Aramid Research Articles

Experimental and Numerical Modelling of Ballistic Impact on Fiber Metal Laminates Based on Aramid Fiber Reinforced Epoxy

This paper investigates the ballistic impact behavior of fiber metal laminates (FML) composed of aramid fiber-reinforced epoxy with a central layer of aluminum alloy Al5083. The research examines the ballistic performance influenced by factors such as hole shape and depth in the laminate and integrates both macro and microstructural analyses of FMLs. The FML variations studied included a perforated first layer with hole diameters of 3 mm and 5 mm, through which bullets penetrated. Ballistic tests were conducted from a firing distance of 5 meters using 9-mm cartridges loaded with full metal jacket bullets approximately 25 mm wide, fired at an angle perpendicular to the target surface. The experimental and simulation ballistic impact tests closely matched, with a 95.63% agreement and an error margin of about 4.37%. The FML resisted bullet impact by allowing perforation through three layers (the aluminum plate and the first and second aramid/epoxy plies) while forming a bulge due to longitudinal deformation in the final layer (the back plate). The experimental and simulation results showed similar trends, with a 5 mm diameter hole leading to a deeper bulge on the backside. Bullet penetration at the center, following a square pattern, resulted in the smallest bulge formation and a reduction in both initial and final bullet velocities. The fracture morphology indicates a ductile fracture, characterized by dominant dimple formations across the surface. The dimples in the FMLs are coarser than those in monolithic aluminum plates due to the reduced bullet velocity as it penetrates each layer of the target FMLs, significantly decreasing the remaining bullet velocity. In contrast, monolithic aluminum plates exhibit a minimal velocity decrease, resulting in smoother dimple fractures.

The ways and mechanisms of using CFRP materials to strengthen the flexural performance of reinforced concrete beams

Due to the increasing demand for structural strengthening and retrofitting solutions, Fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) materials has emerged as a promising technology to improve the performance of existing structures. FRP material is a composite material composed of fiber-reinforced plastics, known for its excellent strength and resistance to corrosion. The primary components of this material consists of various fibers, such as glass fiber, carbon fiber, or aramid fiber, along with a resin matrix, such as epoxy resin, polyester resin. FRP materials are commonly employed in construction engineering to enhance the flexural strength of concrete structures. This paper, through methods of literature review and building physical models, investigates the effectiveness of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) materials in enhancing the bending strength of reinforced concrete beams. This study aims to examine the impact of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets on the flexural strength of reinforced concrete beams, which aims to establish calculation formulas based on the specific impacts observed. The findings of this study demonstrate the capacity of FRP materials, specifically CFRP materials, to improve the bending strength of reinforced concrete beams. The usage of FRP materials for structural reinforcement offers a durable, corrosion-resistant, and lightweight solution that can prolong the lifespan and improve the structural efficacy of existing infrastructure.

Experimental and numerical study on CuO/ZnO-modified aramid fabric for ballistic and UV radiation protection

Aramid fabrics are widely used in bulletproof armor because of their excellent mechanical properties. Previous studies have shown that ultraviolet radiation has a negative effect on the mechanical properties of aramid yarn, so improving the mechanical properties and impact resistance of aramid fabrics under ultraviolet radiation has become a research focus. In this work, aramid fabric was modified with CuO and ZnO particles to improve its ballistic performance under ultraviolet radiation. The ballistic impact resistance response and microscopic failure mechanisms of aramid fabrics under ultraviolet radiation were analyzed in detail. Under ultraviolet radiation, the ballistic limit velocity (vbl) of the CuO/ZnO-modified aramid fabric was 185.1 % greater than that of a neat fabric with a similar areal density. The vbl of the single-layer modified fabric was 45.6 % greater than that of the two-layer neat fabrics. The decrease in the ballistic performance of the aramid fabric under ultraviolet radiation was attributed to surface damage caused by the fracture of the chemical structure of the fibers, which weakened the mechanical properties of the fabric. The numerical simulation results were highly consistent with the ballistic impact test results, and the error between the numerical simulation and experimental results was within 10 %. The effects of changes in the mechanical parameters of the fabrics on the protection mechanism and energy absorption structure during ballistic impact were investigated. The energy dissipation of the modified fabric was at least 147.7 % greater than that of the neat fabric, further explaining the significant improvement in the ballistic performance of CuO/ZnO-modified fabrics under ultraviolet radiation.

