Areca Nut Research Articles

Spatial Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Landscapes of Oral Submucous Fibrosis-Derived Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and its Tumor Microenvironment.

In South and Southeast Asia, the habit of chewing betel nuts is prevalent, which leads to oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). OSF is a well-established precancerous lesion, and a portion of OSF cases eventually progress to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, the specific molecular mechanisms underlying the malignant transformation of OSCC from OSF are poorly understood. In this study, the leading-edge techniques of Spatial Transcriptomics (ST) and Spatial Metabolomics (SM) are integrated to obtain spatial location information of cancer cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells, as well as the transcriptomic and metabolomic landscapes in OSF-derived OSCC tissues. This work reveals for the first time that some OSF-derived OSCC cells undergo partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition (pEMT) within the in situ carcinoma (ISC) region, eventually acquiring fibroblast-like phenotypes and participating in collagen deposition. Complex interactions among epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment are demonstrated. Most importantly, significant metabolic reprogramming in OSF-derived OSCC, including abnormal polyamine metabolism, potentially playing a pivotal role in promoting tumorigenesis and immune evasion is discovered. The ST and SM data in this study shed new light on deciphering the mechanisms of OSF-derived OSCC. The work also offers invaluable clues for the prevention and treatment of OSCC.

Adoption of arecanut based cropping system technologies by farmers of Uttar Kannada district of Karnataka

The study was conducted in Uttara Kannada district which comes under the jurisdiction of UAS, Dharwad during the year 2022-2023, to study the adoption of arecanut based cropping system technologies of UAS Dharwad by employing ex-post facto research design and using simple random sampling technique in Uttar Kannada districts of Karnataka constituting a total sample size of 120 farmers. Majority (69.16 %) of them adopted Sirsi local variety, cent per cent of them planted 12-18 months old seedlings, majority (69.16 %) of them plantedseedlings in may-august, large majority of them followed a spacing of 2.7x 2.7, More than half (55.83 %) of them adopted 90x90x90 cm pit size, 39.17 per cent of them followed square and triangle layout of plantation, 36.66 per cent of them followed multiple cropping with banana, large majority (81.66 %) of applied recommended dosage of FYM, more than two fifth (45.00 %) of them followed ring method of fertilizer application, large majority (79.16 %) of them adopted sprinkler drip irrigation,more than half (51.66 %) followed recommended depth of drainage, more than half (57.50 %) of them used Bordeaux mixture spray for bud spot control, more than two fifth (44.20 %) of them dug trenches for foot rot disease control, large majority of them (96.67 %) used phorate granules for spindle bug control, 30.00 per cent of them used dimethoate for mites’ control,tender nuts during July-December by majority, ripen nuts were harvested during Dec-March by 49.17 %. Large majority (89.16 %) of them manually harvested the areca nuts. Majority (68.33 %) of them of them adopted kalipak method of harvesting. More than two fifth (41.66 %) of them belonged to medium adoption level category, 30.84 per cent of them belonged to low and 27.50 per cent of them belonged to high adoption level category respectively.

Phenolic profile of unripe areca nuts cultivated in various districts of Karnataka, India

AbstractBackgroundAnnual production of areca nut in Karnataka state exceeds 1.08 million tonnes, contributing 80% and 49% to Indian and global production, respectively. Areca nut (pericarp of Areca catechu L.) is found to be a rich source of valuable phenolic compounds. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were estimated in 21 unripe areca nut samples collected from the major areca nut growing regions of Karnataka state. Arecoline, a prominent alkaloid present in areca nut was estimated and phenolic profile of one areca nut sample was generated using UHPLC–MS/MS studies.ResultsA significant variability was found in TPC, TFC and arecoline content among the samples, belongs to different agroclimatic zones. Flavonoids were found to be the major phenolic compounds present in these unripe areca nut samples. The median values of TPC, TFC and arecoline were found to be 99.609 ± 0.002 mg gallic acid equivalent, 78.86 ± 0.007 mg catechin equivalent and 2.17 ± 0.13 mg/g of the sample on fresh weight basis. A positive correlation was found to exist between TPC and arecoline content in the green unripe areca nuts of 6–7 months' maturity. Through UHPLC–MS/MS studies, 61 prominent compounds have been identified.ConclusionThe TPC and TFC of areca nuts collected from different districts of Karnataka falling in various agroclimatic zones varied significantly. In general, the arecoline content found in all these samples was less than that reported elsewhere, and the variability among the samples was also found to be minimal. A positive correlation was observed between TPC and arecoline. UHPLC–MS/MS studies showed the presence of about 52 unique phenolic compounds.

