Arithmetic Test Research Articles

EEG-based investigation of the impact of room size and window placement on cognitive performance

This study investigated changes in scalp electroencephalography (EEG) features associated with short-term exposure to four virtual classroom designs, with different window placement and room dimensions. Participants engaged in five cognitive tests in each design condition: the Stroop Test, the Digit Span Test, the Benton Test, a Visual Memory Test, and an Arithmetic Test. Performance on the cognitive tests and EEG data were analyzed by contrasting various classroom design conditions. The cognitive test performance results showed no significant differences related to the design changes in the room studied. We computed frequency band-power and connectivity EEG features to identify changes in neural patterns associated to the different design conditions. A leave-one-out machine-learning classification scheme was implemented to assess the robustness of the EEG features, with the classification accuracy evaluation of the trained model iteratively performed against an unseen participant’s data for the test set. The feature selection and classification results located consistent differences in the EEG features that held predictive power (p<0.003) across participants in the different classroom design conditions: a. Neural vs One-Window, b. Neutral vs Two-Windows, c. Neutral vs Wide room. This effect was observed for the tasks that required short-term memory encoding, including the Digit Span Test (median test set classification accuracy: a. 53.8%, b. 51.3%), the Benton Test (a. 61.3%, b. 56.3%), and the Visual Memory Test (a. 55.0%, b. 57.5%, c. 61.3%). The most discriminative EEG features were primarily frequency band-power features, observed in bilateral occipital, parietal, and frontal regions in the theta (4-8 Hz) and alpha (8-12 Hz) frequency bands. The connectivity features reinforced these findings by showing that there were changes in the transfer of information from centro-parietal to frontal electrodes in the different classroom conditions. This study provides rigorous evidence that brain activity features during cognitive tasks are affected by the design elements of window placement and room dimensions in a virtual classroom. The ongoing development of this EEG-based approach has the potential to strengthen evidence-based design through evaluation of robust neurophysiological evidence.

PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA PAPAN PERMAINAN MATEMATIKA (PAPER MATH)

The research problem is the low mathematical ability of students in arithmetic operations. The research is included in Research And Development (R&amp;D) with modified 4D development procedures. The purpose of this research is to develop a suitable and effective Paper Math product as a learning medium. The research subjects were seventh-grade students of SMP N 4 Pringsewu. The sampling technique used cluster random sampling. The research instrument consisted of a validation sheet, a student response sheet, and an arithmetic operation ability test. Based on the results of expert validation, it was obtained that the Paper Math media had very decent criteria and very good student responses, and the t-test was obtained that the average student learning outcomes using Paper Math media were higher than the average student learning outcomes who did not use the media. Paper Math. It is concluded that Paper Math is feasible and effective to be used as a medium to improve mathematical ability in arithmetic operations. Thus, it is hoped that paper math media can be used as a medium for math games to improve students' arithmetic operations ability.

Sex differences in the association of math achievement with visual-spatial and verbal working memory: Does the type of math test matter?

Previous research on sex differences in mathematical achievement shows mixed findings, which have been argued to depend on types of math tests used and the type of solution strategies (i.e., verbal versus visual‐spatial) these tests evoke. The current study evaluated sex differences in (a) performance (development) on two types of math tests in primary schools and (b) the predictive value of verbal and visual‐spatial working memory on math achievement. Children (N = 3175) from grades 2 through five participated. Visual‐spatial and verbal working memory were assessed using online computerized tasks. Math performance was assessed five times during two school years using a speeded arithmetic test (math fluency) and a word problem test (math problem solving). Results from Multilevel Multigroup Latent Growth Modeling, showed that sex differences in level and growth of math performance were mixed and very small. Sex differences in the predictive value of verbal and visual‐spatial working memory for math performance suggested that boys seemed to rely more on verbal strategies than girls. Explanations focus on cognitive and emotional factors and how these may interact to possibly amplify sex differences as children grow older.

