Argentine Law Research Articles

Immigration and the Boundaries of Black Political Subjecthood in Argentina and Chile

In the last two decades, the Argentine and Chilean states have passed laws and policies targeting Afro-descendant populations. But while Argentine law has institutionalized Afro-descent through a broad notion of African ancestry and African-based culture, the Chilean state has legally defined Afro-descent in relation to a particular history, culture, and identity connected to a long-standing presence in the national territory. In this paper, I examine the role of immigration in explaining how Afro-descendant subjecthood has been legally constructed and institutionalized in each national context. Through archival and interview-based research, I analyze how classification struggles within each Afro-descendant movement and between Afro-descendant activists and the state frame claims and strategies for legal inclusion, ultimately impacting how the boundaries of Afro-descent are defined and institutionalized in each national context. Immigrants’ early participation within the Afro-Argentine movement promoted heterogenous political framings, but feelings of threat drove some Afro-Argentine activists to emphasize nativist claims. This has produced a diversity of legislation and policies that target different populations, including immigrants—what I refer to as a “transnational-racial” model. In Chile, immigrants have not participated prominently in the Afro-descendant movement, but they have been present in the imaginaries of activists and state officials debating legislative and policy measures. Afro-Chileans’ political success requires not being seen as foreigners by state officials, driving them to emphasize their national belonging. Thus, Black subjecthood has been institutionalized targeting Afro-Chileans who share a common history and culture while excluding immigrants—what I refer to as a “national-ethnic” model.

The sociological approach to vasectomized patient trajectories at the Buenos Aires University Clinical Hospital "José de San Martín"

According to the Argentinian Ministry of Health records the number of patients requesting vasectomy increased twelve times in public hospitals in 2015-2019. The physicians and specialists account for this change in recent years, arguing, among other reasons, cultural change when male assumes active position in contraceptive methods. The article addresses vasectomized patient trajectory at the Buenos Aires University Clinical Hospital "José de San Martín". The purpose of the study was to define from sociological point of view if we are actually witnessing cultural change. While considering last ten years (2012-2022), through diachronic analysis of patient demand at the Male Fertility Laboratory (n=1136) it was found that although main motivation is fertility, minority (6%) consulting to confirm absence of sperm in the ejaculate following vasectomy increased significantly in 2022 (Pearson's chi-squared test p<0.0001). After qualitative/quantitative interviews of former patient group (n=36) two sub-populations were distinguished: childless (42%; Median age: 30 years old; range: 24-35) and those having a family (58%; Median age: 39 years old; range: 35-54). Most of them had University degree (67%) and learned about this anti-contraceptive method by the Internet. It is remarkable that 94% of them were not aware of the the Argentinian Law № 236139 of 2006 that grants their right to vasectomy. Among all patients randomly interviewed in 2022 (n=200) condom anti-contraceptive method was the best known (67%). The conclusion was made that in the meantime developed New Trend that comprises high educational level segment of population of Argentina that in the future can become the germ of Cultural Change encompassing the whole society.

First Characterization of Kombucha Beverages Brewed in Argentina: Flavors, Off‐Flavors, and Chemical Profiles

Kombucha is an acidic beverage obtained through the fermentation of sweetened tea by bacteria and yeast. The kombucha market is relatively new and shows sustained growth. Given kombucha’s inherent characteristics, compliance with regulations may be challenging. The aim of this study was to characterize the chemical and sensory diversity of commercial kombuchas in Argentina. Acetic acid was the predominant acid, while lactic and glucuronic acids were present in 70% and 50% of the kombuchas, respectively. Only 20% of the kombuchas met the ethanol limit, while all fell within the established pH range. Ninety percent had sugar concentrations exceeding the limit set by Argentinian Law. As assessed by a trained panel, drinkability was positively associated with sweetness and fruity tastes and negatively associated with astringency, bitterness, and off‐flavors. This work represents the first comprehensive analysis of kombuchas in Argentina, revealing their variability and providing relevant insights for producers and consumers.