Analisis Break Even Point Sebagai Alat Perencanaan Laba Jangka Pendek Pada CV Wana Jaya Lestari Palembang

With the use of this final study, the corporation hopes to boost earnings by determining the CV Wana Jaya Lestari Palembang sales fall safety limits and break-even point. A business called CV Wana Jaya Lestari Palembang deals in the acquisition, planting, and distribution of different plant species as well as the restoration of protected forests and river basins. In order to design the desired profit for the 2023 period, it is necessary to determine the amount of sales that must be attained, categorize fixed expenses and variable costs, and determine the BEP level for areca nut and rubber seeds in 2021 and 2022. expenses associated with expenses are classified as a consequence. Before studying the Break Event Point, fixed and variable expenses are crucial. The organization has demonstrated its ability to generate sales beyond the minimal sales threshold by utilizing the BEP calculation and analysis approach. This may be demonstrated by looking at the margin of safety, which indicates that there is a good gap between revenues and the breakeven point for the business.

System Perkawinan Matrilineal Di Suku Fehan Kabupaten Malaka

Marriage according to article 1 of law number 1 of 1974 concerning marriage. What is meant by marriage is a physical and spiritual bond between a man and a woman as husband and wife with the aim of forming a happy and eternal family (household) based on BELIEF IN THE ALMIGHTY GOD.This matrilineal marriage itself is known as "in-marriage" where if a couple has a child, then the lineage follows someone's descendants. Mother. The stages of the traditional Fehan wedding process in NTT will be explained below. Maybe this is a possibility, as happened at the traditional wedding ceremony in Malacca Regency.Matrilineal Marriage Process in Malaka Regency Engagement is the stage before the marriage is legal, where the prospective husband submits an application to the prospective wife's family and after reaching an agreement, both agree to carry out the marriage. A recent marriage binds the relationship between two people.The objects of collateral for a marriage or matrilineal marriage are goods that are sent from the male's extended family to the female's extended family in the form of betel nut and vice versa.It can be concluded that Malacca district in East Nusa Tenggara adheres to a matrilineal marriage system or often called incoming marriage, so in this matrilineal marriage system the man will leave and stay in the woman's house.

Metabolomics and gut microbiota analysis reveal the differential efficacy of areca nut and charred areca nut in treating constipation.

