Aromaticum Essential Oil Research Articles

Effect of Dietary Clove (Syzygium Aromaticum) Essential Oil on Growth Performance, Oxidative Indices, Lipid Profile, and Cadmium Accumulation in Cd-exposed Quails

Introduction: Natural products can alleviate oxidative stress induced by toxic metals. This study evaluated antioxidant properties of clove essential oil (CEO), compared to oxidative deterioration of Cd. It was carried out by measuring growth performance parameters (BW, FI, and FCR), oxidative indices (TBARS, CP, CAT, SOD, and GPx), lipid profile (TG, TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C), and Cd bioaccumulation in quails.
 Materials and Methods: In this study, 480 Japanese quails were fed with diets for 35 days. The diets included basal diet, basal diet + VC (500 mg/kg), basal diet + CEO (450 mg/kg), basal diet + CEO (100 mg/kg), basal diet + VC (500 mg/kg) + Cd (40 mg/l), basal diet + CEO (450 mg/kg) + Cd (40 mg/l), basal diet + CEO (100 mg/kg) + Cd (40 mg/l), and basal diet + Cd (40 mg/l). Oxidative indices and Cd bioaccumulation (ICP-OES) were measured.
 Results: The major ingredients of CEO included Eugenol (77.63%) and β-Caryophyllene (9.55%). Quails exposed to Cd and treated with CEO had a reduced amount of oxidative stress as evidenced by lower concentrations of TBARS and CP, higher activities of SOD, GPx, and CAT, an improved lipid profile, and lower accumulation of Cd compared to the positive control. However, FI and FCR did not change.
 Conclusion: Antioxidant properties of CEO were dose-dependent. CEO (450 mg/kg) was potentially as effective as, or even more potent than VC (500 mg/kg) in reducing the adverse effects of Cd. However, further studies are required to determine the minimum concentration of COE.

Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of a Medicinal Soap Made from Zingiber officinale and Syzygium aromaticum Essential Oils

Aims: The objective of this study is to evaluate the antibacterial and sensory properties of a formulated medicinal soap.
 Study Design: Extraction of essential oils, purchase of vegetable oils and caustic soda, soap formulation, testing of its antibacterial and antifungal activities, evaluation of its acceptability.
 Place and Duration of Study: Research unit of biochemistry of medicinal plant, food and nutritional sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang from October 2019 to July 2020.
 Methodology: Cold saponification method was used for the production of soap using the following ingredients: Palm kernel oil, olive oil, coconut oil, Palm oleic, caustic soda, essential oils from ginger roots and cloves buds. The formulated soap was used for the evaluation of its anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities as well as its acceptability using the 9-points hedonic scale. The soap was tested on the following microorganisms: Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01, Staphylococcus aureus 56, Staphylococcus aureus 18, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Candida albican, Candida tropicalis.
 Results: Results showed that the produced soap has bactericidal activities against staphylococcus aureus 18 and staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and a bacteriostatic activity against staphylococcus aureus 56. Its activity against fungi was very low. The results of the sensory analysis of this product showed that it can be accepted by consumer since the lowest score was 6.55 in a scale of 9.
 Conclusion: Results showed that the produced soap has bactericidal activities against staphylococcus aureus 18 and staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and a bacteriostatic activity against staphylococcus aureus 56. It was accepted with a score of at least 6.55/9 by the participants.

Residual effect of Citrus sinensis and Syzygium aromaticum essential oils in association with temephos on Aedes aegypti Linn. larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) in laboratory

The increase of Ae. aegypti resistance to conventional insecticides and growing public concern about the environmental impact has resulted in the development of alternatives to mosquito control. Thus, the use of essential oils (EOs) in combination with larvicides may be a strategy used to reduce the phenomenon of resistance. Controlling larvae with insecticides for a prolonged period is important for interrupting transmission of vector-borne viruses, as long lasting larvicidal formulations reduce health agents visits with a consequent reduction in the global cost for controlling mosquito spread. Previous studies have shown that synergistic interactions between temephos and EOs exhibited increased larvae lethality when compared to temephos alone. Therefore, the goal of this work was to evaluate the residual effects of associations between temephos and EOs of Citrus sinensis and Syzygium aromaticum homogenized in hydrogel and impregnated in ceramic supports on Ae. aegypti larvae. After application of the products in 1,000 mL beakers, 25 larvae were deposited in each beaker and every five days half of the beakers were emptied to 200 mL, the original volume was replaced and new batches of larvae were added. Mortality was observed after 48 h of larval exposure. There was equivalence in the residual effect of association temephos/EOs when compared with temephos alone.