Aromatic polyamides with triarylmethane fragments in the main chain

Low-temperature polycondensation was used to obtain aromatic polyamides containing triarylmethane fragments in the main chain. It was shown that the synthesized aromatic polyamides are highly soluble in organic solvents. Transparent films were obtained from solutions of polyamides in dimethylformamide by casting. It was found that the resulting aromatic polyamides exhibit increased heat resistance, and films based on them have high mechanical properties.

A Literature Review Paper on Experimental Study on the Properties of Precast Concrete in Beam-Column Joints Using Polyvinyl Alcohol Fibres and Aramid Fibres with Half Grouted Sleeve Connectors

A Literature Review Paper on Experimental Study on the Properties of Precast Concrete in Beam-Column Joints Using Polyvinyl Alcohol Fibres and Aramid Fibres with Half Grouted Sleeve Connectors

Constructing flexible fiber bridging claws of micro/nano short aramid fiber at interlayer of basalt fiber reinforced polymer for improving compressive strength with and without impact

The high-performance Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer (BFRP) composites have been prepared by guiding Micro/Nano Short Aramid Fiber (MNSAF) into the interlayer to improve the resin-rich region and the interfacial transition region, and the flexible fiber bridging claws of MNSAF were constructed to grasp the adjacent layers for stronger interlaminar bond. The low-velocity impact results show that the MNSAF could improve the impact resistance of BFRP composites. The compression test results demonstrate that the compressive strength and the residual compressive strength after impact of MNSAF-reinforced BFRP composites were greater than those of unreinforced one, exhibiting the greatest 56.2% and 73.3% increments respectively for BFRP composites improved by 4 wt% MNSAF. X-ray micro-computed tomography scanning results indicate that the “fiber bridging claws” contributed to better mechanical interlocking to inhibit the crack generation and propagation under impact and compression load, and the original delamination-dominated failure of unreinforced BFRP composites was altered into shear-dominated failure of MNSAF-reinforced BFRP composites. Overall, the MNSAF interleaving might be an effective method in manufacturing high-performance laminated fiber in industrial production.

Effect of Aramid Fiber Processing with Nanotubes on Shear Strength at the Matrix/Fiber Interface

Effect of Aramid Fiber Processing with Nanotubes on Shear Strength at the Matrix/Fiber Interface

Selective Cleavage and Structural Stability of Double Crosslinked Aromatic Polyamide Porous Materials

AbstractA porous, crosslinked aromatic polyamide having COCl and COOH groups (referred to as PA herein) prepared had a mesoporous structure and comprised agglomerates of particles with average diameters of approximately 30 nm. The PA was found to swell with significant deformation in response to water vapor, but was almost unchanged after exposure to toluene vapor. The polymeric structure returned to its original porous morphology after removal of the solvents, demonstrating that the PA possessed affinity for specific solvents and shape memory. The chemical composition and porous structure of the PA were also not affected by heating to 330 °C. The COCl groups in the PA could be modified by reaction with 2,4,6‐triaminopyrimidine (TAP), resulting in a doubly crosslinked structure based on the reaction with the TAP as well as the existing amide moieties in the polymer. The degree of modification was highly dependent on the reaction solvent used. The porous structure of the PA was essentially unchanged after this modification. The TAP‐based crosslinks in the modified PA could be selectively cleaved along with vaporization of the TAP by heating at 330 °C, which no change to the porous structure. Thus, the PA showed excellent heat resistance and structural stability.

Theoretical and FEA investigation of the mechanical behaviour for offshore LCO2 floating hose

Injecting liquid CO2 (LCO2) into the seabed for storage utilizing an offshore platform to achieve offshore storage of CO2 is one of the effective measures to realize the reduction of CO2 emissions. To solve the difference in motion characteristics between the LCO2 carrier and the receiving platform due to wind and wave currents, floating hoses can be employed as the pipeline in the CO2 transportation. In this study, an LCO2 floating hose based on the structural form of steel wire reinforced thermoplastic composite pipe is proposed. A mechanical model for this hose is developed to analyze the tensile mechanical properties. It is verified that the method is reliable by comparing with the published experimental results of composite hose containing 4 layers of aramid fiber reinforced layers with a maximum error of 11.48%. A comparative analysis was also carried out by finite element analysis (FEA) with a maximum error of 10.67%. On this basis, the damage states of the hose under internal pressure, tension, bending and torsion load were investigated to analyze mechanical properties. The ultimate tensile load capacity, ultimate bending radius and ultimate unit torsion angle are 463 kN, 1.64m and 14°/m, respectively. The components most prone to failure under different loads were clarified. This study can provide technical reference for the design of floating hoses for offshore LCO2 storage and transportation.