Areca nut (AN) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine used for centuries to treat gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Charred AN (CAN) is a processed product of AN with similar therapeutic effects. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic mechanisms of AN and CAN for constipation via metabolomics and gut microbiota analysis. In this study, the rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 6): control, constipation model, positive drug, AN treatment, and CAN treatment groups. Constipation was induced by intragastric administration of loperamide hydrochloride, followed by 14-day treatment with mosapride, AN, or CAN. The efficacy difference between AN and CAN was assessed by evaluating the weight gain, fecal water content, GI transit rate, colonic histopathology, serum levels of GI hormones, gut microbiota, and fecal metabolites. The results demonstrated that both AN and CAN could alleviate loperamide-induced constipation. Furthermore, they significantly elevated the serum levels of motilin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, and acetylcholine. 16S rRNA analysis revealed that AN regulated the relative abundance of Bacillus, UCG-005, norank_f_Muribaculaceae, Candidatus_Saccharimonas, and Ruminococcus, whereas CAN modulate the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Bacillus, norank_f_Muribaculaceae, Ruminococcus, unclassified_f_Oscillospiraceae, and unclassified_f_Prevotellaceae. Moreover, the metabolic profile of AN- and CAN-treated rats was also different, where AN treatment involved pathways of citrate cycle (TCA) and tyrosine, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolisms. Whereas CAN treatment involved pathways of steroid and primary bile acid biosynthesis, as well as pyrimidine and purine metabolisms. Spearman correlation analysis indicated a close relationship between gut microbiota and fecal metabolites. In summary, this study revealed that AN may protect GI mucosa, enhance GI motility, and alleviate constipation symptoms by regulating the relative abundance of specific gut microbiota (Bacillus, UCG-005, norank_f_Muribaculaceae, Candidatus_Saccharimonas, Ruminococcus) as well as citrate cycle or tyrosine, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolic pathways. Furthermore, CAN was observed to promote gastric emptying and intestinal propulsion, thereby alleviating constipation, by modulating the relative abundance of specific gut microbiota (Lactobacillus, Bacillus, norank_f_Muribaculaceae, Ruminococcus, unclassified_f_Oscillospiraceae, unclassified_f_Prevotellaceae) as well as steroid and primary bile acid biosynthesis, as well as pyrimidine and purine metabolic pathways.

Prevalence of Current Areca Nut Use and Its Associated Factors among Bhutanese Aged 15-69 Years: Analysis of the Nationally Representative STEPS Survey 2019.

Areca nut (AN) use receives less global attention than tobacco use. Studies have linked AN consumption to a range of adverse health effects, including oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers, periodontal diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension, and addiction. The masticatory use of AN is rampant in Bhutan. There is a paucity of local evidence and limited empirical studies to understand the factors associated with current AN use in Bhutan. This analysis uses secondary data from the Bhutan STEPS Survey 2019 that included 5575 participants aged 15-69 years, selected using multistage stratified cluster sampling. The outcome variable of interest was current AN use. Weighted analysis was done to calculate the prevalence of AN use. Factors associated with AN use were assessed using multivariable logistic regression models. The prevalence of current AN use was 56.82% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 54.27-59.33). A significantly higher prevalence of 63.58% (95% CI: 60.58-66.48) was found in the age group of 25-39 years. Tobacco users were 17% more likely to use AN as compared to those who do not consume tobacco (adjusted odds ratio: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.08-1.26). Current alcohol consumers were 45% more likely to consume AN as compared to lifetime alcohol abstainers. Age, alcohol use, and tobacco use were associated with current AN use in Bhutan. There is a need to regulate access to AN while targeting young and middle-aged individuals with public health and behavioral interventions.

Comprehensive insights into areca nut: active components and omics technologies for bioactivity evaluation and quality control.

Areca nut (AN), the fruit or seed of Areca catechu Linn, has many uses, including chewing and medicinal purposes. It has sparked worries about health due to the presence of alkaloids. Chewing AN may have a variety of negative consequences; however, the medicinal use of AN has no notable adverse effects. To completely understand and effectively use AN, researchers have investigated its chemical makeup or biological activity, analyzed the variations between different AN species and different periods, and improved extraction and processing procedures. Today, an increasing number of researchers are exploring the underlying reasons for AN variations, as well as the molecular mechanisms of biosynthesis of chemical components, to comprehend and change AN at the genetic level. This review presents an overview of the clinical study, pharmacology, and detection of the main bioactive components in AN, and the main factors influencing their content, delving into the omics applications in AN research. On the basis of the discussions and summaries, this review identifies current research gaps and proposes future directions for investigation.

