Arrival Date Research Articles

PSI-9 Effect of Pen-Surface Temperature and Trace Mineral Source on Infrared Hide Temperature in Cattle Raised in Confinement Under a Natural-Feeding Protocol in Summer

Abstract Thirty-two pens housing between 249–282 beef cattle each were blocked by arrival date and sex and used to investigate effects of pen-surface temperature, trace mineral source and sex on hide temperature. A randomized complete block design was used with 2 treatments: 1) Control, with inorganic sources for all trace minerals of interest; and 2) Test, with ProPath (Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN) used to provide additional AA complexes of Zn and Mn, complexed Co, and ruminally-protected folic acid to basal control diet. Cattle were fed to meet requirements of JBS “Aspen Ridge” and observed twice monthly from June–September. Three observations per observation day were made at these times: 1) 0700–1000; 2) 1015–1315; 3) 1430–1700 (all times ± 30 min). Hide temperatures were observed caudal to glenohumeral joints of 10 black-hided and, when available, 10 non-black-hided animals per pen. Within each pen, surface temperatures were observed at 3 locations on the cement bunk apron and 7 locations on the dirt surface. Temperatures were observed using a Fluke VT04 visual infrared thermometer. Temperatures were greater on black-hided cattle than non-black-hided cattle (P < 0.0001) and on steers than heifers (P < 0.0001). Temperatures on Test cattle were greater (P = 0.0008) than temperatures on Control cattle, but this effect was small (0.251o C) and inconsistent across observation days (treatment within date interaction: P < 0.0001). Pen-surface temperatures were greater in Time 2 than Time 1 (P < 0.0001), but not different between Time 2 and Time 3 (P = 0.37). Hide temperatures on all cattle were correlated with pen-surface temperature (R2 = 0.43). Trace mineral source had a small but statistically significant effect on hide temperature. Correlations between hide temperature and visible signs of heat stress are unclear and warrant further observation.

Increased Stopover Duration and Low Body Condition of the Pied Flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) at an Autumn Stopover Site.

Simple SummaryMany bird species that migrate long distances are in decline partly because of environmental changes, such as climate change or land-use changes. Although much is already known on the effects of environmental change on birds that are on their spring migration or on their breeding grounds, little is known with regard to possible negative effects on birds that are on their autumn migration and visiting so-called stopover sites on their way to their wintering grounds. These stopover sites are vital for birds to refuel, and a potential deteriorating quality of the stopover sites may lead to individuals dying during migration. We investigated the impacts of local environmental conditions on the migration strategy and body condition of the Pied Flycatcher at an autumn migration stopover site using long-term ringing data and local environmental conditions. We found that although birds arrived and departed the stopover site around the same time over the years, the body condition of the individuals caught decreased, and the length of their stay at the stopover site increased. This suggests that conditions at the stopover site during the autumn migration period have deteriorated over time which may lead to the death of more birds during autumn migration.Many long-distance migratory bird species are in decline, of which environmental changes, such as climate change and land-use changes, are thought to be important drivers. The effects of environmental change on the migration of these birds have often been studied during spring migration. Fewer studies have explored the impacts of environmental change on autumn migration, especially at stopover sites. However, stopover sites are important, as the quality of these sites is expected to change over time. We investigated impacts of local environmental conditions on the migration strategy and body condition of the Pied Flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) at an autumn migration stopover site using long-term ringing data (1996–2018) and local environmental conditions. We found that although the arrival and departure dates of birds at the stopover site remained unchanged, the body condition (fat score) of the individuals caught decreased, and the stopover duration increased. This suggests that conditions at the stopover site during the autumn migration period have deteriorated over time. This study emphasizes the importance of suitable stopover sites for migratory birds and stresses that changes in environmental conditions during the autumn migration period may be contributing to the current decline in long-distance migratory passerines.

Long-Distance Migration of the Globe Skimmer Dragonfly to Japan Revealed Using Stable Hydrogen (δ 2H) Isotopes.

