Aromatic Hydrocarbons In Water Samples Research Articles

Flexible and designable metal–organic framework-based electrospun nanofibrous for highly sensitive recognition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples

In this study, a novel functionalized electrospun nanofibrous material was developed through a straightforward and robust approach that combines polydopamine (PDA) mediation and hydrothermal growth. This material was utilized as a SPME probe for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) analysis. Under optimal extraction conditions, the proposed method exhibited higher enrichment factors (1362–4563) and lower detection limits (0.003–0.35 ng mL−1), with relative standard deviations (RSDs) below 6.7 %. Applied to water samples, the stability and reproducibility of the nanofibrous have been validated with the intra- and inter-assay RSD in 2.3–9.8 % and 1.5–9.9 %, respectively. Acceptable recoveries of 87.1–109.2 % were achieved. Furthermore, the developed SPME-GC method was successfully applied to the analysis of PAHs in water samples.

Length-controlled hydrophobic CF3-COF as a highly efficient absorbent coating for dual-mode solid-phase microextraction of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a group of seriously hazardous environmental contaminants, have attracted extensive attention due to their carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and ubiquity. In this work, the excellent hydrophobic trifluoromethyl-enriched covalent organic framework (CF3-COF) was designed and synthesized as coating of solid-phase microextraction (SPME). The CF3-COF offered a high adsorption selectivity for PAHs, which could be attributed to the multiple interactions between the CF3-COF and PAHs, including hydrophobicity interaction, π-π and H bond interactions. Furthermore, headspace (HS) and direct immersion (DI) dual-mode solid-phase microextraction (HS/DI-SPME) were innovatively integrated as a dual-mode extraction by varying the length of SPME coating on stainless-steel, which could simultaneously and efficiently extract 16 PAHs with different volatile. Amazingly, the proposed strategy achieved fast adsorption for PAHs and shortened the adsorption equilibrium time to 15 min. By further integrating with gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS), PAHs could be detected in the range of 0.008–0.16 ng mL−1 with a quantitative limit of 0.029–0.47 ng mL−1, respectively. The recoveries of PAHs in water samples ranged from 80.84 to 117.67 %. This work indicates that the dual-mode CF3-COF-SPME is a promising candidate for the enrichment of multiple hazardous substances in complicated samples.

Controlled construction of 2D hierarchical core-shell ZnO/MnO2 nanosheets on Nitinol fiber with enhanced adsorption performance for selective solid-phase microextraction of trace polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples

BackgroundPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are an important class of potentially toxic persistent organic pollutants in environmental water. Their concentrations are usually too low to allow for direct determination with analytical instruments, and the preconcentration is required prior to instrumental analysis. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) is considered as a high-performance green sample preparation technique for volatile and non-volatile organic compounds due to its high enrichment factor. In fact, the nature of SPME coatings governs the adsorption performance. Therefore, more efforts have devoted to the controlled construction of novel long-life SPME fibers with enhanced adsorption performance and improved adsorption selectivity. Results2D hierarchical core-shell ZnO/MnO2 nanosheets (NSs) were constructed on a Nitinol (NiTi) fiber substrate by layer-by-layer assembly for enhanced and selective SPME of PAHs. Firstly, hexagonal ZnO NSs were electrodeposited on the NiTi substrate. Subsequently smaller secondary MnO2 NSs were uniformly grown on the surface of ZnO NSs by a facile hydrothermal oxidation process. ZnO NSs were well protected by the chemically stable MnO2 shell, making the coating highly durable and efficient for SPME application. Meanwhile, the ZnO/MnO2 NSs coating demonstrated superior adsorption performance for PAHs. After the optimization of SPME conditions, the proposed SPME-HPLC-UV method exhibited good analytical performance for preconcentrating and determining trace PAHs with wide linear ranges (0.03–200 μg L−1) and low LODs (0.005–0.112 μg L−1) as well as good repeatability (1.4%-6.9%) and fiber-to-fiber reproducibility (5.3%-7.1%). Moreover, the proposed method showed good precision and recovery in the preconcentration and determination of target PAHs in real water samples. SignificanceAs compared with representative commercially available fibers, the NiTi@ZnO/MnO2 NSs fiber showed enhanced adsorption efficiency and improved adsorption selectivity for PAHs. The constructed fiber can be used as an alternative to commercial fibers for the adsorption and preconcentration of target PAHs in the environmental water samples. Moreover, the preparation strategy is expected to provide new insights into the precisely controlled construction of the efficient and stable core-shell bimetallic oxide nanostructures on the superielastic NiTi-based fibers.