Development and sensory analysis of fermented dairy beverages with different concentrations of syzygium aromaticum essential oil

Objective: To evaluate the relation between handgrip strength and vascular characteristics of patients with stage IV and V chronic kidney disease (CKD) under conservative or dialysis treatment. Method: A cross-sectional study with 41 CKD patients in stages IV and V under conservative or dialysis treatment were recruited. Radial artery and cephalic vein diameters, mean radial flow velocity, arterial systolic peak and venous distensibility (ultrasonography), handgrip strength (dynamometry) and non-dominant upper limb forearm circumference (perimetry) were evaluated. Results: A relation between handgrip strength and radial artery diameter was observed at 10cm (R2= 23.4%; β= 10.80; CI95%= 1.38-20.21; p= 0.02) and at 20cm (R2= 21.3%; β=7.44; CI95%= 0.16- 14.72; p= 0.04), and with the distensibility at 20cm (R2= 25.9%; β= 6.24; CI95%= 1.39-11.09; p= 0.01). Conclusion: There was a relation between handgrip strength and vascular diameters and venous distensibility in the proximal forearm segments.

Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils from Three Mediterranean Plants against Eighteen Pathogenic Bacteria and Fungi.

The chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils (EOs) obtained from three medicinal plants of the Moroccan flora were evaluated. The chemical composition of EOs of Thymus leptobotrys, Laurus nobilis and Syzygium aromaticum was determined using a gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometry. Carvacrol (75.05%) was the main constituent of T. leptobotrys EOs, while 1,8-cineole (31.48%) and eugenol (82.16%) were the predominant components of L. nobilis and S. aromaticum EOs, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of the EOs was evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively against 18 microbial strains pathogenic to humans by using the disc diffusion method, and by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum microbicidal concentration (MMC). The EOs of T. leptobotrys were the most active against the strains tested, with inhibitory zone values ranging from 7.00 to 45.00 mm, and MIC and MMC values ranging from 0.312 to 80.00 mg/mL. In many cases, these EOs exhibited higher antibacterial and antifungal activities than the chemical compounds ciprofloxacin and fluconazole, respectively. This high antimicrobial activity can be ascribed to their richness in carvacrol. The EOs of T. leptobotrys, L. nobilis, and S. aromaticum could be considered a promising alternative to replace chemical antimicrobials, and a readily available natural source of bioactive compounds.

Anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of Cinnamon and Clove essential oils nanogels: an in vivo study

BackgroundCinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) and Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oils are two medicinally important plant-derived substances with a wide range of biological properties. Besides, nanoemulsion-based gels have been widely used to increase topical drug delivery and effectiveness.MethodsThis study aimed to explore the anti-inflammatory effect (paw edema test) and the anti-nociceptive effect (hot plate and formalin test) of nanoemulsion-based gels containing the essential oils in the animal model. Cinnamon and Clove essential oils nanoemulsions with droplet sizes of 28 ± 6 nm and 12 ± 3 nm were first prepared. By adding carboxymethylcellulose (3.5% w/v), the nanoemulsions were then gelified. Finally, the nanogels were characterized by ATR-FTIR analysis and were used as topical pre-treatment before induction of inflammation or pain in acute and chronic analgesic experimental studies.ResultsThe paw edema and formalin findings showed that the nanogels formulations possess significant anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects.ConclusionThe prepared nanogels could be considered as analgesic drugs for inhibiting the inflammation and pain of diseases.