The Effect of Copaiba Oil Odor on Anxiety Relief in Adults under Mental Workload: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background Aromatherapy has been proved to be effective in alleviating anxiety in practices and research. Recently, copaiba oil (CPO) is popular in the market and is recommended for anxiety relief in aromatherapy practice. However, relevant scientific research is still lacking. Methods A randomized controlled trial was designed to evaluate the anxiety-relieving effect of CPO inhalation in 22 adults. Jojoba oil was used as the control treatment. N-back and mental arithmetic tasks were used as stress stimulation. CPO or control intervention was carried out after the n-back training phase. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), EEG activities, physiological indexes including heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), blood oxygen saturation, and salivary cortisol were assessed in different phases of the experimental process. Results There was no significant difference in the change of HR and BP between the CPO and control groups before odor intervention. The S-AI scores of the CPO treated participants decreased after the n-back and mental arithmetic tests and were significantly lower than those of the participants who received control treatments. The HR and salivary cortisol of participants who received CPO intervention significantly decreased during the n-back and mental arithmetic tests. Furthermore, a remarkable decrease of beta wave activity was observed in the left midfrontal region (F3) when the participant received the CPO intervention. Conclusion The study's findings supported that the CPO odor showed beneficial effects on alleviating anxiety based on several indicators in subjective, physiological, and EEG measurements.

Investigation of primary school students solving arithmetic verbal problems

The study determined the arithmetic verbal problem solving skills of primary school students and to examine them according to grade level and mathematics achievement variables. The study was designed according to the relational survey model, one of the quantitative research methods. The population of the research consists of students studying in public primary schools in the central districts of a large city in the south of Turkey. The sample consisted of 1,865 students determined according to the disproportionate stratified sampling method. The "arithmetic verbal problem test for students" prepared by the researchers was used as a data collection tool. As a result of the research, it was revealed that the students were most successful in the problems of combining and separating with “consequence unknown”, then “with change unknown” and “initial unknown”, but they were less successful in part-whole type problems. Thus, it was concluded that as the mathematics achievement and grade levels of the students increased, their success in solving verbal problems also increased.

Dyscalculia and dyslexia in Chinese children with idiopathic epilepsy: Different patterns of prevalence, comorbidity, and gender differences.

ObjectiveThe present study aimed to examine the prevalence of dyscalculia, dyslexia, and their comorbidity rates in a large population‐based sample of children with idiopathic epilepsy (N = 2282) and a comparison sample of typically developing schoolchildren (N = 2371).MethodsBoth groups of children were screened using an arithmetic fluency test for dyscalculia and a reading fluency test for dyslexia. Their comorbidity rates were assessed. The prevalence rates of dyscalculia, dyslexia, comorbidity, and isolated dyscalculia/dyslexia (ie, participants with comorbid dyslexia and dyscalculia were excluded) were analyzed.ResultsIn both −1.5 SD and −1 SD cutoff criterion, the prevalence rates were about two times higher in children with idiopathic epilepsy than in other schoolchildren; the prevalence rates of isolated dyslexia were higher in children with idiopathic epilepsy than in other schoolchildren (−1 SD: 10.9% vs 8.6%; −1.5 SD: 6.5% vs 4.7%). Meanwhile, comorbidity rates of dyscalculia and dyslexia were higher in children with idiopathic epilepsy than in other schoolchildren (32.7% vs 26.6%; 38.3% vs 23.5%, respectively). Overall, patterns of prevalence rates were different for children with idiopathic epilepsy and schoolchildren, in which children with idiopathic epilepsy had a higher prevalence rate of dyscalculia than dyslexia, while schoolchildren had a higher prevalence of dyslexia than dyscalculia, regardless of cutoff criteria. Interestingly, gender differences in the prevalence rates of all types of learning disabilities were found in schoolchildren, but there were only gender differences in the prevalence rates of dyslexia in children with idiopathic epilepsy.SignificanceThe results highlight the vulnerability of children with idiopathic epilepsy for learning disabilities and a differential pattern of gender differences in dyslexia. Moreover, different patterns of prevalence rates suggest that children with idiopathic epilepsy and schoolchildren are more prone to different types of learning disabilities. The findings suggest needs for special interventions of learning disabilities for children with idiopathic epilepsy.

On the Highly Accurate Evaluation of the Voigt/Complex Error Function with Small Imaginary Argument

A rapidly convergent series, based on Taylor expansion of the imaginary part of the complex error function, is presented for highly accurate approximation of the Voigt/complex error function with small imaginary argument y ≤ 0.1. Error analysis and run-time tests in double-precision arithmetic reveals that in the real and imaginary parts, the proposed algorithm provides an average accuracy exceeding 10−15 and 10−16, respectively, and the calculation speed is as fast as that reported in recent publications. An optimized MATLAB code providing rapid computation with high accuracy is presented.