Assessment of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples from Lagos Lagoon

Assessment of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples from Lagos Lagoon

Human Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water Samples around Eket Metropolis, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Aims: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are very toxic and persistent environmental contaminants. The paper is aimed at investigating the cancer risk exposure of PAHs in borehole water collected around five automobile repair workshops within Eket metropolis.
 Place and Duration of Study: Samples were collected between June - August (2018) in wet season and November (2018) – January (2019) in dry season from boreholes around the vicinity of five automobile repair workshops within Eket metropolis. 
 Methodology: The water samples were prepared in the laboratory following standard procedures and analysed for 16 United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) priority PAHs using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometer (GC–MS). A total of fifteen PAH congeners were detected in the samples.
 Results: Total PAHs concentrations in borehole water from all sampling sites were in the range of 1.71–16.07 mg/L and 1.07–12.97 mg/L for both dry and wet seasons respectively. The low PAHs levels recorded in water for the wet season was linked to dilution effect. Low molecular weight PAHs were more dominant in all samples. The estimated cancer risks of exposure to PAHs by ingestion in the water samples ranged from 7.10 × 10-7 to 1.12 × 10-4 and 6.76 × 10-6 to 3.69 × 10-1 for adults and children respectively in both seasons. The estimated cancer risks due to dermal exposure to PAHs in the water samples ranged from to 7.18 × 10-3 to 1.07 × 10-1 and 5.67 × 10-3 to 1.08 × 10-1 for adults and children respectively in both seasons. 
 Conclusion: Carcinogenic risks due to dermal exposure calculated for both adults and children were higher than the US EPA acceptable cancer risk and much higher for children, which suggest that children could be prone to cancer and need to be monitored.

Quantification of Higher Molecular Weight Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water Samples by Modified Magnetic Nanoparticle and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry

Quantification of Higher Molecular Weight Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water Samples by Modified Magnetic Nanoparticle and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry

Determination and distribution of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples from Blood and Mokolo Rivers in Limpopo Province, South Africa

The quality of aquatic ecosystems has become increasingly difficult to maintain in recent years due to toxic organic compounds that are introduced into water resources such as rivers and dams by natural and human activities. Some of these toxic organic compounds include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The first step in removal of these compounds requires identification and determination of PAHs. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of PAHs in the water collected from Blood and Mokolo Rivers in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) method was used for the extraction of PAHs from water. The quantification of sixteen (16) PAHs in the water was carried out using gas chromatograph-flame ionisation detector (GC-FID). The efficiencies and accuracy of the technique for the extraction of PAHs were determined by assessing the recoveries of water spiked with known amount of standards. Higher levels of PAHs were observed in Mokolo River (between 0.0219 and 1.53 μg/L) while lower concentrations were recorded in Blood River (between 0.0121 and 0.433 μg/L). The diagnostic ratios indicate that PAHs obtained in water from both Mokolo and Blood Rivers are likely due to pyrogenic sources. The Toxic Equivalence Quotient (TEQ) values recorded in the water were very low, and these suggest that water from both rivers is at relatively low toxicity risk.

Hydrothermal in situ growth and application of a novel flower-like phosphorous-doped titanium oxide nanoflakes on titanium alloy substrate for enhanced solid-phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples

A novel flower-like phosphorous-doped titanium oxide nanocomposite coating was in situ grown on nickel-titanium alloy (NiTi) fiber by hydrothermal treatment in phosphoric acid solution. The experimental results demonstrated that phosphorous-doped titanium oxide nanoflakes (P-TiONFs) with an average thickness of 80 nm were formed on the NiTi fiber substrate in 0.1 mol L−1 H3PO4 at 150 °C for 6 h. Thereafter, the resulting P-TiONFs were used as SPME fiber coatings for the adsorption of typical aromatic analytes from environmental water samples, which were determined by HPLC-UV. These P-TiONFs exhibited good adsorption selectivity for hydrophobic PAHs. After optimizing microextraction conditions, linear responses were achieved in the ranges of 0.05–200 μg L−1 for the determination of PAHs with determination coefficients higher than 0.999. LODs (S/N = 3) ranged from 0.009 to 0.132 μg L−1, while LOQs (S/N = 10) ranged from 0.030 to 0.441 μg L−1. RSDs for intra-day and inter-day analyses with a single fiber varied from 4.46% to 5.56% and 5.14%–6.75%, respectively. The relative recoveries of 83.60%–119.0% were achieved for the determination of PAHs in real water samples spiked at the concentration levels of 5.0 μg L−1 and 10.0 μg L−1 with RSDs below 7.38%. In addition, the fibers exhibited no significant decrease in adsorption efficiency after being used 240 adsorption and desorption cycles. The proposed method was successfully applied to the selective enrichment and determination of target PAHs in different water samples.