Essential oil form clove (Syzygium aromaticum) to control Sclerotium rolfsii in vitro

Essential oils can inhibit growth of several phytopathogenic fungi of agricultural concern, such as Sclerotium spp. which causes root and collar rots, hampering the absorption of water and nutrients. Natural oils have short persistence in the environment and low toxicity, comprising compounds safer than conventional agrochemicals. Within the context of integrated management of diseases, essential oils may benefit the health of farmers, consumers and the environment. This study evaluated the in vitro inhibitory effect of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oil on the mycelial growth of Sclerotium rolfsii. The experimental design was completely randomized, with 7 treatments (5 oil concentrations, 1 negative control, and 1 positive control) and five replications, with the experimental unit constituted by a Petri dish. The treatments consisted of different oil concentrations (0.0125; 0.025; 0.05; 0.1 and 0.2%) of clove essential oil, a negative control (0.0%) and a positive control, fungicide Tiram (1 mL L-1). The essential oil and the fungicide Tiram were merged into the synthetic Potato-Dextrose-Agar (PDA) culture medium. The plates were inoculated with the pathogen S. rolfsii and incubated for seven days at 25 ± 2 °C. We compared the treatments through the percentage of mycelial growth inhibition (PIC) and the mycelial growth velocity index (IVCM). Increasing oil concentration significantly reduced the mycelial growth of S. rolfsii and paralyzed mycelial growth at 0.1% concentration. The effect of clove essential oil was similar to the commercial fungicide.

Efficacy of Syzygium aromaticum Essential Oil on the Growth and Enzymatic Activity of Pathogenic Candida albicans Strains

Candida albicans (C. albicans) is the most common human pathogen owing to the most virulence factors. It seems that extracellular hydrolytic enzymes play a key role in C. albicans pathogenicity. The present study aimed to assess the susceptibility and enzymatic activity of pathogenic C. albicans isolates exposed to the Syzygium aromaticum (S. aromaticum) essential oil. S. aromaticum oil was characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The broth microdilution technique (CLSI, M27-A3) was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of test compounds. Furthermore, before and after treatment with S. aromaticum essential oil, the yeasts were analyzed regarding the proteinase (Prz), hemolysin (Hz), and phospholipase (Phz) production/activity. β-caryophyllene (12.76%) was found to be the major constituent in the essential oil after eugenol (84.64%). Only one isolate of C. albicans showed the antifungal resistance to fluconazole. All isolates were susceptible to S. aromaticum essential oil with MIC of 625-1250 μg/ml. S. aromaticum oil represented the best antifungal effect against C. albicans at MIC 1000 μg/ml. The mean±SD enzyme activity of C. albicans not exposed to S. aromaticum essential oil was obtained at 0.55±0.03, 0.73±0.04, and 0.61±0.05 for proteinase, hemolysin, and phospholipase, respectively. The activities of these enzymes were reduced significantly (P<0.05) to 0.33±0.06, 0.40±0.04, and 0.16±0.03 for phospholipase, proteinase, and hemolysin, respectively, after the yeasts were subjected to S. aromaticum essential oil. The present study aimed to determine the ability of S. aromaticum essential oil to prevent the growth of C. albicans and decrease their enzymatic activity. As a natural antifungal agent, S. aromaticum can be utilized in pharmaceutical systems.

Antioxidant effect of bioactive compounds isolated from Syzygium aromaticum essential oil on the in vitro developmental potential of bovine oocytes