Financial Incapacity of Patients with Mild Alzheimer's Disease: What Neurologists Need to Know about Where the Impairment Lies.

Research in the last decade has focused on assessing financial capacity and incapacity mainly in old age, but new research has turned to address the question of how financial incapacity can be predicted by cognitive factors. The aim of this study was to identify which cognitive domains predict financial capacity and the relevant cognitive skills of patients with mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in order to assist neurologists in functional assessment and further patient referral. In this study, 109 patients diagnosed with mild AD were examined with a number of neuropsychological tests: Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Functional Rating Scale for Symptoms of Dementia (FRSSD), Functional Cognitive Assessment Scale (FUCAS), Trail Making Test (TMT)-Part B, Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCFT)-copy condition and delayed recall condition, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Boston Naming Test, Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT), digit span forward and backward, WAIS-R digit symbol substitution test, Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15), and the Legal Capacity for Property Law Transactions Assessment Scale (LCPLTAS). LCPLTAS total score and relevant subdomains were best predicted only by the score of one item coming from MMSE: subtraction of serial sevens. This is the only measure of arithmetic testing in use for the Greek geriatric population. Financial capacity is severely impaired in the group of mild AD patients. In order to prevent financial exploitation cases, neurologists, neuropsychologists, psychiatrists, and geriatrists should pay close attention to the information from the relevant arithmetic question of MMSE, as it is one of the most widely administered screening tests in clinical settings.

Mitigating Initial Orthostatic Hypotension: Mechanistic Roles of Muscle Contraction Versus Sympathetic Activation.

Initial orthostatic hypotension (IOH) is defined by a large drop in blood pressure (BP) within 15 s of standing. IOH often presents during an active stand, but not with a passive tilt, suggesting that a muscle activation reflex involving lower body muscles plays an important role. To our knowledge, there is no literature exploring how sympathetic activation affects IOH. We hypothesized involuntary muscle contractions before standing would significantly reduce the drop in BP seen in IOH while increasing sympathetic activity would not. Study participants performed 4 sit-to-stand maneuvers including a mental stress test (serial 7 mental arithmetic stress test), cold pressor test, electrical stimulation, and no intervention. Continuous heart rate and beat-to-beat BP were measured. Cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance were estimated from these waveforms. Data are presented as mean±SD. A total of 23 female IOH participants (31±8 years) completed the study. The drops in systolic BP following the serial 7 mental arithmetic stress test (-26±12 mm Hg; P=0.004), cold pressor test (-20±15 mm Hg; P<0.001), and electrical stimulation (-28±12 mm Hg; P=0.01) were significantly reduced compared with no intervention (-34±11 mm Hg). The drops in systemic vascular resistance following the serial 7 mental arithmetic stress test (-391±206 dyne×s/cm5; P=0.006) and cold pressor test (-386±179 dyne×s/cm5; P=0.011) were significantly reduced compared with no intervention (-488±173 dyne×s/cm5). Cardiac output was significantly increased upon standing (7±2 L/min) compared with during the sit (6±1 L/min; P<0.001) for electrical stimulation. Sympathetic activation mitigates the BP response in IOH, while involuntary muscle contraction mitigates the BP response and reduces symptoms. Active muscle contractions may induce both of these mechanisms of action in their pretreatment of IOH. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03970551.

The Effect of Low Frequency Noises Exposure on the Precision of Human at the Mathematical Tasks.

Background:Low-frequency noise is produced from different sources in the working environments such as pumps. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of low-frequency noise on precision and focusing of the studied subjects.Methods:This cross-sectional–interventional study was performed on 13 students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. The precision of individual subjects was evaluated using the mental arithmetic test. The sound sources with frequencies of 125, 250, and 1000 Hz at 75, 85, and 95 dB sound pressure levels. Also, the rate of precision was measured before the exposure (time “zero”), and at 45 and 90 min. SPSS (Ver. 26) software was used to analyze the data.Results:Comparison of the precision scores of the individuals between the frequencies of 125 and 250 Hz at the sound pressure level of 75 dB and at 45 min (P = 0.032). And 90 min (P = 0.006). And also, the frequencies of 250 Hz and 1000 Hz at the time of 45 min. At the sound pressure levels of 85 dB (P = 0.019). And 95 dB (P = 0.043) and at the time of 90 min. At the sound pressure levels of 85 dB (0.027). And 95 dB (P = 0.009) demonstrated a significant difference.Conclusions:We concluded that low frequency noises could reduce the person's precision. While for 125 Hz noises, just increasing of the exposure time was effective on the precision reduction. But for 250 Hz noises, both parameters increasing including exposure time and sound pressure levels, was effective.