Selective solid-phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water based on oriented phosphorus-containing titanium oxide nanofibers grown on titanium support prior to high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection.

A novel solid-phase microextraction coating of phosphorous-containing titanium oxide composite was developed using titanium fiber as a support and a titanium source by hydrothermal oxidation in a phosphoric acid solution containing hydrogen peroxide. The morphology of the fiber coatings was controlled by the conditions of the hydrothermal oxidation reaction. The oriented nanofiber coating was employed to extract several types of representative aromatic analytes. The experimental results demonstrated that the as-prepared fiber exhibited excellent extraction efficiency toward polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Combined with high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection, main extraction conditions were optimized, including pH, ionic strength, extraction temperature, stirring rate, extraction time and desorption time. The established method presented good linearity from 0.05 to 200 μg/L with limit of detection ranging from 0.012 to 0.126 μg/L. This convenient and green procedure was suitable for the selective extraction and determination of typical polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental water samples. The relative recoveries of 85.8-112% were obtained for the determination of target polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples spiked with 5.0 and 15.0 μg/L. Moreover, the as-prepared fiber showed at least 210 extraction/desorption cycles due to its high mechanical and chemical stability.

Electrodeposition of zeolitic imidazolate framework coating on stainless steel wire for solid-phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples

At present, electrochemical deposition has become a novel approach to manufacture metal–organic framework (MOF) coatings. Here, zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) coating solid-phase microextraction fiber was prepared by electrochemical deposition method with stainless steel wire as the support. The fabrication process was proceeded without adding any supporting electrolyte or regulator, and the ZIF-8 coating fiber could be obtained at room temperature within 20 min. The main factors affecting the preparation of ZIF-8 coated fiber were optimized, including the type of zinc salt in the deposition solution, deposition voltage, and time. Finally, eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were used as simulated pollutants, and the performance of the fiber had been evaluated using HS-SPME-FID. The optimum extraction conditions of the SPME-GC-FID methods were stirring for 40 min at 70 °C. The linear range of the method was 0.05–50 μg/L, limits of detection were 0.010–0.054 μg/L, inter-batch, intra-day, and inter-day relative standard deviation was lower than 4.2%, 8.5%, and 9.5%, respectively. The service life of a single fiber exceeds 80 extraction/desorption cycles.

The New Simple and Manual Coated Serum Vial Solid-Phase Microextraction Method for Pre-Concentration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water Samples

In the present work, the coated vial solid-phase microextraction tool was introduced. In this simple and rapid method, the commercial 10 mL serum vials (penicillin flask) were used. The pretreated vials were coated with aminopropyl moiety and a thin layer of adsorbent immobilized on the inner surface of the vials. For extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as model compounds, 5 mL of sample solution was added to the fabricate vial and after simple, rapid handshaking extraction, washing, and elution process, the target compound injected to HPLC for analysis. The factors that influenced the extraction efficiency including pH, extraction time, ionic strength, type, and volume of elution solvent were investigated and optimized. In optimum values, the repeatabilities for one device were 2.7–5.3%. The detection limits for the studied compounds were 0.26–0.32 ng L−1. The method does not need any particular apparatus that commercially can use in common laboratories.

Immobilization Polyoxometalate/Ionic Liquid Nanocomposites on Hexagonally Ordered Silica as Solid Coating in Microextraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

The eventuality of determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples is studied by utilizing keggin polyoxometalate nanocluster/ionic liquid on hexagonally ordered silica as solid-phase microextraction adsorbent. Parameters affecting the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons into the coating such as sampling time, sampling volume, and temperature are also evaluated. In the optimized conditions, (Desorption temperature: 270 °C, Desorption duration: 2 min, Extraction temperature: 80 °C, Extraction duration: 30 min, pH: 7 and Stirring rate: 700 r.p.m) the correlation coefficients were high (≥0.9976), linear ranges were broad 0.00001-10 mgL−1) and limit of detections were suitable (≤0.36 µg L−1).