Syzygium aromaticum essential oil (EOSA) is an interesting antioxidant supplement for improving bovine in vitro embryo production (IVEP). Therefore, identifying the bioactives in EOSA is essential for increasing embryonic development. In this study, we compared the effect of EOSA to that of its bioactive compounds on nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation, bioenergetic/oxidative stress parameters, and preimplantation embryonic development of bovine oocytes. Viable oocytes (n = 2,272) were matured under six conditions: control (without antioxidant), cysteamine (100 μM CYS), EOSA20 (20 μg/mL EOSA), eugenol (83 μM EUG), β-caryophyllene (19 μM β-CA), and acetyl eugenol (12 μM ACT). In the first experiment, oocytes were evaluated to determine their in vitro maturation (IVM) according to the expansion and viability of cumulus cell layer, presence of the first polar body (1 PB), metaphase II (MII), and mitochondrial distribution. In the second experiment, oocytes were evaluated to determine their bioenergetic/oxidative status based on the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH), and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). In the third experiment, mature oocytes were parthenogenetically activated (PA), and the embryos were cultured. In the first experiment, no difference was observed in the percentage of MII among groups containing antioxidants (P > 0.05). However, EOSA20, EUG, and CYS improved the percentage of 1 PB oocytes (P < 0.05). Moreover, EUG improved the viability and expansion of cumulus cell layers (P < 0.05). Additionally, cytoplasmic maturation was higher in the EUG and ACT, and mitochondrial aggregation patterns were higher in the EUG, CYS, and ACT than in the other groups (P < 0.05). In the second experiment, ROS levels were reduced in oocytes matured with EUG and CYS (P < 0.05) and GSH levels increased in the same groups (P < 0.05). Oocytes treated with EOSA20, EUG, ACT, and CYS had lower ΔΨm than control. In the third experiment, EUG, EOSA20, and CYS resulted in higher cleavage rates, and EUG and β-CA resulted in more structures with ≥ 8 cells than the other components (P < 0.05). EUG caused a higher percentage of blastocysts than the other components (P < 0.05). EUG, EOSA20, and CYS improved embryo quality (P < 0.05). In conclusion, EUG is the EOSA bioactive compound with the greatest potential for application as an antioxidant and can be commercially applied for IVM of bovine oocytes to result in higher reproducibility and efficiency for IVEP.

Synthesis of Bioactive Materials by In Situ One-Step Direct Loading of Syzygium aromaticum Essential Oil into Chitosan-Based Hydrogels.

Hydrogel conjugates based on chitosan and an essential oil were synthetized by an ultrasound-assisted emulsification approach. Rheology studies revealed a gel-type structure with pronounced compactness and flexibility while SEM showed the formation of a two-level ordered network with highly interconnected pores. The swelling studies indicated a pH-dependent behavior with a significant overshooting effect. The synergistic effects of the components in clove essential oil led to a strong antioxidant character and an enhanced antimicrobial activity of the conjugate hydrogels. The bioactivity was maintained for 6 months, despite a slight decrease in the antimicrobial effect. Hydrogel conjugates were found to be very stable even after two months immersed in acidic solutions that would otherwise dissolve the chitosan matrix. Ultrasound emulsification was proved as an efficient one-step loading method of hydrophobic clove essential oil into hydrophilic chitosan matrix. It was found that clove oil and its components have a double role. Besides providing bioactivity, they also behave as gelation-inducing agents, acting as an alternative to the classical chemical cross-linkers to ensure the good physical and chemical stabilization of chitosan.

Developmental inhibitory effect of the Syzygium aromaticum essential oil on the postembryonic stages of a polyphagous pest, Pericallia ricini (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)

ABSTRACT The chemical composition of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil (EO), and its efficacy on the development and metamorphosis of polyphagous pest, Pericallia ricini was assessed. The chemical composition of the S. aromaticum EO was analysed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry method. The major volatile components present in the EO were eugenol, β-caryophyllene, caryophyllenyl alcohol, α-humulene, clovene, globulol, and eugenyl acetate. For topical bioassay, EO was tested against the sixth (penultimate) and seventh (ultimate) larval instars of P. ricini resulted in the disruption of normal moulting and metamorphosis, leading to various developmental aberrations. The results comprised larval mortality, delayed larval-larval, and larval-pupal ecdysis duration, ecdysial failure, formation of non-viable intermediates, emergence of abnormal adults, reduced pupation, and inhibition of total adult emergence. This study also reports about the juvenoid nature of clove oil for the first time. Our finding demonstrates that S. aromaticum EO has significant negative effects on P. ricini, and suggests that it can be implemented for the successful control of this economically important insect.

