However, strictness among the various Christian groups varied. Catholic missionaries were known to tolerate the practice, while other orders were stricter. The leniency of the Catholic Church has been seen by some commentators as a contributing factor in the preservation of tatau in the western part of Sāmoa. However, as Christianity became more intertwined with Samoan politics, more policies were put into place to regulate the practice for the Church's monetary benefit. This political move transformed the social structure of familial bonds, such as the feagaiga between brother and sister, into a hierarchy with the Church at the top. Tattoos didn't explicitly play a part in this restructuring...

Nancy MorejónBefore a Mirror, the City by David Frye

baby daughter, and a daughter to her own mother, whose loving care for her bereft daughter typifies the matrilineal strengths of the Sérère culture on the Senegalese coast, where a shipwreck triggered not only personal, but national, grief. Rosemary Haskell Elon University Nancy Morejón Before a Mirror, the City Trans. David Frye. Buffalo, New York. White Pine Press. 2020. 111 pages. NANCY MOREJÓN HAS LONG been synonymous with Cuban poetry (see WLT, Summer 2002, Autumn 2019). In this succinct collection of poems, introduced by Juanamaría CordonesCook and beautifully translated by David Frye, Morejón is synonymous with Havana, embodying that dignified and downtrodden, anachronous place blessed with spirit and light; it feeds her soul, inspires her poetry, and breaks our hearts with its struggles and its rubble. Morejón was the first Black Cuban woman poet to publish widely and be accepted as a professional writer, critic, and translator. The twenty-four poems here range over five decades, from some of her earliest collections, Amor, ciudad atribuida (1964) and Richard trajo su flauta y otros argumentos (1967), and poems from more recent collections, Paisaje Celebre (1993), La Quinta de los Molinos (2000), and Pierrot y la luna (2005). The selection herein reflects the city’s sounds, smells, and textures , in verses devoted to Parque Central in Old Havana, the Quinta de los Molinos, the port, and the emblematic Malecón. Presumably, when she stands before her reflection, we see the city and the city sees her (this city . . . will begin to stalk you / haunting your footsteps). Morejón’s ode to Central Park (“Parque Central, alguna gente”) ends with a battle cry to her fellow countrymen. She describes a park passerby and beseeches him, and us, to “walk slowly and breathe deeply . . . / and give his whole life / with all his fervor / comrades.” In one of her earliest poems, “Love, City Attributed,” from her eponymous second book, the dedication reads: “al lector, compa ñero” (to the reader, comrade), invoking a sense of selflessness and unity demanded and spurred on by the revolutionary times. In the poem she asks repeatedly, “who am i” and then: “does anyone hear the dream from my cursed mouth / who am i talking to.” To this reader’s mind, there’s no doubt about who Morejón is, or to whom she is speaking—she embodies all the elements of the city and the collective experiences of its inhabitants, and Havana and its residents are listening, now in English through these poems in her exquisitely translated voice. Comrades, indeed. Erin Goodman Arlington, Massachusetts C. T. Rwizi Scarlet Odyssey Seattle, Washington. 47North. 2020. 546 pages. AFROFANTASY. It’s a largely unsung literary tradition in the making, one that grapples with the whiteness and westernness of mass-market genre fantasy and is exemplified by recent work by N. K. Jemisin , Marlon James, Rivers Solomon, and the present novel, C. T. Rwizi’s Scarlet Odyssey. In the best tradition of epic fantasy, Scarlet Odyssey is the first in a trilogy, a sprawling tale populated by dozens of characters exploring a complex world while taking on a dramatic, empire-sprawling quest, using magic, wielding swords and spears, and encountering legendary creatures. Historically, fantasy fiction has looked like some version of medieval or early modern Europe. The last three decades, however , have seen an increasing number of fantasy novels set in worlds based on the histories and mythologies of non-Western cultures, so that it’s virtually impossible to name any world culture and not find a fantasy novel based on it, from the Aztecs to, now, the Xhosa and Zulu. Rwizi’s novel is very much in this tradition, taking Swazi cultures, languages, and folktales as the basis for a wonderfully realized secondaryworld fantasy. Not only is Scarlet Odyssey a novel treat in terms of its imagining a world that looks and feels very much like southern Africa prior to the arrival of Europeans, but Rwizi also goes beyond the norm to create an incredibly complex magical system that intermingles computer programming, environmental stimuli, a totem system, animal spirits, mecha, and so much more. Rarely does a first-time novel, let alone a firsttime epic fantasy...