Measurement of student mental workload during online learning using Continuous Subjective Workload Assessment Technique (C-SWAT)

The covid-19 pandemic have effect in Indonesia both financial and non-financial sector include education. There is new habit on education system such as online learning. Since online learning student use gadget/computer to learn. Using gadget in high frequencies may cause effect. This research to measure mental workload of student during online learning in Mechanical Engineering Education Department. Mental effort is measured use continuous subjective workload assessment technique. Continuous subjective workload assessment technique (C-SWAT) is simplify of subjective workload assessment technique. In continuous subjective workload assessment technique, participant is asked dimension that participant prefer, after that participant is asked to do simple arithmetic test. Dimensions are time load, mental effort and psychology-effort. This research use minimum weight of 0 (W0) with weight used is 1/3. Moreover, there is questionnaire to know study interest of participant during online learning. In this research mental effort load is the second highest score, the first highest score is psychology stress effort. Multiplication test is high score than other arithmetic test. During online school student have fatigue, most of them feel eyestrain and body sore. Student prefer synchronous learning type than a-synchronous learning it’s because in synchronous learning student can discus with teacher directly.

Iron supplementation given to nonanemic infants: neurocognitive functioning at 16 years

ABSTRACT Objective There is concern that high iron uptake during the critical period of early brain development carries potential risks, especially for nonanemic infants. This study examined the neurocognitive functioning of 16-year-olds who were nonanemic as infants and received iron supplementation. Methods We studied 562 Chilean adolescents (M 16.2 years; 52.7% female) who participated in a randomized controlled iron supplementation trial in infancy. Between 6 and 12 months, 346 consumed an iron-fortified formula (12.7 Fe mg/L) or, if primarily breastfed, liquid vitamins with 15 mg elemental iron as ferrous sulfate, and 216 consumed unmodified cow milk without iron or liquid vitamins without iron if primarily breastfed. Results Compared to adolescents in the no-added iron condition in infancy, those in the iron-supplemented condition had poorer visual-motor integration, quantitative reasoning skills, and incurred more errors on neurocognitive tasks. Consuming larger amounts of iron-fortified formula in infancy was associated with lower arithmetic achievement. Of adolescents who had high hemoglobin at 6 months (Hb ≥ 125 g/L), those in the iron supplemented condition had poorer performance on arithmetic, quantitative reasoning, and response inhibition tests than those in the no-added iron condition. Of adolescents who had marginally low 6-month hemoglobin (Hb > 100 and < 110 g/L), those who received no-added iron incurred more errors on a visual searching task than those in the iron-supplemented condition. Conclusion The physiologic need for iron during the period of rapid and critical brain development in young infants should be considered vis-à-vis the risks associated with supplementing nonanemic infants with high levels of iron. Clinical Trials number: NCT01166451

Self-regulation in electroencephalographic signals during an arithmetic performance test: an approach with an rms fluctuation function

Self-regulation in electroencephalographic signals during an arithmetic performance test: an approach with an rms fluctuation function

Real-time evaluation method of flight mission load based on sensitivity analysis of physiological factors

As the complexity of flight missions continues to increase, sending a timely warning or providing assistance to pilots helps to reduce the probability of operational errors and flight accidents. Monitoring pilots’ physiological data, real-time evaluation of mission load is a feasible technical way to achieve this. In this paper, a set of flight tasks including aircraft control, human-computer interaction and mental arithmetic tests are designed to simulate five mission loads at different flight difficulty levels. A sensitivity analysis method based on a comprehensive test is proposed to select a set of sensitive physiological factors. Then, based on the SVM hierarchical combination classification method, the pilot mission load real-time evaluation model is established. The test results show significant differences in EMG, respiration rate (abdomen), heart rate, blood oxygen saturation, pupil area, fixation duration, number of fixations, and saccades. The high accuracy obtained from experiments proved that the proposed real-time evaluation model is applicable to meet the requirements of real working environments. The findings can provide methodological references for mission load evaluation research in other fields.