Toxicity and Compatibility of Botanical Insecticide From Clove (Syzygium Aromaticum), Lime (Citrus Aurantifolia) and Garlic (Allium Sativum) Essential oil Against Callasobruchus Chinensis L

Cowpea beetle of Callosobruchus chinensis (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) is one of the primary storage pests of green beans that can reduce the beans’ quality and quantity. Plant essential oils are known to have insecticidal activity against insect pests. The study aims to investigate the toxicity, oviposition deterrence, and compatibility of botanical insecticides formulas of Syzygium aromaticum, Citrus aurantifolia, and Allium sativum essential oils to C. chinensis. The essential oils were obtained by distillation method. Contact and fumigant methods were used to test the toxicity of the oils. The toxicity levels (LC50 and LC95) were analyzed. The three essential oils tested were toxic and also had oviposition deterrent to C. chinensis. A. sativum essential oil showed the highest toxic (LC50=0.07%, LC95 = 0.89%), followed with S. aromaticum (LC50 = 0.08%, LC95 = 0.95%), and C. aurantifolia (LC50 = 0.07%, LC95 = 1.21%) after 72 h contact exposure to the adults. The three essential oils also showed an oviposition deterrence. A. sativum and S. aromaticum essential oils mixture at a ratio of 1:1 showed the strongest synergistic interaction to C. chinensis. The study suggests that the essential oil formula could be developed as a potential botanical insecticide.

Application of Syzygium aromaticum, Ocimum sanctum, and Cananga odorata essential oils for management of Ochratoxin A content by Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium verrucosum: An in vitro assessment in maize grains

The study is directed to establish the minimizing effects of Syzygium aromaticum, Ocimum sanctum, and Cananga odorata essential oils on the growth and ochratoxin A (OTA) level of Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium verrucosum in maize grains. S. aromaticum essential oil (SAEO), O. sanctum essential oil (OSEO), and C. odorata essential oil (COEO) were extracted by hydro-distillation technique, and a total of 50, 44, and 48 chemical constituents were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively.The SAEO and OSEO belong to the chemotype of eugenol, whereas, COEO was found to be the chemotype of thymol, limonene, and α-ylangene. The antifungal activity of essential oils (EOs) was determined by the micro-well dilution technique. The SAEO showed superior antifungal activity compared to OSEO, COEO, and synthetic antifungal agent nystatin, and its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values against A. ochraceous and P. verrucosum were noticed as 1251 ± 42.32 and 1878 ± 28.47 µg/mL, and 0815 ± 22.69 and 1146 ± 51.19 µg/mL, respectively.The antifungal mechanism of EOs was unveiled by assessing the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), ergosterol content, and membrane integrity. The antifungal investigations found that EOs caused fungal mortality by increasing the intracellular ROS, depleting ergosterol synthesis, and distracting membrane integrity. Finally, antifungal and antimycotoxin activity of EOs was demonstrated in maize grains. The SAEO, OSEO, and COEO have reduced the complete fungal growth and OTA level of A. ochraceous and P. verrucosum correspondingly at 2500 and 2500, 3500 and 2500, and 3500 and 3500 µg/g in maize. The EOs could act as natural antifungal agents; protect foodstuffs from fungal infection and mycotoxins during storage.

Biological activities and chemical composition of Mentha piperita and Syzygium aromaticum essential oil fractions against cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) is one of the major, common, pests of stored grains as it causes quantitative and qualitative losses in legume crops. This research sought to find the most active fraction in Mentha piperita and Syzygium aromaticum essential oils, to evaluate bioactivity of those crude essential oils and active fractions against C. maculatus, and to identify the compounds contained in the active fraction. The essential oils were fractionated using three solvents, namely n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The n-hexane fraction was identified as the active fraction, causing mortality, oviposition deterrence, and ovicidal effects. In fumigation chambers, LD95 values of M. piperita (Mnf) and S. aromaticum n-hexane fractions (Snf) were 0.045 ml/l and 0.057 ml/l respectively. ED50 values for oviposition deterrence were 0.016 ml/l for Mnf and 0.022 ml/l for Snf. ED50 value of ovicidal effects for Mnf- and Snf-treated eggs were 0.014 ml/l for both fractions. GC-MS analysis showed 8 dominant compounds in Mnf and 5 dominant compounds in Snf. Overall it is concluded that Mnf and Snf oils have effective biological activities against stored pest C. maculatus and have potential to be considered as alternatives to synthetic insecticides.

Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils of Cinnamomum cassia and Syzygium aromaticum plants and their nanoparticles against Erwinia amylovora

This study aimed at evaluating the antibacterial activity of Cinnamomum cassia and Syzygium aromaticum essential oils and their nanoparticles (EOs-NPS) against Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight disease. First, EOs of C. cassia and S. aromaticum were obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed using a GC–MS/FID. Results showed that the main components of C. cassia EOs are E-Cinnamaldehyde (73.23%), alpha-Copaene (6.44%), and Eugenol (4.23%) while the EOs of S. aromaticum showed the presence of Eugenol (58.64%), β-Caryophyllene (32.91%), and Humulene (3.25%). C. cassia EOs was the most effective with an inhibition zone of 37.7 mm and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 1.04%. However, EOs-NPS of C. cassia had greater effects than S. aromaticum with an MBC of 0.75%, rather than the effect of EOs alone. Significant reduction of the disease incidence (86%) was observed in the in vivo pre-treatment using EOs-NPS of C. cassia. Therefore, C. cassia EOs-NPS is recommended against E. amylovora.

In vitro inhibition of a multispecies oral cavity biofilm by Syzygium aromaticum essential oil.

To evaluate the anti-fungal activity of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil and its inhibition of a multispecies biofilm in patients with oral candidiasis. Inhibiting biofilm formation on the denture surface is an important practice for preventing denture stomatitis. The anti-fungal activity against Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida species was evaluated through the microdilution method to define Minimal Inhibitory (MIC) and Fungicidal (MFC) Concentrations. Time-kill assay assessed growth kinetics of C.albicans based on pre-determined time points (0, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 24hours). A multi-species biofilm was formed using human saliva from patients with oral candidiasis and anti-biofilm activity determined by Colony Forming Units per milliliter (CFU/mL) count, fluorescence microscopy with calcofluor white to observe yeast presence and structure, and metabolic activity by XTT (2,3-Bis-(2Methoxy-4-Nitro-5-Sulfophenyl)-2H-Tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) reduction assay. The essential oil showed an anti-fungal activity against allCandidaspecies (MIC 500-1000µg/mL, MFC 1000-2000µg/mL), and the time-kill assay showed that 2000µg/mL (from 2hours onward) and 1000µg/mL (from 4hours onward) concentrations had substantially lower yeast growth than the negative control. In the biofilm analysis, the essential oil had a lower CFU/mL count and a biofilm metabolic activity (91.4%) than seen with its negative control, and in both analyses, the essential oil was not significantly different from the positive control (chlorhexidine). Morphological analysis showed amorphous and fragmented cellular structures after treatment with the essential oil. Syzygium aromaticum essential oil had anti-fungal activities, reduced the Candida growth kinetics substantially and inhibited the multi-species biofilm formation.

Chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive potentials of ρ-coumaric acid – Squid chitosan nanogel loaded with Syzygium aromaticum essential oil

One of the most important trends in chemotherapy is the development of green chemotropic drugs with maximal activity and minimal side effects. The nanoencapsulation of phytochemical oils with natural polymers has been documented as a promising approach to producing nanodrugs with sustainable bioactivity and prolonged stability. In this context, Syzygium aromaticum essential oil (SAEO) and ultrasound-assisted deacetylated chitosan (UCS3) were successfully extracted from clove buds and squid pens, respectively. Grafting of UCS3 by ρ-coumaric acid (ρCA) has been performed to fabricate the ρCACS nanogel which was used for nanoencapsulation of SAEO to yield SAEO-loaded nanogel (ρCACS@SAEO). The findings of spectral, thermal, and morphological analyses have confirmed the success of the formation of new materials and SAEO encapsulation, as well. Based on the findings of the in vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer studies, the nanoencapsulation of SAEO by ρCACS has significantly boosted its chemotherapeutic effects, compared to unencapsulated oil. Therefore, ρCACS@SAEO nanogel could be considered as a multifunctional chemotherapeutic/chemopreventive agent for prevention or therapy of pathologies induced by oxidative stress, microbial infection, and breast and skin cancer.

Antibacterial activity of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) essential oil against extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing bacteria.

