Areas Of Disagreement Research Articles

Dot hybridization assay for distinction of rotavirus serotypes

We have developed a hybridization assay that permits distinction of rotavirus serotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4. The serotype of rotaviruses from stool samples or tissue culture was recognized by hybridization of specific probes to (i) blots of viral double-stranded RNAs electrophoresed in agarose gels (Northern blots) or (ii) heat-denatured double-stranded RNAs directly dotted on nylon membranes. The probes consisted of 32P-labeled cDNA synthesized by reverse transcription of in vitro derived rotavirus mRNA from rotavirus serotypes 1 to 4. To prepare these probes, mRNAs were primed with a 17-mer nucleotide common to all four serotypes whose sequence is complementary to bases 375 to 391 of the rotavirus gene encoding the VP7 glycoprotein (gene 8 or 9 depending on the rotavirus strain). The resulting downstream transcripts encompassed areas of major sequence divergence among the four serotypes. Hybridization at high stringency (50 degrees C, 50% formamide, 4 x SSC [1 x SSC is 0.15 M NaCl plus 0.015 M sodium citrate]) was performed for 16 to 48 h. Autoradiograms of the washed membranes allowed recognition of the rotavirus serotype present in the blotted or dotted specimens since each of them hybridized preferentially to one of the four probes. Twenty-four laboratory specimens and 103 clinical specimens from Washington, D.C., Venezuela, and Chile were "serotyped" with this assay. The results were similar to those obtained with a monoclonal antibody serotyping assay.

Dilemmas of Power and Equality in Marital and Family Counseling: Proposals for a Feminist Perspective

The author compares the assumptions and practices emerging from family systems and feminist counseling. Three major areas of convergence and divergence are examined: (a) the nature of problem definitions, (b) notions about power and appropriate sex roles in relationships, and (c) characteristics of the therapeutic relationship. A feminist perspective, which attends to societal concerns as well as issues within the nuclear family, has the potential for improving marital and family counseling. Suggestions are provided for integrating family systems and feminist concepts.

Neoclassical and Marxian conceptions of production

Incorporating information deficiencies into the neoclassical paradigm has introduced some broad similarities with the Marxian analysis of the labor process. Both approaches predict the existence of a variety of contractual regimes and that workers with equal productivities can be adjudged unequal in the market place. And, while the Marxian approach sees unemployment as inevitable, the new neoclassical models also allow for equilibrium unemployment. These similarities, and areas of divergence, in the assessment of productive efficiency and welfare are explored. A crucial difference arises from the individualism of the neoclassical model, as opposed to the class approach in the Marxian model. Copyright 1988 by Oxford University Press.

Vascularisation of the carpus, a systematic study.

The authors have injected the arteries and dissected 79 wrists. They propose a systematization of the vascular supply of the carpus, based on the major longitudinal and transverses axes; on the areas of arterial convergence and divergence, at the origin of 2 systems: the deep system (SAPRUC) is a vestige of the foetal morphology; it is periostal and sub-capsular. The superficial system (SASRUC) is predominant; it is constituted by the proximal and distal extracapsular pedicles.

30–60 Day Atmospheric Oscillations: Composite Life Cycles of Convection and Circulation Anomalies

Abstract Life cycles of the 30–60 day atmospheric oscillation were examined by compositing 30–60 day filtered NMC global wind analyses (250 mb and 850 mb) and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) for the years 1979–84. Separate composite life cycles were constructed for the May–October and November–April seasons using empirical orthogonal function analysis of the large-scale divergent wind field (250 mb velocity potential) to define the oscillation's phase. Monte Carlo simulations were used to assess the statistical significance of the composite OLR and vector wind fields. Large-scale (wavenumber one) tropical divergent wind features propagate eastward around the globe throughout the seasonal cycle. The spatial relationships between these propagating circulation features and OLR are shown using sequences of composite maps. Good agreement exists between areas of upper-air divergence and areas of convection inferred from the OLR satellite data. Convection anomalies are smaller over tropical Africa and South Am...