Derivation of carbonaceous nanoparticles from glucose-modified nickel-titanium oxide nanoparticles grown on Nitinol fiber for solid phase microextraction of several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples

A facile strategy was developed for the fabrication of new nanoparticles-templated carbonaceous coating on a Nitinol (NiTi) fiber substrate. The NiTi fiber was first electrochemically anodized for the growth of nickel-titanium oxide nanoparticles (NiTiONPs). Thereafter, NiTiONPs were used as supporting templates for the derivation of carbonaceous nanoparticles (CNPs) via the hydrothermal reaction of glucose followed by carbonization in nitrogen atmosphere. The adsorption performance of the NiTi@NiTiONPs and the NiTi@NiTiO@CNPs fibers was evaluated using typical aromatic compounds as model analytes coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. The results clearly indicated that the NiTiO@CNPs coating exhibited higher extraction capability for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) than UV filters. For this purpose, several parameters of SPME with the NiTi@NiTiO@CNPs fiber were examined for the enrichment of PAHs in water. Under the obtained conditions, the calibration curves were linear over the concentration ranges of 0.05–200 μg·L–1 with correlation coefficients above 0.999. Limits of detection were between 0.012 μg·L–1 and 0.15 μg·L–1. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the intra-day and the inter-day analyses with the single fiber varied from 3.03% to 5.34% and from 3.31% to 5.82%, respectively. Moreover, RSDs for the fiber-to-fiber reproducibility with five fibers fabricated in different batches were between 4.89% and 7.10%. Finally, the applicability of the proposed method was validated via determination of target PAHs in real water samples with the relative recoveries of 82.6%–114%. Notably, the superior extraction performance of the fabricated fiber was still maintained even after more than 250 extraction/desorption cycles due to strong adhesion of the CNPs coating to NiTiONPs.

Application of biocharcoal aerogel sorbent for solid-phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples.

A facile method was introduced for preparing a biocharcoal aerogel, which was derived from pomelo peel as the only raw material. The inner spongy layer of pomelo peel was freeze-dried for maintaining three-dimensional structure and then carbonized under high temperature and oxygen-limited conditions. The morphological structure and graphitization degree of biocharcoal aerogel were characterized using a scanning electron microscope and Raman spectrum. After sifting and grinding, the biocharcoal aerogel as an adsorbent was coated onto the surface of stainless steel wires. Through placing the wires into a polyetheretherketone tube, the in-tube solid-phase microextraction device was obtained. Coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography, it exhibited good extraction performance for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, then an online analytical method was established with low limits of detection (0.005-0.050ng/mL), wide linear ranges (0.017-15ng/mL) with superior correlation coefficients higher than 0.9990, high enrichment factors (1128-3425), and acceptable intra- and inter-day repeatabilities (relative standard deviations ≤ 6.7%, n=3). The method was applied to detect polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in bottled water samples, environmental water samples, and soft drinks with satisfactory recoveries (83.3-120.9%). This research not only developed a new carbon aerogel but also evaluated its adsorption performance in sample preparation.

An Ag2S@ZnS‐coated fiber for efficient, long‐life solid‐phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water

Although an efficient and stable fiber coating is essential for the development of solid-phase microextraction technique, it remains a challenging prospect. Herein, an inorganic nanocomposite material Ag2 S@ZnS was prepared and used as a coating for fibers to detect polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples in combination with a GC with flame ionization detector. Compared with a single ZnS material, the Ag2 S@ZnS composite shows many uneven nano-protrusions on the surface of the microspheres. In conjunction with the relatively scattered microstructure of the coating and the effective anion-π interaction formed between ZnS and the hydrocarbons, it has a large specific surface area, fast diffusion of the target molecule on its surface, and appropriate adsorption of the target molecules; therefore, it exhibits good extraction efficiency for the hydrocarbons. Under optimal conditions, the proposed analytical method exhibits superior performance with good linearity (0.01-500µg/L) and low limits of detection (0.001-0.200µg/L). Combined with high thermal, chemical, and mechanical stability, the service life of the coating was improved and could be used 200 times without a significant reduction in the extraction performance, and at least 2000 extraction-desorption cycles can be achieved. Satisfactory results were also obtained for the real samples.

Corncob biochar as a coating for trace analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples by online in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled to high performance liquid chromatography