Number Manipulation Strategy: A Model of Experiential Instruction and Interest in Arithmetic Learning of Pupils of Lower Basic Level in Enugu State, Nigeria

The study investigated the efficacy of the number manipulation strategy (NUMAS) as a model of experiential instruction and interest in arithmetic learning for pupils of lower basic levels. The population of the study consisted of 1205 lower basic III level pupils of the 2018/2019 session in Igbo-Etiti Local Government Area (L.G.A.) of Enugu State. A sample of 121 primary five pupils from 4 schools out of 53 primary schools in the study area was randomly sampled. The 121 pupils were composed of 42 males and 79 females used for the study. The study was guided by four research questions and four hypotheses. The hypotheses were tested at a p&lt;.05 level of significance. The instruments used for the study were Arithmetic Test (ART) and Mathematics Interest Inventory Questionnaire (MIIQ) developed by the researcher. The ART and MIIQ instruments were faces validated by experts and their reliability indexes were 0.85 and 0.79 respectively, established using Cronbach alpha and split-half methods respectively. The data obtained with the instruments were analyzed using mean, standard deviations (SD), t-test and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) statistics. Mean and SD was used in answering the research questions, while t-test and ANCOVA statistics were used in testing the hypotheses at P&lt;.05 level of significance. The findings of the study showed that NUMAS is effective in teaching arithmetic, especially in enhancing the addition and subtraction skills acquisition of the pupils. Gender was found not to be a significant factor of variance in arithmetic achievement when the teaching of arithmetic is NUMAS based. The use of NUMAS was recommended to teachers, lower basic mathematics textbook authors and stakeholders in education, to ensure that NUMAS is adopted and adapted for use in Mathematics classroom instruction and learning.

Identifying the Degree of Compatibility between Computer-based Accounting Information Systems, Requirements and Barriers to E-Commerce in Iranian Service Companies According to a Joint Project of the United States and Canada

The purpose of this study is to identify the degree of compatibility between computer-based accounting information systems, requirements, and barriers to e-commerce in Iranian service companies according to a joint project of the United States and Canada. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The statistical population is service companies listed on the Iranian Stock Exchange (fifty-five companies). The statistical sample included 48 employees of accounting departments. So, the questionnaire was distributed among 48 employees in the accounting departments. All participants in the sample answered the questionnaire. We used the resources, references, books, papers, and scientific journals available in libraries (extracting studies related to the research topic) and the Internet (discovering new topics in the field of research) to collect data and information. Also, the main tool for collecting primary data was a questionnaire whose questions were prepared and designed based on a five-point Likert scale and a joint project between the United States and Canada (Al-Qishi, 2003 and Mahern, 2009). Before distributing the questionnaire, some experienced professors and experts in the field of accounting sciences evaluated the apparent validity of the questions. The reliability of the questionnaire was also assessed through Cronbach's test. To analyze the data, SPSS software and arithmetic mean test and standard deviations were used to determine the degree of compatibility between the studied variables. The results showed that there is sufficient compatibility between computer-based accounting information systems and e-commerce requirements in Iranian service companies according to a joint US-Canadian project.

Discriminating Stress From Cognitive Load Using Contactless Thermal Imaging Devices.

This study proposes long wave infrared technology as a contactless alternative to wearable devices for stress detection. To this aim, we studied the change in facial thermal distribution of 17 healthy subjects in response to different stressors (Stroop Test, Mental Arithmetic Test). During the experimental sessions the electrodermal activity (EDA) and the facial thermal response were simultaneously recorded from each subject. It is well known from the literature that EDA can be considered a reliable marker for the psychological state variation, therefore we used it as a reference signal to validate the thermal results. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate significant differences in the thermal features between stress and non-stress conditions, as well as between stress and cognitive load. Our results are in line with the outcomes of previous studies and show significant differences in the temperature trends over time between stress and resting conditions. As a new result, we found that the mean temperature changes of some less studied facial regions, e.g., the right cheek, are able not only to significantly discriminate between resting and stressful conditions, but also allow to recognize the typology of stressors. This outcome not only directs future studies to consider the thermal patterns of less explored facial regions as possible correlates of mental states, but more importantly it suggests that different psychological states could potentially be discriminated in a contactless manner.

Visual Perception Supports Adults in Numerosity Processing and Arithmetical Performance.