Asylum seekers' perspectives on vaccination and screening policies after their arrival in Greece and The Netherlands.

IntroductionEurope has been dealing with an increasing number of refugees during the past 5 years. The timing of screening and vaccination of refugees is debated by many professionals, however refugees’ perspectives on health issues are infrequently taken into account. In this study, we aimed to investigate asylum seekers’ perspectives on infectious diseases screening and vaccination policies.Materials and methodsInterviews were conducted in Greece and the Netherlands. Asylum seekers and recently arrived refugees were approached and informed with the help of interpreters; consent forms were acquired. The survey focused on demographic data, vaccination status, screening policies and prevention of infectious diseases.ResultsA total of 61 (43 male, 70.5%) refugees (30 Afghanis, 16 Syrian, 7 Erithrean) were interviewed. Mean age was 35.2 years (SD 13.5) and 50% had received primary or secondary education, while 24.6% received none. Median time after arrival in Greece and the Netherlands was 24 months (IQR 8.5–28). 44 out of 61 (72.1) participants were willing to be vaccinated after arrival in Europe, 26 preferred vaccination and screening to be performed at the point of entry. The need for screening and vaccination was perceived higher amongst participants in Greece (100% vs 43.3%) due to living conditions leading to increased risk of outbreaks.ConclusionParticipants were willing to communicate their perspectives and concerns. Screening and vaccination programs could be more effective when implemented shortly after arrival and by involving asylum seekers and refugees when developing screening and vaccination interventions.

First report of pre-Hispanic Fasciola hepatica from South America revealed by ancient DNA.

It is generally assumed that the digenean human liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, gained entry to South America during the 15th century upon arrival of Europeans and their livestock. Nonetheless in Patagonia, Argentina, digenean eggs similar to F. hepatica have been observed in deer coprolites dating back to 2300 years B.P. The main objective of our present study was to identify and characterize these eggs using an ancient DNA (aDNA) study. Eggs were isolated and used for aDNA extraction, amplification and sequencing of partial regions from the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 1 mitochondrial genes. Also, phylogenetic trees were constructed using Bayesian and maximum likelihood. Our results confirm the presence of F. hepatica in South America from at least 2300 years B.P. This is the first report and the first aDNA study of this trematode in South America prior to the arrival of the European cattle in the 15th century. The present work contributes to the study of phylogenetic and palaeobiogeographical aspects of F. hepatica and its settlement across America.

2,100 years of human adaptation to climate change in the High Andes.

Humid montane forests are challenging environments for human habitation. We used high-resolution fossil pollen, charcoal, diatom and sediment chemistry data from the iconic archaeological setting of Laguna de los Condores, Peru to reconstruct changing land uses and climates in a forested Andean valley. Forest clearance and maize cultivation were initiated during periods of drought, with periods of forest recovery occurring during wetter conditions. Between AD 800 and 1000 forest regrowth was evident, but this trend was reversed between AD 1000 and 1200 as drier conditions coincided with renewed land clearance, the establishment of a permanent village and the use of cliffs overlooking the lake as a burial site. By AD 1230 forests had regrown in the valley and maize cultivation was greatly reduced. An elevational transect investigating regional patterns showed a parallel, but earlier, history of reduced maize cultivation and forest regeneration at mid-elevation. However, a lowland site showed continuous maize agriculture until European conquest but very little subsequent change in forest cover. Divergent, climate-sensitive landscape histories do not support categorical assessments that forest regrowth and peak carbon sequestration coincided with European arrival.