Knowledge, attitude, and practices of areca nut and betel quid chewing among the adult population – A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Background: The use of areca nut also known as supari or chaali is an age-old tradition and very popular in people living in South Asian countries. However, in general, people know very little about its ill effects. Aims: This study aimed to examine knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding the health risks associated with chewing areca nuts and betel quid among the adult population and to evaluate the knowledge about its possible role as a contributing factor in oral cancer among the adult population. Materials and Methods: The unicentric cross-sectional survey was conducted on 1644 adult subjects belonging to the adult population of Aligarh and nearby places between March 2021 and December 2021. We analyzed the data using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 22. Results: The overall average age of the participants was 39.32 ± 14.18. The male-to-female ratio was 2:1. Among the study subjects, 54% were betel nut or betel quid chewers. Only 30.8% knew that areca nut may cause oral cancer and with low knowledge related to its systematic effect. Conclusion: Areca nut is a known carcinogenic agent and carries the risk of cancer even if it is used alone. However, information about the systemic ill effect especially its carcinogenic effect is very low among the general population.

Development and application of mass spectrometric molecular networking for analyzing the ingredients of areca nut.

Areca nut (Areca catechu L.) is commonly consumed as a chewing food in the Asian region. However, the investigations into the components of areca nut are limited. In this study, we have developed an approach that combines mass spectrometry with feature-based molecular network to explore the chemical characteristics of the areca nut. In comparison to the conventional method, this technique demonstrates a superior capability in annotating unknown compounds present in areca nut. We annotated a total of 52 compounds, including one potential previously unreported alkaloid, one carbohydrate, and one phenol and confirmed the presence of 7 of them by comparing with commercial standards. The validated method was used to evaluate chemical features of areca nut at different growth stages, annotating 25 compounds as potential biomarkers for distinguishing areca nut growth stages. Therefore, this approach offers a rapid and accurate method for the component analysis of areca nut.

Effect of 0.2% Betel Nut Mouth Rinse on Flow Rate, pH, Bacterial Parameters of Saliva: A Clinical Trial

Background Areca nut having a sialagogue effect and antibacterial activity against several bacteria can help to reduce dental caries. In the present study Areca nut in the form of a mouth rinse was used.Aim To evaluate and compare the effect on salivary parameters and bacterial count before and after the use of betel nut mouth rinse.Method Baseline salivary sample was collected from each patient on day 1. The collected samples were then used to evaluate salivary pH salivary flow rate and total bacterial count. Subsequently 5 mL of 0.2 betel nut study solution was given to the subjects as mouth rinse for using once daily for one minute for a period of 15 days. At the end of 15 days the post rinse salivary samples were collected and evaluated for the same parameters.Results The results obtained in our study demonstrated that using 0.2 betel nut as a mouth rinse has potential to reduce the oral bacterial count significantly. Although there was a difference in flow rate before and after the intervention the values obtained were not significant.Conclusion The results of this study conclusively demonstrated that 0.2 betel nut extract when used as a mouth rinse does reduce the concentration of oral bacteria and hence can have a positive impact on the overall oral health of an individual.

Risk Factors of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma with Special Emphasis on Areca Nut Usage and Its Association with Clinicopathological Parameters and Recurrence.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most prevalent type of head and neck cancer and is associated with high mortality, particularly in Southeast Asian countries. Areca nut usage, smoking, and alcohol consumption are the most common risk factors for OSCC. Areca nut chewing is highly prevalent in Pakistan and has been attributed to an increase in OSCC cases. This study aimed to determine the association between areca nut usage and various clinicopathological features of OSCC and further evaluate the association of clinicopathological parameters of OSCC with tumor recurrence. The study was conducted using the data of 228 patients with OSCC resected at Liaquat National Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, over 5 years between 2018 and 2022. Clinicopathological data were collected from hospital archives, and associations between various risk factors and clinicopathological parameters were determined. Males were more commonly affected (77.2%), and the most common age group was <50 years (54.4%). Areca nut usage was reported in 59.6% of cases, and the buccal mucosa was the most common site (62.7%). Areca nut usage was significantly associated with male gender, greater tumor size, greater depth of invasion (DOI), higher tumor stage, nodal stage, presence of perineural invasion (PNI), and recurrence. In addition, multivariate analysis revealed that OSCC recurrence was significantly associated with older age, larger tumor size and DOI, nodal metastasis, and areca nut usage. Areca nut-related OSCCs were associated with poor prognosis and recurrence in our study population. Furthermore, OSCC recurrence was associated with various clinicopathological parameters, such as larger tumor size, a higher DOI, and nodal metastasis.