Determinación de la ley aplicable a los contratos de licencia y transferencia de tecnología

The present study analyzes the determination of the applicable law to the license and the transfer of technology contracts, based on the Argentine private international law. The possibility to determine said law by means of the agreement between the parties themselves and the limits of said agreements is analyzed. The different solutions applicable in case of lack of choice- of-jurisdiction clauses of the applicable law, examining the items in common such as the place for the compliance of the contract, the address of the party that fulfills the services which are characteristic of the contract and the place where it is celebrated. The applicable solution is also analyzed using the most significant contacts of the contract’s core. The study of the applicable law is complemented by the examination of certain variants of the license and transfer of technology contracts such as the ones related to non-patented knowledges and those for the joint development of technologies which state specific questions in terms of the determination of the applicable law. The field of application of the contract is also analyzed making the distinction between the questions which are typical of the contract and those governed by other rules in conflict, for example those related to the effect of the rights of industrial property. The limits that the public order and the different mandatory rules impose for the application of the law of the contract with regards to the licenses and agreements for the transfer of technology are also studied. At the same time, a solution for these different questions under the Argentine law is proposed but using the existing records in the main, private international law systems from a comparative point of view.&nbsp

The business judgment rule under Argentine law

Los administradores societarios deben observar estrictos deberes de comportamiento y, si no lo hacen, puede imputárseles responsabilidad. La business judgment rule es una morigeración al régimen de responsabilidad y establece que los jueces no revisarán las decisiones empresarial tomadas por los administradores, quienes no podrán ser responsabilizados por ellas. Son requisitos para aplicarse esa regla: a) que la decisión esté dentro de la esfera de la competencia del administrador, no se trate de una imposición legal y no fuera un comportamiento doloso; b) que no hubiera significado la asunción de riesgos extraordinarios y c) que los managers se informaron en forma adecuada y suficiente antes de tomarla. En el derecho argentino no hay una norma que se refiera a la business judgment rule, no hay antecedentes jurisprudenciales relevantes con relación al tema y son pocos los doctrinarios que se han ocupado de abordar esta problemática. Su aplicación presupone que los administradores no actuaron con dolo ni con culpa grave. En la doctrina vernácula se discute si hay responsabilidad de los administradores por culpa leve o levísima. Un sector de los autores afirma que no, y sostiene que sólo hay responsabilidad si se actuó con dolo o culpa grave y, en este caso, la BJR es inaplicable. Nosotros sostenemos que hay responsabilidad en todos los casos en los que haya culpa, sin importar su grado, y, en este supuesto, adquiere importancia la business judgment rule, que permite sustraer a los managers de responsabilidad cuando no hubieran actuado con dolo ni culpa grave.

Solidary and competing obligations in Argentine law: what is the lesson from this contrast can a Russian lawyer extract?

On the basis of the provisions of the Argentinean legislation and doctrinal sources, the categories of solidary and concurrent obligations are investigated. The concepts are defined, and their features are established. It is substantiated that there is an intersection relationship between solidary and concurrent obligations and the delimitation of the scope of application thereof can be determined by means of the criterion of coincidence or difference of causes, by virtue of which several debtors are liable to a common creditor. The basis of the study is an analysis of the regulation of solidary and concurrent obligations in the new Civil and Commercial Code of Argentina, culminating in pointing out similarities and differences in the legal status of solidary and concurrent debtors. It is concluded that solidary and concurrent obligations are ontologically two different legal phenomena, differences in nature and possible regulation thereof exist objectively, regardless of the position of national legislators. At the same time, criticizing the Argentinian approach to the definition of concurrent obligations, the author demonstrates that not only the debts of several debtors to a common creditor but also the claims of several creditors to a common debtor can be concurrent and the way of coordination thereof may differ from solidarity.