The Making of Mental Health Policy: The 1980s and the Challenge of Sanity in Quebec and Ontario

This paper examines the current socio-political language in the formulation of mental health policy in Ontario and Quebec. “Before long,” coherent and rational policy has been promised in each province to “solve” today's mental health crisis—often identified as that of “deinstitutionaliztion.” However, there is not just one view. Here, we examine the arguments presented in the form of briefs, reports, and working documents on the part of mental health professionals, governments and unions, patient groups, and volunteer organizations in both provinces. We analyze the areas of convergence and divergence and attempt to make sense of this mass of material so important in the formulation of a sensible and sensitive government policy of action.

Effect of waves in the redistribution of sediments along the Konkan coast

From the wave refraction diagrams it is delineated that the Jaigad Head and Warori Bluff are the zones of wave energy convergence and the Narvan and Ambwah bays the areas of wave energy divergence. The presence of two distinct mineral phases noticed at the Jaigad, Ambwah and Varvade bays shows that there are two different circulations of sediment movements. The presence of natural barriers restricts the movement of sediment along the coast. The sand bar at the mouth of the Jaigad Bay has different orientations during the monsoon and non-monsoon periods causing obstruction to navigation during the former period.

On the Sea-Ice Regime of the Ross Sea, Antarctica

AbstractA study is made of the sea-ice regime of the Ross Sea, Antarctica, using ESMR passive microwave data and supporting information. Inferences are made of the processes responsible for observed spatial and temporal sea-ice variations. Air flow appears to have a dominant influence on sea-ice distribution and movement, with oceanic circulation playing a more minor role. This is particularly so with coastal polynya development, where katabatic winds are important. It has been possible to identify broad areas of ice convergence and divergence by assimilating the rather limited oceanic and atmospheric information with observed sea-ice variations. In spite of some basic physical similarities of the Weddell and Ross Seas, it is apparent that the major differences in their sea-ice regimes are due to the differing roles of oceanic and atmospheric circulation in each area. The Antarctic Peninsula plays a key role in these differences. Suggestions for further research are also considered.

On the Sea-Ice Regime of the Ross Sea, Antarctica

Abstract A study is made of the sea-ice regime of the Ross Sea, Antarctica, using ESMR passive microwave data and supporting information. Inferences are made of the processes responsible for observed spatial and temporal sea-ice variations. Air flow appears to have a dominant influence on sea-ice distribution and movement, with oceanic circulation playing a more minor role. This is particularly so with coastal polynya development, where katabatic winds are important. It has been possible to identify broad areas of ice convergence and divergence by assimilating the rather limited oceanic and atmospheric information with observed sea-ice variations. In spite of some basic physical similarities of the Weddell and Ross Seas, it is apparent that the major differences in their sea-ice regimes are due to the differing roles of oceanic and atmospheric circulation in each area. The Antarctic Peninsula plays a key role in these differences. Suggestions for further research are also considered.

The Interface of Nursing and Anthropology

Nursing in the Western world developed mainly as an applied field, and has contributed to social-cultural theory only in the past 30 years. The purpose of this presentation is to document (a) the contributions of nursing to medical anthropology, (b) the influence anthropology has had on nursing, (c) the differences between the interface of nursing and anthropology and that of medicine and anthropology, and (d) reasons that these differences have not been a focus in medical anthropology. We mean to draw attention to the special characteristics and aims of the nursing process and profession as they relate to the anthropological enterprise, but first we must describe the nature of nursing and how it differs from medicine. THE NATURE OF NURSING The interface of nursing and anthropology has a different focus than the interface of medicine and anthropology. While there are some similar areas of concern, there are also major and significant areas of divergence. That nursing is not subsumed by medicine is a point not widely understood in anthropology. In Medical Anthropology, Foster & Anderson (77) classically illustrated this point by titling a chapter Professionalism in Medicine: Nursing. The term subsumes both nursing and medicine; unfortunately, anthropologists have frequently equated health care only with medicine. Several factors account for the erroneous categorization of nursing as a part of medicine. First, there is considerable overlap in the contribution of each profession to client health, because all health professionals are generally concerned with the mental and physical well-being of clients. Second, anthropologists may be most familiar with nursing in university hospitals where the