Particleboard from biomass wastes: A review of production techniques, properties, and future trends

The availability of various biomass wastes and the stringent rules against deforestation have led to the increased utilization of waste biomass in particleboard development. These biomass wastes become environmental pollutants when not properly managed. Hence, their utilization in developing particleboards helps attain a sustainable environment, one of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. This study reviews some of the production techniques of particleboards from biomass wastes such as rice husk, sawdust, corn cob, sugarcane bagasse, oat hulls, coconut fibers, Areca nuts, rye straw, tomato stalk, hazelnuts, and castor husk. The properties (physical, mechanical, chemical, and thermal) and microstructures of the developed particleboards using a scanning electron microscope were critically reviewed. The density values were used to classify the particleboards into low-density, medium-density, and high-density particleboards. The particleboard's durability, storability, and dimensional stability are determined using the water absorption and thickness swelling values. The modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture help to determine the quality and applicability of the particleboards following the appropriate standards. Lower thermal conductivity indicates better insulation properties. The challenges and prospects of particleboard production and utilization were stated. The utilization of waste biomass for particleboard production is sustainable to prevent environmental pollution and deforestation.

Impact of Betel quid on hyperglycaemia among diabetes patients in Bangladesh

This study explores the impact of betel quid (BQ) chewing on hyperglycaemia among diabetic patients in northeastern Bangladesh. BQ, a prevalent social habit in Asia, is often used without awareness of its harmful effects. We focus on the role of areca nut, a key addictive component in BQ, in influencing hyperglycaemia. Random blood glucose (RBG) tests were conducted on 961 diabetic patients, alongside lifestyle data, from August 2018 to February 2019 at Sylhet Diabetic Hospital, Bangladesh. Statistical analyses, including t-tests, Analysis of the variance (ANOVA), Fisher's exact test, and Multivariate regression, were employed to assess RBG status in BQ chewer vs. non-chewer. BQ chewers had higher RBG levels than non-chewers (263.3 ± 4.768 vs. 251.0 ± 5.915, mean ± SEM). Notably, raw areca nut users in the BQ group had significantly higher RBG levels than dry nut users (278.0 ± 8.790 vs. 252.1 ± 6.835 mg/dl), with up to 50 times more hyperglycemic effect. BQ chewing was associated with elevated RBG levels across different. Lack of awareness was also prevalent among BQ chewers while individuals with desk jobs showed higher RBG levels. In conclusion, diabetic betel quid chewers experience elevated hyperglycaemia levels, highlighting the. urgent need to discourage BQ use for effective diabetes management.

The Symbolic Meaning of Semah Laut From Sea Tribe Panglong Communities in Bintan, Riau Islands

The semah laut ritual is a tradition of the Panglong Bintan Sea Tribe in Riau Islands, often perfomed en masse but sometimes by traditional leaders. The Sea Tribe views the universe as a medium that supports their lives. The ritual involves various symbolic offerings, such as yellow pulut which is the main symbol and is an offering to Jerambang (the highest Sea God), eggs for the sea coast guard god, sirih pinang and sirih bakik (betel nut various item) as requests for safety, green beans and cigarettes are offerings for the Sea God to be eaten by the seven Sea Gods, and banana leaves as the base for these offerings. The research aims to understand the meanings behind these symbols using a descriptive qualitative method and a symbolic interactionism perspective. Findings show that Semah Laut is a belief system that connects the sacred (transcendent) with natural sustainability, reflecting a symbiotic relationship between nature and the divine. This ritual upholds moral values and local wisdom, blending spiritual beliefs with environmental preservation.