Kaitiakitanga and the Conservation Estate: Protecting Māori Guarantees Under the Treaty of Waitangi Through the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990

Māori are tangata whenua (people of the land) of Aotearoa New Zealand. The development, sustenance and transmission of mātauranga Māori (Māori knowledge) requires a relationship between tangata whenua and their taonga (everything that is held precious). Since the arrival of Europeans, this relationship has been compromised by environmental degradation, the alienation of tangata whenua from traditionally owned lands and urbanization. The conservation estate is one of the few remaining avenues through which Māori can fulfil their cultural obligations as kaitiaki (guardians) over their taonga. Since the creation of the conservation estate, the Crown has assumed near-absolute management. As the Waitangi Tribunal’s Ko Aotearoa Tēnei report identified, the exclusion of Māori from participation in the management of the estate renders the Crown in breach of both the governing legislation, the Conservation Act 1987, and the Treaty of Waitangi. This paper considers whether the exclusion of Māori from the governance of the conservation estate, frustrating their ability to act as kaitiaki over their taonga, breaches two rights under the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990. The paper asks whether the Crown’s exclusion violates s 15, the right to manifest religion or belief, or s 20, the right to culture. This paper concludes that the scope of both rights can incorporate, and protect, the exercise of kaitiaki obligations, with s 20 being the most appropriately tailored to protecting this practice. The analysis explores the parameters of both rights and considers whether similar claims taken in comparative jurisdiction can provide guidance for the inclusion of this practice under New Zealand Bill of Rights Act. Recognising kaitiaki obligations as protected under the Act provides that in acting as a gatekeeper between Māori and their ability to sustain a relationship with their taonga, the Crown is breaching human rights.

Immigration and human capital: consequences of a nineteenth century settlement policy

I study a settlement policy implemented by the Chilean government between 1882 and 1904 to analyze the relationship between European immigration and the human capital of natives. Using historical censuses, I show that this policy was successful in recruiting skilled Europeans, who located in different parts of the country. Using a panel data of provinces observed between 1860 and 1920, I find a strong, positive, and robust correlation between recruited Europeans and the human capital of natives. This finding is not driven by changes in the provision of public goods or regional shocks. However, the arrival of Europeans is associated with an increase local economic output 50 years after the policy was terminated. These changes in the local economy, together with narrative historical evidence, suggest that a modernization of economic activities is a potential explanation for the increase in the human capital of natives.

Do introduced apex predators suppress introduced mesopredators? A multiscale spatiotemporal study of dingoes and feral cats in Australia suggests not

Abstract The role of apex predators in structuring ecosystems through the suppression of mesopredator activity and abundance is receiving increasing attention, largely due to the potential benefits for biodiversity conservation. In Australia, invasive mesopredators such as feral cats (Felis catus) have been identified as major contributors to Australia's mass mammal extinctions since European arrival. The introduced dingo (Canis familiaris) has been proposed as a novel way to suppress the impacts of feral cats, however, scientific evidence of the dingo's suppressive role is equivocal. We used camera traps to investigate whether a large introduced predator (dingo) suppresses the activity of an established introduced mesopredator (feral cat) across a national park site conserving endangered species, and an agricultural site supporting cattle grazing enterprises. Feral cats and dingoes exhibited marked overlap in both temporal and spatial activity, indicating coexistence. Some temporal separation was evident at the agricultural site, however, this reflected higher diurnal activity by dingoes, not a responsive shift in cat activity. Cat activity times were unrelated to dingo presence and did not differ between areas occupied by dingoes and dingo‐free areas. There was no evidence of dingoes excluding cats from patches at either site, nor was there evidence of within‐night fine‐scale spatiotemporal avoidance of dingoes by cats. Species co‐occurrence models revealed dingoes had no negative effect on the probability of cat presence. The probability of detecting a cat on the national park was significantly higher in areas with dingoes than in dingo‐free areas, while on agricultural land, cat detectability did not differ between areas with and without dingoes. Cats remained active, abundant and widespread across both sites, with evidence of cats hunting and breeding successfully in areas occupied by dingoes. Synthesis and applications. Our findings indicate that feral cats can coexist with dingoes, without apparent suppression of cat activity, abundance or fitness. Proposals to reintroduce or restore dingoes and other large predators to suppress invasive mesopredators and conserve biodiversity should be carefully evaluated on a site‐by‐site basis, as their ability to suppress cats and protect species of conservation significance will likely be context dependent.