Heuristic Models in Marxian Theory

In building social theory, Marx used not one (as generally regarded) but three heuristic models: base-superstructure, organic totality, and dialectical development. We document their existence, explain their functioning, and display the analytical division of labor they partake in. For each model is designed to operate in a given “analytical zone” which can be characterized by a level of abstraction (from the specific to the general), a focus on structure or on process, and a timeframe. We argue that failure to discern these models and their respective areas of application, overlap, and divergence is at the root of many distortions and misunderstandings that Marxian theory remains subject to. Marxism is a people of models (…). The genius of Marx, the secret of his enduring power lies in his having been the first to build true social models (Braudel, 80).

Comparative sequence and functional analysis of pT181 and pC221, cognate plasmid replicons from Staphylococcus aureus.

The nucleotide sequence of pC221, a 4.6 kb Staphylococcus aureus plasmid is presented. The replication region of the plasmid is identified and compared with the corresponding region of pT181, a compatible but related plasmid. Both plasmids encode trans-active replicon-specific initiator proteins, RepC for pT181 and RepD for pC221. Plasmid replication rate is controlled by regulation of the rate of synthesis of the initiator protein by means of inhibitory 5' countertranscripts. Key elements of the control system are closely conserved between the two plasmids whereas less critical elements show extensive divergence. Overall architecture is also conserved, suggesting functional parallelism. The replication origin for both plasmids is contained within the N-terminal region of the initiator protein coding sequence; the two coding sequences are highly homologous but have two important areas of divergence, one within the origin region, the other near the C-terminus. In vivo recombinants between the two plasmids isolated previously (Iordanescu 1979) have crossover points within the initiator gene, between the two divergent regions. The recombinant plasmids have hybrid initiator proteins and are defective for replication, requiring the simultaneous presence of the parental plasmid from which their origin is derived. They are able to complement replication-defective mutants of the other parental plasmid, suggesting that the recognition specificity of the hybrid initiator protein resides in its C-terminal end and that the specific recognition site for the protein corresponds to the divergent region within the origin.

Dynamical parameters associate with medium range oscillations of summer monsoon rainfall over India

Mean circulation patterns antecedent and simultaneous with spells of excess and deficient weekly rainfall over the major parts of the subcontinent have been studied. Strong southerly flow in the mean circulation occurs in the lower troposphere during spel1s of scanty or deficient rainfall, over most parts of the country with opposite type of meridional circulation during active spells. In the upper troposphere (300 mb) westerly flow regime protrudes southwards and extends almost along 25 deg. N during spells of scanty rainfall while during spells of excess or normal rainfall easterly regime prevails up to 30 deg. N over the country. The divergence and vorticity patterns indicate areas of divergence over extreme northeast and northwest India during deficient and scanty rainfall regime in the lower troposphere and areas of convergence over northwest India and east coast in the upper troposphere. The dynamical parameters and their utilisation for medium range forecasting of a drought in the summer monsoon season are discussed.

Summary statement

The contributions to the symposium on “New evidence for relationships and modern classifications in angiosperms” (held on 22 Aug 1981 during the XIII International Botanical Congress in Sydney) are surveyed, the present situation of this field of research is outlined. A ± monophyletic origin of the angiosperms is supported. Evidence for relationships among major taxa is still fragmentary and yet enormously expanding; synthetic efforts therefore become more and more imperative. A comparison of current classifications reveals similarities and convergencies, but also many areas of divergence and uncertainty. Ways towards a generally acceptable and more natural system of angiosperms are suggested.