Nacre-inspired composite papers with enhanced mechanical and electrical insulating properties: Assembly of aramid papers with aramid nanofibers and basalt nanosheets

Aramid papers (AP), made of aramid fibers, demonstrate superiority in electrical insulation applications. Unfortunately, the strength and electrical insulating properties of AP remain suboptimal, primarily due to the smooth surface and chemical inertness of aramid fibers. Herein, AP are modified via the nacre-mimetic structure composed of aramid nanofibers (ANF) and carbonylated basalt nanosheets (CBSNs). This is achieved by impregnating AP into an ANF-CBSNs (A-C) suspension containing a 3D ANF framework as the matrix and 2D CBSNs as fillers. The resultant biomimetic composite papers (AP/A-C composite papers) exhibit a layered “brick-and-mortar” structure, demonstrating superior mechanical and electrical insulating properties. Notably, the tensile strength and breakdown strength of AP/A-C5 composite papers reach 39.69 MPa and 22.04 kV mm−1, respectively, representing a 155 % and 85 % increase compared to those of the control AP. These impressive properties are accompanied with excellent volume resistivity, exceptional dielectric properties, impressive folding endurance, outstanding heat insulation, and remarkable flame retardance. The nacre-inspired strategy offers an effective approach for producing highly promising electrical insulating papers for advanced electrical equipment.

Fatigue performance and damage of partially prestressed concrete beam with fiber reinforcement

Ordinary concrete exhibits low strength and a propensity for cracking. Carbon fibers and aramid fibers, as materials characterized by high strength, high toughness, and excellent fatigue resistance, can effectively limit the propagation of micro-cracks and enhance the strength of concrete. To explore the influence of different fiber types on the fatigue performance of prestressed concrete beams, this study initiates from the perspective of beam components. Employing a combination of experimental research and theoretical analysis, it conducts bending and constant-amplitude fatigue tests on 12 prestressed concrete beams with various fiber types. Based on the stiffness of the beam section and residual strain, the damage evolution patterns of the tested beams were described. The results indicated that the utilization of fiber-reinforced concrete significantly improves the fatigue life and residual bearing capacity of the beam components. Specifically, the residual bearing capacities of beams reinforced with carbon fibers, aramid fibers, and hybrid fibers increased by 58.6 %, 49.5 %, and 64.9 %, respectively. The analysis revealed that residual strain is a suitable indicator for describing fatigue damage in specimens and recommends prioritizing the concrete residual strain index. These findings provided a theoretical basis for the application of fiber-reinforced concrete in practical engineering projects and lifespan assessment.

High‐strength, electrically insulated industrial meta‐aramid paper reinforced with polyethylene terephthalate microfibre pulp in a sandwich structure

AbstractThe weak interfacial strength and porous structure of the meso‐aramid paper cause mechanical and insulating deficiencies. Enhancing density, regulating pore structure, and improving interfacial interactions of meso‐aramid are crucial for promoting the performance of meso‐aramid papers. A PMIA/polyethylene terephthalate (PET) composite paper was prepared using the wet method with meso‐aramid short cut fibres (PMIA) and PET pulp as raw materials. The sandwich‐structured PMIA/PET paper was achieved by covering PET microfiber non‐wovens served as the surface layer while the PMIA/PET composite paper acted as the core layer. During the high‐temperature hot pressing process, the PET pulp transformed into a viscous melt that coated on aramid fibres in between layers, forming a typical ‘reinforced concrete’ interface structure within the core layer of the PMIA/PET composite paper. The PET non‐wovens on top and bottom surfaces were converted into a dense PET film that filled and covered the holes and defects in the PMIA/PET composite paper. This unique structure enabled the sandwich‐structured PMIA/PET composite paper to exhibit excellent tensile strength (80.41 N/cm) and breakdown strength (56.35 kV/mm), surpassing most reported performances of meso‐aramid papers in literature. This work not only provides novel insights for preparing high‐performance meso‐aramid papers, but also shows potential applications for other materials and structures.