Rainfall‐dependent impacts of threatened ecosystem engineers on organic matter cycling

AbstractSpecies loss is often associated with a decline in ecosystem functions. Globally, digging mammals (or ecosystem engineers) are functionally important, altering soil processes at local scales. However, their effects on the process of decomposition are poorly understood, particularly at larger scales, where the environment may moderate the magnitude of effects.We tested the landscape‐scale effects of reintroducing ecologically extinct digging mammals on two aspects of nutrient cycling over a large environmental gradient in Australia, where many digging mammals became extinct or ecologically extinct following the arrival of Europeans.We measured the impacts of digging mammals on soil organic matter content and plant litter decomposition over a 3,000 km transect, where annual average rainfall varied between 166 and 877 mm. We set up paired study plots (n = 8–10) inside and outside five reintroduction reserves. We took soil samples to assess soil organic matter content and set up litter bags to measure plant litter decomposition over 4 and 12 months. We used macroinvertebrate exclusion and macroinvertebrate access treatments to determine the relative importance of macroinvertebrates in decomposition with and without digging mammals.Soil organic matter was greater in reintroduction areas, but the magnitude of the effect was driven by productivity (average annual rainfall as a proxy), with little effect of digging activity at the wettest sites. Short‐term plant matter decomposition was greater in the presence of digging mammals, and their effect was dependent on the amount of rain that fell during the study period. Long‐term litter decomposition increased with annual rainfall, independent of digging mammals. Unexpectedly, macroinvertebrate exclusion increased decomposition rates over 12 months.Reintroduction of digging mammals substantially alters soil processes and organic matter decomposition, but impacts are rainfall‐dependent. Restoring native digging mammals to their historical distribution is likely to reverse degradation of ecosystem processes, but the magnitude of this effect depends on the environment.A freePlain Language Summarycan be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

Eyes towards the horizon: structure-from-motion photogrammetry enhances understanding of ship petroglyphs from Rapa Nui (Easter Island)

In this paper we present two petroglyphs of western sailing ships that were recently discovered on Rapa Nui (Easter Island). The far-reaching social ramifications of the arrival of the first Europeans have been discussed in a number of papers, but these newly found images allow for further insight into the effect their arrival had on the Rapanui population. Using structure-from-motion (SfM) macro photogrammetry we created detailed 3D images of the petroglyphs. This helped identify a hitherto unrecognised sense of accuracy and attention to detail employed in the depiction of a European ship by Rapanui artists. Their interest in the construction of European sailing ships, and reproductions thereof, are best understood in the context of the island's isolation and the lost traditions of building ocean-going canoes.

Categorical Denial: Evaluating Post-1492 Indigenous Erasure in the Paper Trail of American Archaeology

To understand the implications of archaeological site recording practices and associated inventories for studying Indigenous persistence after the arrival of Europeans, we examined the documentary record associated with nearly 900 archaeological sites in Marin County, California. Beginning with the first regional surveys conducted during the early 1900s and continuing into the present, the paper trail created by archaeologists reveals an enduring emphasis on precontact materials to the exclusion of more recent patterns of Indigenous occupation and land use. In assessing sites occupied by Indigenous people from the late sixteenth through the mid-twentieth centuries, we discuss how the use of multiple lines of evidence—including temporally diagnostic artifacts, chronometric dating techniques, and historical documentation—may help illuminate subtle but widespread patterns of Native presence that have been obscured by essentialist assumptions about Indigenous culture change. Our findings further reveal the shortcomings of traditional site recording systems, in which archaeologists typically categorize sites within the prehistoric-protohistoric-historic triad on the basis of commonsense decisions that conflate chronology with identity. Instead, we argue for recording practices that focus specifically on the calendric ages of occupation for any given site.

El Pastaza y el Upano, dos ríos tropicales que conectan los Andes a la Amazonía

El Amazonas, llamado Marañón aguas arriba, nace en los Andes y se alimenta de los manantiales de la cordillera y los sedimentos arrancados a las laderas de la montaña. Los valles del Pastaza y del Upano son cabeceras de ríos que alimentan al Marañón. Solo 70 km de distancia los separan y drenan aguas no navegables al bajar de los Andes ecuatorianos. Pese a estas semejanzas, la comparación de los desarrollos sociales entre los dos valles muestra contrastes y puntos comunes que niegan los determinismos geográficos. Al mismo tiempo revelan el peso de las tendencias evolutivas regionales en el destino de las sociedades que los habitaban. Más allá de las notables diferencias geofísicas, los dos valles han tenido desarrollos precolombinos distintos aunque comparables. En efecto los períodos más antiguos, estuvieron claramente relacionados con los mundos amazónico y andino a la vez, mientras que los periodos más recientes, anteriores a la llegada de los europeos, marcan la formación de un universo cultural amazónico separado del mundo andino.