Legislar con lo nuestro, reglamentar a la luz de la OIT: los riesgos laborales en Argentina (1915-1936)

Este artículo tiene el objetivo de divisar las continuidades y rupturas que supuso la aparición de la OIT en cuanto al tratamiento de los riesgos del trabajo en Argentina, durante las dos décadas posteriores a 1915, fecha en la cual en el país se sancionó la ley n° 9.688 de accidentes de trabajo y enfermedades profesionales. De esa manera, podrá identificarse en qué medida y de qué forma, las recomendaciones de la institución internacional modelaron la gestión de los accidentes laborales en Argentina. Para dicho análisis, se indagarán los documentos técnicos que emergieron de la OIT, en diálogo con los cuerpos normativos que fueron sancionándose en Argentina, hasta 1936, año en que la reglamentación de la ley n° 9.688 fue modificada. El estudio se rige por la hipótesis que sostiene que la OIT promocionó un conjunto de políticas preventivas para disminuir los riesgos laborales, que impactaron directamente, aunque con cierto letargo, en reglamentaciones parciales de la ley argentina de accidentes de trabajo sancionada en 1915. La yuxtaposición de las ideas de la institución internacional con la legislación local favoreció una ampliación de la cobertura que la norma proporcionaba a los trabajadores, fundamentalmente en lo inherente al derecho a ser indemnizados al padecer enfermedades profesionales.

Local trusts and forced heirship (Commentary to the “CRO” case) C. R. O. c/C. O. N. y otros s/nulidad de acto jurídico (22 October 2019) Court: Civil and Commercial Law, Chamber of Appeals of Necochea (Buenos Aires Province—Argentina)

Abstract This recent case is a leading case relating to local trusts and forced heirship. Forced heirship is a restriction to the liberty to write a will and determine the destiny of his/her future estate by the testator. It can be found in all South America (not in Latin America from Panama to México) and in most Civil Law countries in Europe, besides similar restrictions under sharia law. The way to avoid these restrictions has been the creation of a foreign trust over foreign assets. Although authors have long analyzed whether a local trust allows the avoidance of local forced heirship rules over local assets, there has been no case law in this respect (at least since the inclusion of the trust in Argentine law in 1995). In short, this is the first time a local trust over local assets has been under the scrutiny of the courts to determine if there is a violation of forced heirship.

Argentine Concordat as an International Agreement Regulating the Law of Patronage

In the history of relations between the Argentinean government and the Holy See, two ideas are permanently intertwined: signing the Concordat and defending national patronage. The changes that occurred in the 1960s indicated that exercising the right of patronage, based on the principles outlined in the Constitution, was impossible, and the peaceful establishment of the principles of bilateral relations could only be indicated through an international agreement. The Concordat signed by Argentina in 1966 removed the national patronage, but the changes to the content of the Constitution were introduced only in 1994. The aim of the study is to show the concordat agreement concluded in 1966 by Argentina with the Holy See as an example of an international agreement. The main focus is the presentation of concordat standards for the institution of patronage. Due to the subject and purpose of the study, the work uses methods typical of social sciences in the legal science discipline. The dogmatic-legal method is the basis for consideration of the Concordat as a source of Argentine law, and as an auxiliary method, the historical-legal method was used to show the historical background of the presented issue.

La diversidad en el aula: el desafío de interpretar la singularidad de los procesos de alfabetización inicial

La ley argentina Sobre Dificultades Específicas del Aprendizaje(Ley Nº 27.306, 2016) incluye entre sus principales puntos la dislexia como objeto de prevención y diagnóstico. Esto ha generado nuevos debates, así como el incremento de niños derivados a la consulta psicopedagógica desde las escuelas, con lo que se presenta el riesgo de una sobre-pato-logización de la población escolar, particularmente en el primer ciclo de la escolaridad primaria. Esto motivó este estudio cualitativo, basado en el marco interpretativo general de la epistemología y psicolingüística psicogené-tica, del que se da cuenta parcialmente en este artículo. Esta indagación se desarrolló en dos etapas: estudio de casos de niños derivados a atención psicopedagó-gica y exploración de las concepciones de una muestra de docentes. Los resultados manifiestan la importancia de la formación y de las intervenciones de los docentes para interpretar la normalidad de ciertas particularidades de los procesos de alfabetización.