Simultaneous enhancement of axial/transverse compressive strength of aramid fibers by the construction of branched multi-hydrogen bonding sites

The terrible compressive strength is a prominent issue that restricts the broad application of organic fibers in multi-dimensional stress scenarios. Traditional strategies focus on enhancing the axial compressive performance of fibers, simultaneously improving the axial and transverse compressive properties of fibers still poses significant challenges. Inspired by the octopus's tentacles that can conduct stress in multiple directions, a novel strategy by constructing branched multi-hydrogen bonding sites structure in aramid fiber was conducted to solve the problem. The branched multi-hydrogen bonding sites constructed on nano-silica (SiO2–B) offer excellent dispersibility within the poly(p-phenylene-benzimidazole-terephthalamide) (PBIA) matrix. Composite fibers (PBIA-SiO2-B) co-mixed with SiO2–B and PBIA were prepared using a solution spinning technique. The results of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) reveal that the introduction of SiO2–B significantly enhances the intermolecular interactions within the composite fibers, and this enhancement mechanism has been elaborately elucidated through molecular simulations. Furthermore, finite element simulations confirmed that the incorporation of branched structure exhibits enhanced stress-bearing capabilities under multi-directional stress and offers outstanding support when subjected to transverse compressive stress compared to linear molecular chains. Hence, compressive property testing revealed that the PBIA-SiO2-B composite fibers achieved axial compressive strengths and transverse compressive strengths of 714.3 MPa and 305.8 MPa, respectively, representing increases of 68.8 % and 26.8 % over pure PBIA fibers. Moreover, with the enhancement of transverse compressive strength, the Young's modulus and interfacial shear strength of PBIA-SiO2-B fibers were also increased by 7.1 % and 20.9 %, respectively.

Effects of Rubber Core on the Mechanical Behaviour of the Carbon-Aramid Composite Materials Subjected to Low-Velocity Impact Loading Considering Water Absorption.

The large-scale use of composite materials reinforced with carbon-aramid hybrid fabric in various outdoor applications, which ensures increased mechanical resistance including in impact loadings, led to the need to investigate the effects of aggressive environmental factors (moisture absorption, temperature, thermal cycles, ultra-violet rays) on the variation of their mechanical properties. Since the literature is still lacking in research on this topic, this article aims to compare the low-velocity impact behaviour of two carbon-aramid hybrid composite materials (with and without rubber core) and to investigate the effects of water absorption on impact properties. The main objectives of this research were as follows: (i) the investigation of the mechanical behavior in tests for two impact energies of 25 J and 50 J; (ii) comparison of the results obtained in terms of the force, displacement, velocity, and energy related to the time; (iii) analysis of the water absorption data; (iii) low-velocity impact testing of wet specimens after saturation; (iv) comparison between the impact behaviour of the wet specimens with that of the dried ones. One of the main findings was that for the wet specimens without rubber core, absorbed impact energy was 16% less than the one recorded for dried specimens at an impact energy of 50 J. The failure modes of the dried specimens without rubber core are breakage for both carbon and aramid fibres, matrix cracks, and delamination at matrix-fibre interfaces. The degradation for the wet specimens with rubber core is much more pronounced because the decrease in the absorbed impact energy was 53.26% after 10,513 h of immersion in water and all the layers were broken.

Improvement of interfacial adhesion of aramid fiber/polycarbonate composites by surface modification with graphene oxide modified sizing agents

AbstractVarious sizing agents were prepared to enhance the interfacial properties between aramid fiber (AF) and polycarbonate (PC), as well as to enhance the mechanical properties of AF/PC composites. It was found that PC sizing agent, P‐GO sizing agent, and PSi‐GO sizing agent effectively coated the surface of AF from the FTIR and XPS and SEM results. The IFSS and mechanical properties of composites reinforced with fibers treated by the sizing agents exhibited significant improvement, as well as their single fiber tensile strength also improved. Specifically, when AF was treated with PSi‐GO sizing agent, the interfacial shear properties between AF and PC increased by a remarkable 78.69%, reaching 22.89 MPa compared to the original AF/PC composite, the tensile strength of the single‐filament exhibited an increment of 12.4% to 26.4 cN/dtex. Moreover, the tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact strength of the composite increased by 5.43%, 77.74%, and 54.71%, respectively. These improvement can be attributed to the GO with a higher concentration of chemical groups and excellent dispersion with modified with the silane agent. These findings suggest that coating the AF with sizing agents can effectively enhance its interfacial adhesion with the matrix, which is useful for its application as the reinforcement in the composites.Highlights Adding GO to the sizing agent to change the Aramid fabric surface properties. Silane coupling agent was used to improve the dispersion of GO on the fiber surface. GO modified sizing agent can improve the flexural strength, tensile strength, and interlaminar shear strength of the composites.