Social Movements, Political Change and Support for Refugees: Implications for Social Work Practice in the UK

In recent years, the numbers of refugees and migrants moving across borders has been unprecedented, with more than 68.5 million people around the world leaving their countries as a result of persecution, conflict, violence, or human rights violations. Their journeys are perilous, crossing dangerous waters, often leading to death of family members. Upon arrival in Europe they continue to struggle, often living in detention-like conditions, unable to access basic protection and being vulnerable to traffickers. Most European governments offer emergency relief, without a common framework for legal protection or a clear vision of what statutory social services should provide. Like many other European countries, in the UK, designated social services are also limited and formal efforts to support refugees arriving in the UK remain uncoordinated, mostly provided by volunteers and non-governmental organisations. Drawing on the theoretical framework of social movements, this article offers a critique to current social work practices for refugees in the UK. Using the case of resettlement policies, it argues that sustainable social services to protect this vulnerable group could develop through the political opportunity structures created by non-governmental organisations. It concludes that community mobilisation can influence social work practice to better support the refugees.

The First Gardeners: Native Americans and New Jersey’s Environment at First Contact

This work examines the region’s physical environment around 1600 using contemporary observations of extant fauna and flora as well as a historiography of scholarship on Native American land management, and concludes not only that there was never a primeval forest in the east, but that European intrusion actually caused the forests to grow thick with neglect. Upon European arrival, the forest was a widely-spaced, open landscape that was frequently burned and actively managed by the Native Americans. After European arrival, epidemic disease devastated indigenous populations such that the forests grew wild outside of the agrarian corridors in the Delaware Valley and Piedmont. This, combined with long-standing dehumanizing racism against Native Americans, cemented the notion of the pristine myth into popular history. The argument begins with a description of early European observations from the seventeenth century, progresses to an assessment of the evolution of modern understanding of how Native Americans managed the forest through fire and other techniques, and concludes with an analysis of the persistence of the pristine myth balanced with the reality that, as Natives were killed by epidemic disease or otherwise vacated the region, there truly was an unmanaged forest growing at the periphery of the colonial world for a brief moment in history.

Remote Places As Post-Contact Refugia

ABSTRACTThe arrival of Europeans, and later Americans, to California in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries led to complex social and economic turmoil for Native Americans. Throughout this period, Native Americans found myriad ways of resisting colonial influence and maintaining traditional ways. In this article, we explore how two places considered “remote” by colonial powers (San Clemente Island and the Coso Range in the Mojave Desert) served as ideal locations for those seeking to remove themselves from the colonial system. Although local cultural and economic circumstances were different, both locations were less desirable to Euroamerican settlers until relatively late in time. Using the ideal free distribution model as a theoretical framework, this article argues that the remoteness of these areas allowed Native cultures to continue in traditional ways until the 1850s on the Channel Islands and the 1870s in the Coso Range.

New electron spin resonance (ESR) ages from Geißenklösterle Cave: A chronological study of the Middle and early Upper Paleolithic layers

Geißenklösterle Cave (Germany) is one of the most important Paleolithic sites in Europe, as it is characterized by human occupation during the Middle and early Upper Paleolithic. Aurignacian layers prior to 37–38 ka cal BP feature both musical and figurative art objects that are linked to the early arrival in Europe of Homo sapiens. Middle Paleolithic layers yielded lithic artifacts attributed to Homo neanderthalensis. Since human occupation at the site is attributed to both Neanderthals and modern humans, chronology is essential to clarify the issues of Neanderthal disappearance, modern human expansion in Europe, and the origin of the Aurignacian in Western Europe. Electron spin resonance (ESR) dating was performed on fossil tooth enamel collected from the Middle Paleolithic layers, which are beyond the radiocarbon dating range, and from the nearly sterile ‘transitional’ geological horizon (GH) 17 and the lower Aurignacian deposits, to cross-check ESR ages with previous radiocarbon, thermoluminescence and ESR age results. The Middle Paleolithic layers were dated between 94 ± 10 ka (GH 21) and 55 ± 6 ka (GH 18) by ESR on tooth enamel. Mean ages for GH 17, at 46 ± 3 ka, and for the lower Aurignacian layers, at 37 ± 3 ka, are in agreement with previous dating results, thus supporting the reliability of ESR chronology for the base of the sequence where dating comparisons are not possible. These results suggest that Neanderthals occupied the site from Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5 to the second half of MIS 3 and confirm the antiquity of early Aurignacian deposits. The presence of an almost sterile layer that separates Middle and Upper Paleolithic occupations could be related to the abandonment of the site by Neanderthals, possibly during Heinrich Stadial 5 (ca. 49–47 ka), thus before the arrival of H. sapiens in the area around 42 ka cal BP. These dates for the Middle Paleolithic of the Swabian Jura represent an important contribution to the prehistory of the region, where nearly all of the excavations were conducted decades ago and prior to the development of reliable radiometric dating beyond the range of radiocarbon.