Previous studies have found a correlation between numerosity processing and arithmetical performance. Visual perception has already been indicated as the shared cognitive mechanism between these two; however, these studies mostly focused on children. It is not clear whether the association between numerosity processing and arithmetical performance still existed following the development of individual arithmetical performance. Consequently, the underlying role of visual perception in numerosity processing and arithmetical performance has not been sufficiently studied in adults. For this study, researchers selected a total of 205 adult participants with an average age of 22years. The adults were administered arithmetic tests, numerosity comparison, and visual figure matching. Mental rotation, choice reaction time, and nonverbal intelligence were used as cognitive covariates. Results showed that numerosity comparison of adults correlated with their arithmetical performance, even after controlling for age and gender differences as well as general cognitive processing. However, after controlled for visual figure matching, the well-established association between numerosity comparison and arithmetic performance disappeared. These results supported the visual perception hypothesis, that visual perception measured by visual figure matching can account for the correlation between numerosity comparison and arithmetic performance. This indicated that even for adult populations, visual perceptual ability was the underlying component of numerosity processing and arithmetic performance.

How physical activity, fitness, and motor skills contribute to math performance: Working memory as a mediating factor.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether physical activity, fitness, and motor skills have an indirect association with math performance via cognitive outcomes and if so, through which aspects of cognition? This study comprised 311 6th-9th grade adolescents (12-17years [M age=14.0years], 59% girls) from seven schools throughout Finland in 2015. Math performance was measured via a teacher-rated math achievement and the Basic Arithmetic test. Cognitive functions were measured by broad cognitive test battery. Physical activity was assessed with a self-reported questionnaire and a hip-worn accelerometer. Aerobic fitness was estimated using a maximal 20-m shuttle run test, muscular fitness with curl-up and push-up tests, and motor skills with a 5-leaps test and a throwing-catching combination test. Structural equation modeling was applied to examine the associations. In both boys and girls, motor skills had a positive indirect association with math outcomes through visuospatial working memory. Among girls, muscular fitness had a positive indirect association with math outcomes through visuospatial working memory. Aerobic fitness was positively associated with math achievement, but the indirect path via cognition was not observed. Self-reported physical activity had a borderline indirect positive association with math outcomes through visuospatial working memory. Accelerometer-based physical activity did not correlate with math performance. Motor skills and muscular fitness had indirect positive associations with math performance, mediated by visuospatial working memory. The results give support to the viewpoints that the connections between motor skills, fitness, and physical activity to academic skills are mediated via specific cognitive skills.

A Randomized, Triple-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study to Investigate the Efficacy of a Single Dose of AlphaWave® l-Theanine on Stress in a Healthy Adult Population

IntroductionStress is a complex life occurrence essential for survival and goal achievement but can be damaging in excess. Because of the high prevalence of stress in North America, a safe supplement that effectively reduces stress is in demand. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of AlphaWave® l-Theanine on whole-scalp and frontal alpha power, midline theta power, and salivary cortisol in healthy, moderately stressed adults.MethodsThis was a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study that consisted of two study periods with a 7-day washout. A single dose of AlphaWave® l-Theanine (200 mg) or placebo was administered. To induce stress, a mental arithmetic test (MAT) was administered before and after the dose. Electroencephalogram, salivary cortisol, blood pressure, heart rate, self-reported stress, adverse events, clinical chemistry, and hematology were assessed to evaluate efficacy and safety.ResultsIncreases in heart rate, blood pressure, and self-reported stress and state anxiety indicated that participants experienced stress during the MAT. AlphaWave® l-Theanine led to a greater increase in frontal region and whole-scalp alpha power 3 h post-dose compared to placebo (p ≤ 0.050). Within groups, there were increases in alpha power, at 3 h with AlphaWave® l-Theanine, over the whole recording and during the eyes-open portions (p ≤ 0.048) of the alpha task. The changes in alpha wave activity are supported by greater decreases in salivary cortisol 1 h post-dose (p < 0.001) with AlphaWave® l-Theanine compared to placebo.ConclusionThis study was conducted during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, which has had a rapid and significant effect on both physical and mental health around the world. A single dose of AlphaWave® l-Theanine significantly increased frontal region alpha power compared to placebo in response to an acute stress challenge. These changes are indicative of relaxation in the brain and suggest a calming response. AlphaWave® l-Theanine was found to be safe and well tolerated by participants.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT04706494.