Development and mechanical properties evaluation of environmentally sustainable composite material using various reinforcements with epoxy

In this study, the mechanical properties of advanced composites fabricated by the hand lay-up process were investigated. The mechanical properties evaluated in this study included tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact strength. Tensile tests were performed to measure the resistance of the composites to pulling forces, while flexural tests assessed their resistance to bending. Impact tests, on the other hand, determine the material's ability to absorb sudden forces or shocks. Results showed that all the composite materials exhibited high tensile strength, with the Carbon fiber epoxy composite displaying the highest value due to the exceptional strength of carbon fibers. In terms of flexural strength, the Glass-Fiber Polymer Matrix composite demonstrated the highest resistance to bending, while the Kevlar-Epoxy composite exhibited the highest impact strength, owing to the unique properties of Kevlar fibers, which offer excellent energy absorption capabilities. In the hardness test, the Kevlar composite to epoxy matrix showed hardness from HRB 105 to HRB 125 an increase of 19.04 %, while fiberglass increased hardness by 14.2 % and carbon fiber by 16.3 %. The Impact test shows that the Kevlar composite to epoxy matrix showed hardness from HRB 105 to HRB 125 an increase of 19.04 %, while fiberglass increased hardness by 14.2 % and carbon fiber by 16.3 %. Kevlar reinforcing composite produced the highest flexural strength, compared to neat epoxy by 91.7 %. Carbon fibre composites were 52.5 % higher, whereas glass fibre composites were 15.6 % higher. SEM imaging results from the cross-sections show that the best bonding between the base material and the fibers was observed for Kevlar reinforced with epoxy. All mechanical test showed that Kevlar (Aramid fiber) provides excellent mechanical properties when compared to carbon fibre and glass fibre. Hence, Kevlar (aramid fiber) can be an option for preparing light weight helmets, automobiles, aeronautics, safety equipments etc.

Breaking the trade-off between proton conductivity and mechanical stability through liquid-crystal-modified aramid fibers in sulfonated polyether ether ketone membranes

In the quest for sustainable and high-performance hydrogen fuel cells, proton exchange membranes (PEMs) stand as a pivotal research focus. To overcome the significant challenge posed by the traditional trade-offs between proton conductivity and mechanical stability, this work introduces liquid-crystal-modified aramid fibers (DBAF) with highly ordered molecular arrangements and abundant sulfonic acid groups on the side chains as proton-hopping sites into a sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) matrix. The inclusion of components not only improves the proton conductivity of the membrane, but also boosts its mechanical strength. The results of our study demonstrate that the externally attached sulfonic acid groups create extra channels for the transport of protons. Additionally, the organized and consistently stable hydrogen-bond network enables the Grotthuss transport mechanism within the SPEEK membrane. The 1 wt% DBAF-SPEEK composite membrane exhibits a maximum proton conductivity of 0.23 S cm−1 at 80 °C, representing a 64% increase over the baseline SPEEK membrane's 0.14 S cm−1. Simultaneously, the tensile strength at normal room temperature is 39.7 MPa, exhibiting an improvement of 86% compared to the initial value of 21.3 MPa. Additionally, the swelling ratio is lowered by 18.69%. Compared with the baseline membrane, the DBAF-enhanced SPEEK composite membrane exhibits superior mechanical stability and proton conductivity within a moderate temperature range (30–80 °C). Consequently, this work offers valuable insights for the development of novel proton-conductive materials.

Modified Epoxy Resin on the Burning Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Aramid Fiber Composite.