Biochar materials have been focused on enormous attention in the fields of capacitance, catalysis, adsorption due to its renewability, abundant in content and widespread distribution. In this work, corncob biochar materials were prepared under different carbonized temperature and characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy for surface morphology and graphitization degree. Then the materials were separately attached onto stainless steel wires as the coatings for solid-phase microextraction (SPME). Four wires with the same coating were placed into a polyetheretherketone tube to develop several extraction tubes. Coupled to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detector (DAD), the tubes were evaluated using several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as model analytes. According to the comparison of extraction efficiency, the best tube was selected. To achieve high sensitivity, both main extraction and desorption processes were optimized. Under the optimum conditions, an in-tube SPME-HPLC-DAD method for PAHs was established with low limits of detection (0.003–0.030 ng mL−1), wide linear ranges (0.010–15 ng mL−1, 0.017–15 ng mL−1, 0.033–15 ng mL−1 and 0.099–15 ng mL−1), high enrichment factors (1864–2615) and acceptable repeatability (relative standard deviations (RSDs, n = 3) less than 2.9% and 6.7% for intra-day and inter-day tests). Furthermore, the accuracy of the method was investigated via analyzing trace PAHs in real water samples and good recoveries (81.7%-116.8%) were obtained. In addition, the extraction tube exhibited satisfactory durability and chemical stability (RSDs ≤ 8.0%, n = 3) and acceptable reproducibility (RSD ≤ 7.8%, n = 3).

Carbonized silk fibers for in-tube solid-phase microextraction to detect polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples.

Silk fibers were carbonized to develop a biomass carbon material as an adsorbent for solid-phase microextraction. The surface structure of the carbonized silk fibers was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, and the graphitization degree was determined by Raman spectrometry. After carbonization under high temperature, the orderliness and structural regularity of carbon atoms on silk fibers were promoted. Extraction tube packed with carbonized silk fibers was prepared for in-tube solid-phase microextraction. Coupled with high performance liquid chromatography, it exhibited good extraction performance for hydrophobic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Main parameters including sampling volume, sampling rate, methanol content in sample, and desorption time were systematically investigated. Under the optimum conditions, the analysis method was established and it exhibited wide linear range (0.016-20 μg/L) with good linearity (correlation coefficient ≥ 0.9947), low limits of detection (0.005-0.050 μg/L), and high enrichment factors (1189-2775). Relative standard deviations (n=3) for intraday (≤3.3%) and interday (≤9.6%) tests indicated that the extraction material had satisfactory repeatability. Finally, the analytical method was successfully applied to detect trace polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in real water samples, demonstrating its satisfactory practicability.

Ionic liquid-based graphene oxide-coated fiber for headspace-solid phasemicroextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples

Ionic liquid-based graphene oxide-coated fiber for headspace-solid phasemicroextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples

Rapid Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water Samples Using an Automated On-line Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography

Two-dimensional HPLC (2D-HPLC) recently has received great attention due to providing high resolving power and higher peak capacities than that of 1D-HPLC, especially dealing with a wide spectrum of sample matrices containing several components. In this work, an on-line heart-cutting two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) method was developed using monolithic columns coupled with reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC). 2D-HPLC was successfully carried out using affinity-based monolithic columns at first dimension (20 cm × 4.6 mm I.D.) followed by a Pinnacle II PAH column (50 mm × 4.6 mm I.D.) at the second dimension. Furthermore, good linearity was observed for the correlation of the benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) molecule against the peak areas (R2 = 0.994) in the concentration range of 0.01–1.0 ng/mL in 30 min. The limit of detection and the limit of quantification were found to be 4.0 pg/mL and 12.0 pg/mL, respectively. Both the intra-day and inter-day precision at 0.01 and 0.1 ng/mL spiked concentrations were below than 2.35% RSD whereas the means of the recovery data of the BaP from the water samples were found to be in the range of 93.71–98.65%. These results demonstrate that the 2D-HPLC system, developed by the combination of the P(HEMA-MAPA) column and Pinnacle II PAH column, is reliable, stable, and well qualified in the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the water samples.

Sol–gel based metal-organic framework zeolite imidazolate framework-8 fibers for solid-phase microextraction of nitro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples

In this study, three kinds of Zeolite imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8), synthesized by solvothermal, stirring and ball-milling method, were fabricated on the stainless steel wire via sol-gel technique. These fibers were used as solid phase microextraction (SPME) coating materials and applied for analyzing 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 11 nitro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) in environmental water samples by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The optimal pH, ionic strength, extraction time, extraction temperature, desorption temperature and desorption time were 6.0, without salt addition, 45 min, 35 °C, 260 °C and 5 min, respectively. The extraction mechanism of the ZIF-8 fiber might be the hydrophobicity, molecular penetration and π-π stacking interactions. Under the optimized conditions, the as-proposed fiber provides a wide linearity range from 10 to 20,000 ng L−1 and a low detection limit of 0.3–27.0 ng L−1 for PAHs and NPAHs analysis. The single fiber and fiber to fiber relative standard deviations were observed in the range of 3.0%–13.9% and 3.5%–12.3%, respectively. The method shows great potential in environmental analysis field.