Modeling Legal Land Object for waterbodies in the context of 4D cadastre

In the legal systems of several countries, the delimitation of water bodies is not a clearly solved problem. In most of the Civil Codes of Latin America, for example, the limits of properties are implicitly or explicitly described as vertical surfaces. However, water bodies boundaries have a 2D vision since there are named “riparian lines” –RL. In the international context there are some approaches that help to deal with rivers in a cadastral manner, there are even some standards, from which some basic concepts were extracted.The general objective of this document is to develop a conceptual model of water bodies such as LLO with dynamic limits based on the legal definitions of riparian boundaries of the Argentine Law, to be registered in a future 4D cadastre system.The results of this research, it is possible to conclude that there is a way to find an algorithm to automatize and describe the movement and the deformation of the dynamic boundaries with free and basic information and tools. In this context, it is also possible to conclude that water bodies can be described as 4D LLO. Its modeling is an open and necessary discussion that requires the analysis of the general theory of the cadastre, its meaning, and purpose, as well as the approach of technological advances and multidisciplinary studies.Even when the LADM is not consolidated in Latin America, its multipurpose character creates conditions to push up the model along the region. Marine Cadastre and the Fluvial Cadastre renew the opportunities to consolidate the international standard.

La tutela anticipada: un proceso urgente al servicio de los más vulnerables / Anticipated guardianship: an urgent process to serve the most vulnerable people

El presente trabajo versará sobre el análisis de un fallo en el que se decide hacer lugar al dictado de una medida cautelar solicitada, en el marco de una acción de amparo, por la madre de una niña de tres años que padecía epilepsia. El tribunal hizo lugar al requerimiento y ordenó a la Obra Social la cobertura total e integral del medicamento anticonvulsionante indicado por el médico tratante. Sin duda alguna, un fallo ejemplar, en el que podremos apreciar la recepción del instituto de la tutela anticipada y del cúmulo de principios y garantías constitucionales que protegen el derecho a la salud y a las personas con discapacidad en el derecho argentino.&#x0D; &#x0D; The present work will deal with the analysis of a ruling in which it is decided to make room for the issuance of a precautionary measure requested, within the framework of an action of amparo, by the mother of a three-year-old girl who suffered from epilepsy. The court made the request and ordered the social work full and comprehensive coverage of the anticonvulsant medication indicated by the treating doctor. Undoubtedly, an exemplary ruling, in which we can appreciate the reception of the institute of early guardianship and the accumulation of principles and constitutional guarantees that protect the right to health and people with disabilities in Argentine law.

TRENDS IN OCCUPATIONAL INJURY AND DISEASE IN ARGENTINA, 1997-2015

To describe temporal trends in occupational injuries (OI) and occupational diseases (OD) in Argentina, by severity of the injury, place of occurrence, economic activity and selected provinces, in the period 1997 to 2015. The study population consists of the working population covered by the Argentine Law of Occupational Risks system, roughly 4 million people in 1997 and 9.5 million in 2015. The annual incidence rate of the OI and OD was calculated by using the number of reported cases divided by the mean number of employees covered by the system each year. To measure change in incidence over time, we calculated the overall percentage change (OPC), by dividing the difference between the incidence rate of the first minus the last year by the incidence rate of the last year. The overall incidence of OI and OD showed a greater decline for fatal (OPC=-65%) versus nonfatal injuries (OPC-23,3%). By place of occurrence, we observed a decrease in the incidence of nonfatal occupational injuries at the workplace (OPC =-47,7%), but an increase in occupational commuting OI (OPC =+123,4%). For OD, there was an increase in the incidence of nonfatal OD (OPC =393%), although the tendency showed both increases and declines among fatal occupational diseases. This pattern was consistent among different economic activities as well as in selected provinces. Observed trends are in line with other high-income countries, with decreasing nonfatal workplace OI, and increasing commuting OI and nonfatal OD. Further in-depth research is warranted on temporal trends in non-fatal OD.