Aramid fiber/epoxy resin (AF/EP) composite has been heavily used as an impact protection material due to its excellent mechanical properties and lightweight merits. Meanwhile, it is also necessary to concern the flammability of matrix resin and the wick effect of aramid fiber, which would constitute a fire risk in harsh environments. In this work, a multifunctional flame-retardant modifier (EAD) was incorporated into the AF/EP system to improve the flame retardation. The addition of 5 wt% EAD made the AF/EP composite exhibit a high limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 37.5%, self-extinguishment, as well as decreased total heat release and total smoke release. The results from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) demonstrated that the treated composites maintained good thermal stability. Due to the combined action of covalent and noncovalent bonds in the matrix-rich region, the interfacial bonding improved, which endowed AF/EP composite with strengthening and toughening effects. Compared with the control sample AF/EP, the tensile strength and ballistic parameter (V50) of the sample with 5 wt% EAD increased by 17% and 10%, accompanied with ductile failure mode. Furthermore, the flame-retardant mechanism was obtained by analyzing the actions in condensed and gaseous phases. Thanks to good compatibility and interfacial adhesion, the incorporation of EAD solved the inconsistent issue between flame retardancy and mechanical properties, which further expanded the application of AF/EP composite in the protection field.

All fluorine-free lithium-ion batteries with high-rate capability

Fluorinated compounds, including per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), are crucial in battery technologies for their exceptional thermal and chemical resistance but pose significant environmental and health risks. Facing potential bans by the European Chemicals Agency post-2026, this study introduces non-fluorinated alternatives to meet the needs of high-energy–density lithium batteries in a completely fluorine-free environment. We have replaced traditional fluorinated lithium hexafluorophosphate-based electrolytes and poly(vinylidene fluoride) binders with an optimized lithium perchlorate-based electrolyte offering extended oxidation stability up to 5 V and a newly synthesized aromatic polyamide binder with remarkable binding strength derived from its polar groups (–CONH-, −O=S=O-, and –COOH). This shift demonstrates robust oxidation resistance without fluorine, improving the performance of fluorine-free graphite/NCM811 lithium-ion batteries, which exhibit superior fast-discharging capabilities and cycling stability under 2.8–4.3 V at 1 C, outperforming traditional fluorinated cells. Furthermore, the successful development of an all-fluorine-free 1.5 Ah pouch cell confirms the viability of non-fluorinated materials for high-capacity battery applications.

Efficient Zn-Ion Pouch Cell Assembling Based on Aramid Nanofiber Hydrogel

With the fast advancement of portable and wearable electronics, it is urgent to develop safe, stable and flexible power supply devices. Safe and environmentally friendly aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) have a low-cost and are perfect candidates for energy storage device in such applications [1-4]. Giving the general challenges, such as the formation of the dendrites on the Zn anodes and hydrogen evolution and side reactions, extensive and wide research has focused on building stable AZIBs with high performance, but less attention was paid to making Zn ion pouch cells which are flexible and with high capacity In this presentation, we developed an efficient method to assemble Zn-ion pouch cells based on the process of formation of the aramid nanofiber hydrogel. The method involves the dipping precursor solution, solvent exchanging, and in-situ electrodeposition of MnO2. The assembled Zn-ion pouch cells exhibit excellent mechanical performance, flexibility and electrochemical performance, which are ideal for portable and wearable electronics. Based on this method, we successfully assembled 3-layer (cathode/anode/cathode, A/C/A) and 5 layer (A/C/A/C/A) pouch cells with over 100 times higher capacity compared with coin cell. In addition, the pouch cell with aramid nanofiber hydrogel and in-situ electrodeposited MnO2 cathode on carbon nanotube mat demonstrates superior cycling stability [5,6]. More details about our assembling method for flexible and stable pouch cells for AZIBs and experimental measurements related to the cycling and stability characteristics, will be presented at the meeting.[1] Yu, Peng, et al. "Flexible Zn‐ion batteries: recent progresses and challenges." Small 15.7 (2019): 1804760.[2] Li, Yingbo, et al. "Recent advances in flexible zinc‐based rechargeable batteries." Advanced Energy Materials 9.1 (2019): 1802605.[3] Li, Chunyang, et al. "High-rate and high-voltage aqueous rechargeable zinc ammonium hybrid battery from selective cation intercalation cathode." ACS Applied Energy Materials 2.10 (2019): 6984-6989.[4] Yu, Feng, et al. "Aqueous alkaline–acid hybrid electrolyte for zinc-bromine battery with 3V voltage window." Energy Storage Materials 19 (2019): 56-61.[5] Wang, Peng, and Petru Andrei. "High Performance Separator and Hydrogel Based on Aramid Fibers for Zn Ion Batteries." Electrochemical Society Meeting s 242. No. 4. The Electrochemical Society, Inc., 2022.[6] Xu, Lizhi, et al. "Water‐rich biomimetic composites with abiotic self‐organizing nanofiber network." Advanced Materials 30.1 (2018): 1703343.