The globe skimmer dragonfly, Pantala flavescens Fabricius (Odonata: Libellulidae), is a long-distance migrant, well adapted to exploiting ephemeral waterbodies. This species occurs in Japan every summer, but overwintering has only been recorded on subtropical Ishigaki Island. It is not known from where the summer immigrants originate, nor what proportion of the globe skimmers seen in Japan are of local origin. We analyzed stable hydrogen isotope (δ 2H) composition of wings of 189 P. flavescens captured at six sites in Japan from August to September in 2016 (n = 57) and from April to November in 2017 (n = 132). We determined that the majority of individuals were immigrants. Individuals of probable Japanese origin occurred only later in the year and were of lower mass on average than immigrants. Immigrants potentially originated from a broad area as far west as northern India and the Tibetan Plateau and, especially late in the season, as near as northcentral China and the Korean peninsula. However, for April samples, the most parsimonious interpretation suggested southern origins, in northern Myanmar to southern China, or possibly Borneo-Sulawesi. Our investigation underlines the power of combining stable isotope data with other information such as wind speed and direction, arrival dates, and body mass to estimate origins and to understand the life history of this and other insects.

Migratory Dates, Breeding Phenology, and Reproductive Success of European Turtle Doves between Lowlands and Highest Breeding Habitats in North Africa

The migratory time, breeding chronology, and reproductive success of the European turtle doves (Streptopelia turtur) were studied in Midelt as a high-altitude breeding habitat and Beni Mellal as a low-altitude breeding site from 2015 to 2018 in Morocco. Migration dates, breeding phenology, and breeding success were recorded from March to October for each season. As a result, during four years, arrival dates were earlier at the low breeding site, while departure dates were earlier at the high breeding site. Similarly, breeding phenology from nest building to fledging was early at low-altitude site. On the other hand, with four breeding seasons and 893 nests (467 at Midelt and 426 at Beni Mellal), average breeding success was 57% of chicks at Midelt compared to 60.15% at Beni Mellal. Moreover, at Midelt, 18.89% of eggs and 10.54% of chicks were predated, while at Beni Mellal 21.80% of eggs and 4.65% of chicks were deserted due to human disturbance. As a response, at Midelt breeding period was shorter and shifted to hot periods to ensure better reproductive success. Finally, our results highlight that the turtle dove breeding season is later and shorter at breeding highlands, which might allow this bird to avoid the vigorous climate conditions at mountains and their effect on reproductive success.

Diadromous fish modified timing of upstream migration over the last 30 years in France

Abstract Numerous studies have documented a change in the phenology of migration of diadromous fish in response to climate change. Only few studies have, however, been conducted simultaneously for multiple species and at a large spatial scale. We investigated the change in the timing of upstream migration of diadromous fish species in France. We used an original dataset collected from 40 fish‐counting devices in 28 French rivers over 10–30 years for five diadromous taxa: Alosa spp., Anguilla anguilla (with a distinction between glass eel and yellow eel), Petromyzon marinus, Salmo salar, and Salmo trutta. Except for glass eel, we found that taxa shifted their migration for earlier arrival dates. This result is consistent with numerous studies reporting advancement of the phenology of species life‐events. On average, we highlighted a phenological change of −2.3 days per decade (min = −0.2, max = −3.7). Moreover, the North Atlantic Oscillation Index, sea surface temperature, air temperature, and river discharge were found to explain the timing of upstream migration of diadromous fish taxa, highlighting the importance of factors acting at different spatial scales. Given the important phenological changes observed in our study and more widely in the scientific literature, we recommend that managers incorporate these changes into the management rules; in particular, in the case of dams whose migratory transparency (i.e. the possibility for the fishes to cross the dam) is ensured by adaptive water management and gate operations. This study benefited from large‐scale monitoring of migratory phenology of multiple species and environmental variables. These monitoring data are valuable and could allow better predictive modelling of the response of species to climate change.

Population‐specific adjustment of the annual cycle in a super‐swift trans‐Saharan migrant

For migratory birds optimal timing of the onset of reproduction is vital, especially when suitable conditions for reproduction occur only for a short while during the year. With increasing latitude the suitable period becomes shorter and we expect the organization of annual cycle to be more synchronized to the local conditions across individuals of same population. This should result in low variation of arrival and departure date in breeding sites at higher latitudes. We quantify the temporal and geographical variation in pre‐ and post‐breeding migration between individuals from four different populations of alpine swifts Tachymarptis melba along a latitudinal gradient. We tracked 215 individuals in three years with geolocators. The two western and two eastern populations showed separate migratory flyways and places of residence in Africa. Length of stay at the breeding sites was negatively correlated with latitude and differed by more than a month between populations. Duration of migration was similarly short in all populations (median 6.2 days in autumn and 8.7 days in spring). However, variation in timing of migration was unrelated to latitude and individuals everywhere arrived in the same asynchrony at the breeding site.

Sequential organization of birdsong: relationships with individual quality and fitness.