Conflictos contemporáneos en Técnicas de Reproducción Asistida: la experiencia en el derecho argentino

The Argentine legal system has been the protagonist of a large number of substantial legal modifications that have had a direct impact on the techniques of assisted human reproduction (TRHA). Recognize this medical practice as a third filiatory type sharing the stage of filial right together with filiation by nature and adoptive, means granting them a place of privilege with what that means. Now, it is questionable whether the current regulation is capable of covering all the legal problems that arise in social reality, in a field marked by dynamism and constant movement; what would be the legal spaces that were not yet covered by the law and which would remain pending and what doctrinal and jurisprudential positions have been put forward in this regard; what would be the bases or principles to build legal solutions to this silence. All questions must be answered, taking as a starting point the obligatory perspective of human rights as an obligatory view in order to achieve a practice that is in tune with the rights and interests at stake. For this purpose, inquiring about the contributions and implications of key notions such as procreational will and informed consent constitute key analysis tools, what happens with the revocation in special cases such as death and the rupture of the union, as when dissociation will procreational gestation by substitution, even until, when the procreational will is lent by more than two people. All these complex debates have starred the scenario of the right of families in contemporary Argentine law in which the plural has been sponsored, precisely, by the techniques of assisted reproduction.

Educación y derechos humanos a la luz de los estándares jurídicos de la diversidad sexual: Límites, resistencias y desafíos desde la experiencia socio-legislativa argentina

En el mundo globalizado actual se profundiza el individualismo en el que los valores humanos están expuestos permanentemente a capitular dentro de las relaciones de mercado. En este contexto, la educación emerge como la herramienta idónea para revalorizar al sujeto como persona en sí misma y en su relación con las otras. En este sentido, el objetivo de este trabajo consiste en explorar los derechos humanos de las personas LGBTI y cómo estos derechos de la diversidad sexual operan como un enfoque analítico necesario para fomentar la tolerancia y el respeto por los otros seres a través de la educación. Para ello, se analiza la canalización del escenario internacional hacia el nivel local dentro de la República Argentina por medio de la Ley de Educación Sexual Integral Ley 26150 (2006) y se toman datos cualitativos y cuantitativos sobre la implementación de esta norma por medio de encuestas y entrevistas semiestructuradas a docentes. En este punto, se utilizan como criterios de análisis el grado de capacitación de docentes, la existencia de situaciones reales de discriminación por motivos sexuales en ámbitos educativos y la presencia de límites que provienen del entorno a la hora de aplicar estas políticas. De tal manera, se demuestra que a pesar de los avances legislativos progresistas, la aplicación cotidiana de la educación sexual presenta ciertas resistencias que provienen del entorno cultural como así también de la falta de capacitación del personal docente.

Indigenous Peoples’ Right to Communication with Identity in Argentina, 2009–2017

Argentine Law 26.522 on Audiovisual Communication Services recognized, among other things, the right to communication for indigenous peoples. The cases of three indigenous radio stations in northern Argentina reveal the limits and possibilities of this normative transformation and the challenges to indigenous media posed by the changes in communications policy since the 2015 change of government. La ley argentina 26.522 de Servicios de Comunicación Audiovisual reconoció, entre otras cuestiones, el derecho a la comunicación de los pueblos originarios. Los casos de tres emisoras de radio indígenas en el norte de Argentina revelan los límites y posibilidades de esta transformación normativa y los desafíos a los medios indígenas generados a partir de los cambios en política de comunicaciones desde el cambio de gobierno de 2015.