Background and Aim:Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) is an enzyme produced by the family of Enterobacteriaceae, especially Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, which can hydrolyzeβ-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillins, cephalosporins, cephamycin, and carbapenem. ESBL-producing bacteria are widely distributed from farms to slaughterhouses until food products originating from animals are available in the market, which plays an important role as a pathway for the exposure and transmission of ESBL-producing bacteria from food products of animal origin to humans. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of Syzygium aromaticum (clove) and Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon) essential oils against strains resistant to ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates.Materials and Methods:The antibacterial activity of clove and cinnamon essential oils was tested against three strains of tested bacteria using the disk diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of clove and cinnamon essential oils was determined using the broth microdilution method. The minimumbactericidal concentration (MBC) was determined using the MIC. Morphological changes on each tested bacteria were observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM).Results:Both essential oils exhibited inhibitory effects toward all test organisms, indicated by inhibition zones around the disk. The MIC values of clove essential oil were 0.078% (v/v) for all tested bacteria, whereas the MICs of cinnamon essential oil ranged from 0.039% (v/v) to 0.156% (v/v) for all tested bacteria. MBC values of clove and cinnamon essential oils ranged from 0.078% (v/v) to 0.156% (v/v) for all tested bacteria. There were morphological changes in each tested bacterial cell that was observed through SEM. Each tested bacteria treated with clove and cinnamon essential oils showed shrinkage and cells lysis.Conclusion:It was concluded that clove and cinnamon essential oils have emerged as effective antibacterial agents by showing high antibacterial activity against ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates, as evidenced by the inhibition zone diameter and MIC value.

Repellent Efficacy of Eucalyptus globulus and Syzygium aromaticum Essential Oils against Malaria Vector, Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae).

Background:Mosquito species are highly considering as disease transmission as well as nuisance insects. One of the principal strategy to protect human from the mosquito bites is repellent agents. This study aimed to assess repellency of two organic essential oils, Eucalyptus globulus and Syzygium aromaticum from bites of malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi.Methods:The study was conducted in 2019–2020. The components of essential oils of E. globulus and S. aromaticum was determined using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The unfed female mosquitoes aged 2–5 d old were used in all experiments. In vivo Klun and Debboun module bioassays were utilized on human-volunteer skin. The essential oils at serial concentrations were used to find repellent efficacy against Anopheles landings and bites. To find the synergistic effect, four combinations of the essential oils were tested.Results:The main composition of E. globulus essential oil was 1,8-Cineol (78.20%), whereas that of S. aromaticum essential oil was 2-methoxy-3-(2-propenyl) (77.04%). Based on minimum effective dose (≤1% biting), 10% (v/v) of E. globulus showed high landing repellency (77.78%), whereas minimum effective dose of S. aromaticum at concentration of 1% had high landing repellency (88.89%). Among four combinations, the ratio of 1:1 of E. globulus (10%):S. aromaticum (1%) showed the most landing repellency (94.44%).Conclusion:The combinations of two essential oils had the most potential repellency effect against landing of mosquitoes. As essential oils are eco-friendly with less irritation for human skin, E. globulus and S. aromaticum essential oils are recommended as effective and safe mosquito repellents.

Inactivation of Some Pathogens Inoculated to Noodle by Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. &amp; L.M.Perry Essential Oil

In this study, it was aimed the the efficacy of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil (EO) on inactivation of Eschericha coli (ATCC 25293), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 10031), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25925) inoculated to noodle was investigated by dip incubation method. The components of S. aromaticum EO were analyzed by GC-MS and found the main components as eugenol, (Z)-9,17-octadecadienal (25.96%), (-)-caryophyllene (5.29%), and aceteugenol. Broth Microdilution and Agar Well Diffusion Method were used for antibacterial activity of S. aromaticum EO. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) of S. aromaticum were 14.8 mg mL-1 for E. coli, 10.98 mg mL-1 for K. pneumoniae, 9.29 mg mL-1 for B. subtilis, and 9.8 mg mL-1 for S. aureus, while the inhibition zones were between 3 mm and 7.1 mm for the pathogens. In the study, 100 μL of clove oil have 100% inhibition effect on E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and S. aureus attached to the noodle. However, B. subtilis was found to be quite resistant. As a result, the essential oil appears to be effective agains both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.