Many vocalizing animals produce the discrete elements of their acoustic signals in a specific sequential order, but we know little about the biological relevance of this ordering. For that, we must characterize the degree by which individuals differ in how they organize their signals sequentially and relate these differences to variation in quality and fitness. In this study, we fulfilled these tasks in male collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis). We characterized the sequential order of syllables with a network analysis approach and studied the consistency of network variables on distinct time scales (within day, between days, and between years), and assessed their relationship with such quality indicators like age, body condition, arrival date, and fitness related proxies like survival to the next year and pairing success. We found that the syllables were associated nonrandomly with one another and both the frequency differences of consecutive syllables and the number of motif types were higher in the original than in randomized syllable sequences. Average degree and small-worldness showed considerable among-individual differences and decreasing repeatability with increasing time scale. Furthermore, we found relationships between male age and average degree among and within individuals. Accordingly, older males produce syllable sequences by using common syllables less often than younger individuals. However, the network variables showed no relationship with fitness-related variables. In conclusion, the sequential organization of birdsong has the potential to encode individual-specific characteristics, which thus could be used as signal in social interactions and thus potentially could be subject to sexual selection.

Re-visiting gravitational wave events via pulsars

By now many gravitational wave (GW) signals have been detected by LIGO and Virgo, with the waves reaching earth directly from their respective sources. These waves will also travel to different pulsars and will cause (tiny) transient deformations in the pulsar shape. Some of us have recently shown that the resultant transient change in the pulsar moment of inertia may leave an observable imprint on the pulsar signals as detected on earth, especially at resonance. The pulsars may thus act as remotely stationed Weber gravitational wave detectors. This allows us to revisit the past GW events, including past supernova events, via pulsars. We give here sample list of specific pulsars whose future signals will carry the imprints of past GW events. Some interesting cases are, signal of supernova SN1885 via pulsar B2310+42, should reach earth some time during year 2022 to 2044, and signal of supernova SN1604 via pulsar J1813-1246 during 1971 to 2052. Even the signal of earliest recorded supernova SN185 event may become observable again via pulsars J0900-3144 and pulsar J1858-2216 with perturbed pulsar signal arrival date reaching us during 2016-2049.

Earlier and slower or later and faster: Spring migration pace linked to departure time in a Neotropical migrant songbird.

Migratory birds travel vast distances and the timing of migratory flights can affect survival and the ability to reproduce. For Neotropical migrant songbirds, early spring departure from wintering sites, early arrival to the breeding grounds and higher reproductive success have been related to the use of suitable habitats and environmental conditions during the non-breeding season. However, how migratory strategies are shaped by winter habitat choice is largely unknown due to the general inability to track birds from specific wintering habitats to stopovers or breeding destinations. We assessed how winter habitat (native forest vs. shade-grown coffee plantations) relates to spring departure date and migration pace in Swainson's Thrush Catharus ustulatus. We also determined the effect of departure date and total migration duration on the arrival date of birds detected near or within their breeding range. We used a novel application of Motus radiotelemetry arrays to track individuals from their wintering grounds in the Andes of South America along their migratory journey to North America. We found variation in migratory strategies between habitats, with birds wintering in native forest departing later than birds in coffee. We present isotopic evidence for native forest being of higher quality than shade-coffee for Swainson's Thrush and hypothesize that moister conditions in forest, as shown by stable isotope (δ13 C) analysis of thrush whole blood, provides favourable pre-migratory conditions allowing birds to delay departure from wintering grounds. Habitat, between-site and -year variation in departure date, suggests that birds made facultative adjustments to winter habitat quality and environmental conditions. Independent of habitat, birds that departed later migrated faster and this pattern was maintained along the migration route (n=44). Migrating earlier and slower or later and faster was unlikely to result in significant differences in arrival time to breeding destinations. Our findings reveal underappreciated complexity in migratory decisions by long-distance migrants that contrast with the current paradigm of earlier departures and arrival from optimal habitats. The next step is to understand the relative fitness benefits of early versus late schedules or whether each strategy is an equally good response to experienced conditions.

Costs of reproduction and migration are paid in later return to the colony, not in physical condition, in a long-lived seabird.