Evaluation of Efficacy of Tulsi-Turmeric Oil Pulling in Oral Submucous Fibrosis (Vata Pitta Dominant Tridosaja Sarvasara Mukharoga): A Narrative Review

A condition called Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF) primarily affects the Indian subcontinent. It is characterised by abnormal collagen deposition and fibrosis of submucosal tissue that progresses over time. Chewing betel nut is the most prevalent behaviour among Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF) patients, with a 6.3% prevalence rate. Symptoms include ulceration, burning sensation, xerostomia, and limited mouth opening. According to the Brihatrayi (three main classical books), OSMF is associated with sarvasaramukharoga, or disorders of the oral cavity. Tobacco, lime, chilies, betel nuts, and other substances act as irritants and can damage the oral mucosa. Treatment methods include Gandusha (oil pulling), Pittashamaka, yoga, Nasya (nasal drops), Pratisarana (rubbing), etc. The present review was conducted to assess and evaluate the potential efficacy of Tulsi-turmeric oil pulling as a complementary or alternative therapy in managing OSMF

Risk Factors for Pneumonia in Toddlers at a Regional General Hospital of Mappi Regency, South Papua Province

Mappi Regency of South Papua has a high prevalence of pneumonia, with 387 cases in 2022 and a death rate of 8. This study aims to prove the risk factors for pneumonia in young children in Mappi Regency. The research used a case-control design, involving 72 samples for a case group and control group, respectively. Variables studied include child factors (male gender, asthma history, history of other diseases or comorbidities, non-exclusive breastfeeding, poor nutritional status); mother factors (low education, lack of knowledge, not employment, and mother’s behavior of smoking and chewing areca nut); environmental factors (habitat density, presence of family members who smoke, family members with a history of pneumonia, use of mosquito coils, and use of wood fuel for cooked); and low family income factors. Data analysis was carried out using chi-square and double logistic regression tests with the help of SPSS 25. The results for the multivariate trial demonstrated that the history of asthma (OR = 20.303; 95% CI = 6.461-63.802), the comorbital history (OR = 4.687; 95% CI = 1.834-11.977), poor nutritional status (OR = 2.905; 95% CI = 1.166-7.240), and the use of cooking wood fuel (OR = 3.831; 95% CI = 1.452-10.108) were risk factors for lung infection in toddlers. A history of asthma was the most risky factor among others. Parents whose children have a history of asthma should recognize asthma triggers in their children such as exposure to cigarette smoke, cold air, and air pollution, and provide medication according to doctor’s recommendations, provide food intake with good nutrition, keep children away from the cooking area where they can inhale smoke from burning firewood used for cooking, and encourage children to get used to a healthy life by washing their hands to avoid cold, diarrhea or other diseases that can worsen their pneumonia.

Identification and Antioxidant Activity Study of Bioactive Compounds in Areca Nut Oil

Identification and Antioxidant Activity Study of Bioactive Compounds in Areca Nut Oil

Activated carbon with composite pore structures made from peanut shell and areca nut fibers as sustainable adsorbent material for the efficient removal of active pharmaceuticals from aqueous media

Activated carbon with composite pore structures made from peanut shell and areca nut fibers as sustainable adsorbent material for the efficient removal of active pharmaceuticals from aqueous media

PRICE PREDICTION SYSTEM – A PREDICTIVE DATA ANALYTICS USING ARIMA MODEL

In India, agriculture represents the primary occupation of more than 60% of the population. In terms of GDP, economic growth, traditional aspects, and social aspects, agriculture is essential for the country's development. The Indian farmers experienced numerous issues that have an impact on their way of life because the expansion in the agronomy business has not been as expected during the past two decades. Price fluctuation is one of the major issues faced by farmers, and as a result, they cannot get a reasonable price for their commodity. Also, it is very problematic to decide today without knowing the future price. So, this paper focused on finding a solution to the uncertainty problem in price faced by farmers that helps them take appropriate decisions during the farming process. The paper mainly concerns predictive data analytics using the ARIMA model, which predicts the price of areca nut products for the next 4 years using the past ten-year price dataset. The ARIMA model is a time series approach and a very appropriate framework for predicting future prices compared to other models. This paper includes a step-by-step procedure for the ARIMA techniques for forecasting price of agriculture commodity, and the outcomes are represented in the form of tables and graphical representations.