Educación religiosa en las escuelas públicas de Salta. El debate filosófico

A más de un siglo de la sanción de la Ley N° 1420 de Educación Común, el caso “Castillo c/ Provincia de Salta, Ministerio de Educación” reaviva el antiguo debate sobre la admisibilidad de la educación religiosa en las escuelas públicas de gestión estatal. En el presente trabajo dejo de lado la cuestión de la constitucionalidad de la normativa vigente en Salta y abordo la controversia desde una perspectiva filosófica. Analizo los principales argumentos a favor y en contra de incluir educación religiosa en la escuela pública, y los sitúo en el contexto de diferentes concepciones sobre los fines de la educación y sobre la autoridad educativa. Desde una perspectiva laicista –aunque no antirreligiosa– intento mostrar que no hay buenas razones para ofrecer educación confesional en las escuelas públicas de gestión estatal y que, en cambio, sí hay buenas razones para no hacerlo. Para ello me centro en los principios de igualdad y de libertad de conciencia, y sostengo que la neutralidad del Estado en materia religiosa es el mejor camino para garantizarlos.

‘The communal’ in school and indigenous radio: Evidence from the North of Argentina

Abstract The Argentinian Law 26.522 on Audiovisual Communication Services (currently under reform) aimed at democratizing the media arena by recognizing multiple actors such as community broadcasters, school and indigenous media, among others. According to the legal classification, community broadcasters were regulated as private non-profit media, despite having specific objectives, programming, organizational logic and economic conditions. Conversely, school and indigenous media merged into the public sector, even if they may act as community media. The article compares results arising from two research projects carried out in Northern Argentina through in-depth interviews with key informants from two indigenous radio stations and two school radio stations. The theoretical framework mainly draws on literature about community, alternative and popular communication. Results show that communities participate in such media foundation or management and that media content deals with cultural and political issues related to their interests or needs. Indeed, emerging features allow considering such broadcasters as community media.

Arsenic and trace elements in soil, water, grapevine and onion in Jáchal, Argentina

Contamination by trace elements (TE) is an increasing concern worldwide. In some areas, crop production could be limited by the presence of metals and metalloids, so it is important to determine their concentrations and mobility. The region of Jáchal, province of San Juan, Argentina, has good growing conditions for onion and grapevine production, but their quality and yield are affected by high TE concentration in soils and water. Soils, water, grapevine and onion were sampled and TE content determined. In soils elevated As, B, Cr, Hg, and Tl concentrations were detected (506±46, 149±3, 2714±217, 16±7, and 12±3μgg−1, respectively, for maximum values measured), and physicochemical properties of the soil promotes these elements mobility. Water samples had high As, B, Cr, and Fe concentrations (1438±400, 10,871±471, 11,516±2363, and 3071±257μgL−1, respectively, for maximum values measured) while in onion bulbs and grapevine berries, As, Cr, Cu, and Fe (92±7 and 171±20, 1412±18 and 2965±32, 17±3 and 126±88, and 418±204 and 377±213μgg−1, respectively, for maximum values measured) exceeded the limits for food consumption established by Argentinian law. Correlation analyses indicated that: i) there is a common source of TE in this area, ii) each elements concentration in plants is associated with different soil variables and different soils depths, and iii) the lack of correlation between soil and water indicates that concentration in water is not constant over the time and/or there exists a differential accumulation of elements in soils depending on their own properties. Data obtained demonstrate very high concentration of TE in soil, grapevines, and onion plants in Jáchal region, and different remediation techniques are necessary to stabilize and minimize the bioavailability of these elements.

Influencia de la CorIDH en el derecho interno. Comienzo de la vida y reproducción humana asistida en relación con nuestro nuevo Código Civil y Comercial

The article analyzes the influence of the jurisprudence of the Inter - American Court of Human Rights in Argentine law. Particularly, we consider the issue of the beginning of life and assisted reproductive technologies in the Civil and Commercial Code and the influence that the Inter-American Court of Human Rights's sentence Artavia Murillo et al. Costa Rica has in this regard.