Life history theory suggests a trade-off between costly activities such as breeding and migration and somatic self-maintenance. However, how the short-term cost of parental effort is expressed in species with a slow pace-of-life is not well understood. Also, investigating carry-over effects of migration is most meaningful when comparing migratory strategies within the same population, but this has rarely been done. We explore this hypothesis in a long-lived, pelagic seabird, the Cory's Shearwater, Calonectris borealis, where males display partial migration. By manipulating reproductive effort and taking advantage of the natural variation in migratory strategy, we investigate whether early reproductive failure and migratory strategy had implications on the physical condition of males on return to the colony the following year. We experimentally induced breeding failure from mid-incubation, tracked the over-winter movements of these males and of males that invested in parental effort, and assessed innate immunity, stress, and residual body mass the following year. Early breeding failure resulted in earlier return to the colony among all males, associated with greater probability of reproductive success. Residents had a lower tail feather fault bar intensity, an indicator of stress during the non-breeding period, compared to migrants. Reproductive effort and migratory strategy had no impact on physiological condition otherwise. Our results provide evidence that in species with a slow-pace of life, such as the Cory's Shearwater, somatic maintenance is prioritised, with the costs of reproduction and migration paid in delayed arrival date.

Simulation models of dengue transmission in Funchal, Madeira Island: Influence of seasonality.

The recent emergence and established presence of Aedes aegypti in the Autonomous Region of Madeira, Portugal, was responsible for the first autochthonous outbreak of dengue in Europe. The island has not reported any dengue cases since the outbreak in 2012. However, there is a high risk that an introduction of the virus would result in another autochthonous outbreak given the presence of the vector and permissive environmental conditions. Understanding the dynamics of a potential epidemic is critical for targeted local control strategies.Here, we adopt a deterministic model for the transmission of dengue in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The model integrates empirical and mechanistic parameters for virus transmission, under seasonally varying temperatures for Funchal, Madeira Island. We examine the epidemic dynamics as triggered by the arrival date of an infectious individual; the influence of seasonal temperature mean and variation on the epidemic dynamics; and performed a sensitivity analysis on the following quantities of interest: the epidemic peak size, time to peak, and the final epidemic size.Our results demonstrate the potential for summer and autumn season transmission of dengue, with the arrival date significantly affecting the distribution of the timing and peak size of the epidemic. Late-summer arrivals were more likely to produce large epidemics within a short peak time. Epidemics within this favorable period had an average of 11% of the susceptible population infected at the peak, at an average peak time of 95 days. We also demonstrated that seasonal temperature variation dramatically affects the epidemic dynamics, with warmer starting temperatures producing large epidemics with a short peak time and vice versa. Overall, our quantities of interest were most sensitive to variance in the date of arrival, seasonal temperature, transmission rates, mortality rate, and the mosquito population; the magnitude of sensitivity differs across quantities.Our model could serve as a useful guide in the development of effective local control and mitigation strategies for dengue fever in Madeira Island.

Vaccine, Emergence, Termination, Sunspot Number as ON-OFF Switch for COVID-19 Pandemic with 25 Worst-Hit Countries

COVID-19 vaccine sample at Arctic Ocean and Antarctic Peninsula, plasmas from recovered people and CMV infected cetaceans, and modified MMR vaccines with the cetacean host. The present study proposes that the11-year cyclic sunspot number is analogous to a SWITCH, turning on and off an epidemic, inducing a public-health crisis. The ON period by the minimum (maximum) sunspot number initiated mutant viruses (AIV, SARS, MERS-CoV, and COVID-19) to transmit from the Poles to Continents by migratory birds and humpback whales. The first COVID-19 arrival dates in China, USA, Japan, Mexico, and Hawaii, determined by the distance between feeding grounds and breeding areas of humpback whale habitats. The OFF period occurs during the high sunspot number (>25-50) and may terminate COVID-19 in September (optimistic prediction) or in November, 2020 (pessimistic prediction) with three cases. Leather tanning industry (R2 = 0.8514), global coastline (R2 = 0.7864), USA coastline (R2 = 0.3099) , USA refinery (R2 = 0.4874),CO2 emissions (R2 = 0.7627), population (R2 = 0.3748), and minimum sunspot number (R2 = 0.8907) showed high linearity with COVID-19 pandemic, as major causes in the 25worst-hit countries. COVID-19 can globally decrease by reducing toxic chemicals during the leather industry.