The three-hybrid genetic composition of an Ecuadorian population using AIMs-InDels compared with autosomes, mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome data

The history of Ecuador was marked by the arrival of Europeans with Africans, resulting in the mixture of Native Americans with Africans and Europeans. The present study contributes to the knowledge of the Ecuadorian mestizo population by offering information about ancestry and ethnic heterogeneity. Forty-six AIM-InDels (Ancestry Informative Insertion/Deletion Markers) were used to obtain information on 240 Ecuadorian individuals from three regions (Amazonia, the Highlands, and the Coast). As a result, the population involved a significant contribution from Native Americans (values up to 51%), followed by Europeans (values up to 33%) and Africans (values up to 13%). Furthermore, we compared the data obtained with nine previously reported scientific articles on autosomal, mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomes. The admixture results correspond to Ecuador’s historical background and vary slightly between regions.

Variación de los dominios forestal y herbáceo en el paisaje vegetal de la península Ibérica en los últimos 20.000 años. Importancia del efecto de los grandes herbívoros sobre la vegetación

Los mega-herbívoros (masa corporal superior a 1000 kg) contribuyen a estructurar el paisaje vegetal por medio del consumo, la rotura y el desarraigo de numerosas plantas leñosas, tendiendo a transformar las zonas boscosas en mosaicos de pasto, matorral y bosque. Estos mosaicos ayudan a mantener una elevada biodiversidad ya que facilitan la persistencia de plantas y animales de ambientes esteparios desarbolados y forestales densos que alternaron en los paisajes europeos siguiendo los ciclos glaciales del Pleistoceno. La desaparición de los mega-herbívoros de la península Ibérica a final del Pleistoceno seguramente provocó una cascada de efectos ecológicos que todavía desconocemos. También ignoramos las causas de esta desaparición, si fueron naturales o antrópicas, por lo que tampoco podemos saber si los paisajes vegetales que se desarrollaron posteriormente, en el Holoceno, son de origen natural o antrópico.El objetivo de esta revisión es explorar en la literatura científica la hipótesis de que la transformación del paisaje por el hombre tras su llegada a Europa comenzaría por la caza intensiva de los grandes herbívoros, causando su desaparición o la disminución drástica de sus poblaciones. La consiguiente reducción del efecto de estos animales sobre las plantas leñosas, que había sido muy intenso en los anteriores interglaciares, propiciaría una marcada recuperación forestal al final del Pleistoceno y comienzos del Holoceno. Los bosques densos se extenderían mermando los pastos y herbívoros de espacios abiertos, que fueron el principal sustento de Homo sapiens en el Pleistoceno. Esta limitación obligaría a los humanos a cambiar su dieta para sobrevivir y, en un periodo de tiempo relativamente corto, a adoptar un nuevo modo de vida basado en la ganadería y la agricultura.Los resultados de la revisión no permiten avalar ni rechazar la hipótesis planteada, ni siquiera alguna de las cuestiones más relevantes derivadas de ella. Varios fundamentos de esta hipótesis se debaten actualmente y están dando lugar a interpretaciones contrapuestas.Se discuten los aspectos ecológicos más relevantes encontrados, se proponen algunas ideas para su interpretación y se enfatizan las limitaciones de la información paleo-ecológica publicada para responder a preguntas tan generales como las que planteamos.