Birth defects among immigrants: Impact of exposure to a new environment, a 20 year population-based study

Birth defects remain a global health issue. With increasing rates of migration, it is important to explore the role of immigration and the impact of new environments, especially food fortification, on birth defect prevalence. The prevalence of birth defects in the first year of life was compared between children born to immigrant and non-immigrant mothers in Ontario, Canada. Data on country of origin and arrival date were identified for immigrant mothers. The rate of birth defects among mothers coming from some countries was higher than Canadian mothers including 12 to 27% higher rates among mothers arriving from Sudan, Jamaica, Bangladesh and Afghanistan. The rate of birth defects among immigrant mothers who arrived before food fortification in 2000 was higher than the rate in non-immigrants, but after 2000 it was lower among immigrant mothers. Comparing the birth defect rate among two cohorts at one point in time could be misleading. Higher rates of birth anomalies among immigrant mothers who arrived before food fortification could be due to lack of access to folic acid in their country of origin. After food fortification, immigrant mothers likely had similar exposure to folic acid as non-immigrant mothers and their rate of was the same or lower. Key words: Birth defects, immigration, food fortification.

Assessing the role of humans in Greater Antillean land vertebrate extinctions: New insights from Cuba

The Caribbean archipelago is a hotspot of biodiversity characterized by a high rate of extinction. Recent studies have examined these losses, but the causes of the Antillean Late Quaternary vertebrate extinctions, and especially the role of humans, are still unclear. Previous results provide support for climate-related and human-induced extinctions, but often downplaying other complex bio-ecological factors that are difficult to model or to detect from the fossil and archaeological record. Here, we discuss Caribbean vertebrate extinctions and the potential role of humans derived from new and existing fossil and archaeological data from Cuba. Our results indicate that losses of Cuba’s native fauna occurred in waves: one during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene, a second during the middle Holocene, and a third one during the last 2 ka, combining the arrival of agroceramists and later of Europeans. The coexistence of now-extinct species with multiple cultural groups in Cuba for over 4 ka implies that Cuban indigenous non-ceramic cultures exerted far fewer extinction pressures to native fauna than the later agroceramists and Europeans that followed. This suggests a determinant value to increased technological sophistication and demographics as plausible effective extinction drivers. Beyond looking at dates of first human arrival alone, future studies should also consider cultural diversity with attention to different bio-ecological factors that influence these biodiversity changes.

Systematic Ancient DNA Species Identification Fails to Find Late Holocene Domesticated Cattle in Southern Africa.

Simple SummaryAnthropologists reconstructing the spread of domesticated animals into new regions can often rely on the archaeological remains of those animals being readily distinguishable from the remains of wild species. In southern Africa there are several wild species with bones as resemble those of cattle. Non-morphological techniques must therefore be employed to identify cattle bones in southern African archaeological sites. We have used ancient DNA analyses to identify the species of bones from four southern African archaeological that we had hoped might be those of cattle. They were not. All the analyzed specimens came from wild species. Unfortunately this means that we must await further research to identify the earliest spread of domesticated animals to southern Africa.Establishing robust temporal control of the arrival of domesticated stock and the associated husbandry skills and lifeways in Southern Africa remains frustrated by the osteological similarities between domestic stock and wild endemic fauna. We report the results of a systematic ancient DNA survey of appropriately sized bovid remains from Later Stone Age deposits in four South African archaeological sites. We show that none of the tested remains originated in domesticated cattle. The precise date of arrival of domestic cattle in the region awaits further study, although we also report new radiocarbon determinations which further refine the local chronology.

Could wild boar be the Trans-Siberian transmitter of African swine fever?

China has experienced a sudden multi-focal and multi-round of African swine fever (ASF) outbreaks during 2018. The subsequent epidemiological survey resulted in a debate including the possibility of a transboundary spread from European Russia to China through wild boar. We contribute to the debate by assessing a hypothetical overland Euro-Siberian transmission path and its associated ASF arrival dates. We selected the maximum entropy algorithm for spatial modelling of ASF-infected wild boar and the Spatial Distribution Modeller in ArcGIS to plot Least Cost Paths (LCPs) between Eastern Europe and NE China. The arrival dates of ASF-infected wild boar have been predicted by cumulative maximum transmission distances per season and cover with their associated minimum time intervals along the LCPs. Our results show high costs for wild boar to cross Kazakhstan, Xinjiang (NW China) and/or Mongolia to reach NE China. Instead, the Paths lead almost straight eastward along the 59.5° northern latitude through Siberia and would have taken a minimum of 219 or 260days. Therefore, infected wild boar moving all the way along the LCP could not have been the source of the ASF infection in NE China on 2 August 2018.

Understanding the Social Dynamics of Breeding Phenology: Indirect Genetic Effects and Assortative Mating in a Long-Distance Migrant.

AbstractPhenological traits, such as the timing of reproduction, are often influenced by social interactions between paired individuals. Such partner effects may occur when pair members affect each other's prebreeding environment. Partner effects can be environmentally and/or genetically determined, and quantifying direct and indirect genetic effects is important for understanding the evolutionary dynamics of phenological traits. Here, using 26 years of data from a pedigreed population of a migratory seabird, the common tern (Sterna hirundo), we investigate male and female effects on female laying date. We find that female laying date harbors both genetic and environmental variation and is additionally influenced by the environmental and, to a lesser extent, genetic component of its mate. We demonstrate this partner effect to be largely explained by male arrival date. Interestingly, analyses of mating patterns with respect to arrival date show mating to be strongly assortative, and using simulations we show that assortative mating leads to overestimation of partner effects. Our study provides evidence for partner effects on breeding phenology in a long-distance migrant while uncovering the potential causal pathways underlying the observed effects and raising awareness for confounding effects resulting from assortative mating or other common environmental effects.

Review of Our Treatment Approach in Rabies- Risky Bites in Central Anatolia

Aim: Bites are an essential cause of injury since the world. Treatment of bites is made according to specific guides and principles. The study's purpose is to examine the demographic characteristics of patients hospitalized due to bite wounds and to be a guide for new studies and treatments by sharing surgical treatment experiences. Material and Method: Patients who were bitten and required surgical treatment were included in the study. Demographic characteristics, tetanus, and rabies prophylaxis applications, infection agents isolated from the wound site, antibiotherapies applied, and surgical treatments were recorded. Results: Of the patients, 43 were male and mean age (±SD) of 34.5±23.8years (range, 3-85 years). Bites were in the head and neck region in 13(65%) of patients under 15 years old and in 12(27.3%) of the patients over 15 years old. In extremities, the injury was present in 7(35%) patients under 15 and in 28(63.6%) patients over 15 years old. Of the injuries, 50(78.1%) were caused by dogs, 8(12.5%) by wild animals (7 pigs, one wolf), 4(6.3%) by other pet species (horse, donkey, cow), and 2(3.1%) by humans. The intervention was made to all the patients according to guide of rabies prophylaxis specified by the Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Public Health. Irrigation was applied to the wound site with plenty of pressurized and soapy water. Forty patients received tetanus prophylaxis, 62 patients received rabies prophylaxis, and rabies immunoglobulin was applied to patients considered as suitable. Prophylactic amoxicillin clavulanate treatment was started in 38 of the patients, crystalline penicillin-G in 12, sultamicillin in 6, the combination of sultamicillin and aminoglycoside in 6, and cefazolin treatment in 2. 12(18.8%) patient underwent an urgent operation for repair process without any microbiological examination on the date of arrival. Among the patients to whom repair was applied on the first day, 7 had primary saturation, 3 had a local flap, 1 underwent ear, and 1 underwent nasal replantation, one patient had femoral artery repair, and one patient had peroneal nerve repair. Among 52 patients who underwent late repair, primary suturation was applied to 35, skin graft to 4, local flap to 17, and paramedian forehead flap to 2. No complication was seen in any of the patients who underwent early and late repairs. Conclusion: Bacterial burden of the wound can be reduced enough to allow urgent repair owing to the irrigation of the wound with plenty of pressurized and soapy water in bites.

Chasing the sun: When to migrate, when to breed

Chasing the sun: When to migrate, when to breed

Changes in spring arrival dates of Central European bird species over the past 100 years

Over the past decades, spring temperatures have increased in temperate regions, which resulted in birds arriving earlier in spring. Nonetheless, the timing of some species’ spring migration relies on endogenous rhythms that are not affected by climate change. In this study, we analysed changes in the spring arrival dates of 36 bird species over two periods in 22 towns and villages in Southeast Hungary and West Romania. The first period covered the national spring migration counts between 1894 and 1926, while the second period took place between 2005 and 2019 and is based on our recent observation data. Our results show, that the average spring arrival dates of most long-distance migrant species have not changed significantly over the past 100 years. In contrast, in cases of medium and short-distance migrants, most species arrive earlier recently than in the past. This may be caused by the fact, that the migration habit of long-distance migrants is characterized by strong genetic determinants, so they can not react as quickly to the warmer spring weather in Europe as the medium and short-distance migrants. However, in cases of some long-distance migrants, the timing of spring migration changed due to the drying of wintering grounds.