Piaget’s Theory of Knowledge: Its Philosophical Context

An understanding of Piaget’s theoretical position on the knowing process is necessary in order to appreciate fully the impact of his research. His theory of knowledge has many significant points in common with that of the German philosopher Kant. This article sketches the epistemologies of the 17th and 18th century movements of rationalism, empiricism, and romanticism which preceded Kant, Kant’s revolutionary conclusions concerning reality and the knowing process, and some parallels and areas of divergence between the Kantian and Piagetian theories of knowledge

Requirements for and Preparation of Human Factors Professionals: Three Perspectives

Representatives from government, industry, and academia present a wide range of viewpoints regarding the needs, training, and development of Human Factors Professionals in a session which combines formal presentations with spontaneous interaction. Perspectives from within the government relative to Human Factors personnel are presented both in terms of the special needs for managing Human Factors programs and in terms of skills and capabilities which facilitate the implementation of development and research activities. Insights regarding the philosophy underlying career tracks in Human Factors can be readily extracted from the presentations. Viewpoints from industry reveal substantial overlap in required skills despite dramatically diverse end products. Insights regarding the structure of corporate Human Factors activities are provided along with insights about expectations for new employees and on the job training as an augmentation of academic training. Also included are discussions of areas of divergence between the industrial practitioners’ needs and the data/research base from which they must draw. Academic viewpoints from both Psychology and Industrial Engineering are presented. An emphasis on the development of problem solving skills and knowledge of how to apply Human Factors tools is a recurring theme. Viewpoints on the Human Factors specialist performing both in a scientist and practitioner role are discussed, and strengths and weaknesses of existing programs are reviewed. The diversity of viewpoints represented in the session allows frank recognition of problems being faced by the profession as well as providing a vehicle for discussing solutions.

On the halocline of the Arctic Ocean

The cold upper halcoline of the Arctic Ocean is maintained by large-scale lateral advection from the adjoining continental shelves, where dense and saline shelf water is produced during freezing; the salinization of the water column is especially pronounced in certain areas of persistent ice divergence. Estimates show the annual rate at which the dense shelf water feeds into the Polar Basin is probably in the neighborhood of 2.5 x 106 m3 s−1; this is of the same order as the inflow of warm and saline water from the Atlantic. A consequence of this process is that the halocline must be a heat sink for the underlying Atlantic water, thereby shielding the ice cover from an upward heat flux. The Atlantic water is thus linked rather directly to the enormous shelf seas that border the Polar Basin. Proposed massive river diversions in the Arctic could, by increasing the shelf salinities and driving a deeper flow into the interior, cause a thinning of the halocline and place the Atlantic water in more direct contact with the surface mixed layer.

Repertoire convergence in two Mangrove ants,Zacryptocerus varians andCamponotus (Colobopsis) sp.

The convergence ofZacryptocerus varians andCamponotus (Colobopsis) sp. is manifest in three ways: i) Structural convergence (shield-headed major workers, large eggs), ii) Qualitative behavioral convergence (high rate of oral trophallaxis, traffic in infrabuccal pellets, iii) Repertoire convergence (number of behavioral categories in common, behavioral distance). Methods of analyzing repertoire convergence using techniques borrowed from numerical taxonomy may be especially useful in obtaining quantitative measurements of the relative effects of phylogeny and ecology in social insect behavior. In constrast to the behavioral convergence of the minor workers, the major workers do not show this convergence. The major workers ofColobopsis are not as behaviorally specialized as the major workers ofZ. varians and in accordance with current ergonomic theory are relatively more numerous. An effort is made to account for the areas of convergence and divergence in features of their sociobiology.

Potential Pitfalls of Quantitative Burn Wound Biopsy Cultures

We present our experience with clinical correlation of quantitative cultures. A total of 285 cultures in 18 patients were carried out according to the technique of burn wound biopsy culture. The predominant organism by far was Pseudomonas aeruginosa, followed by mixed Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus and Staphylococcus alone. There were two areas of divergence from classic correlations between biopsy results and the clinical course of the patient: data are presented from clinical burn wound sepsis and falsely low quantitative cultures, and from clinically aseptic patients pursuing a benign course with falsely high quantitative cultures. We believe that culture results must be interpreted in the light of total body surface area involved rather than as an isolated finding. Quantitative burn wound cultures are a useful guide to the management of burn patients, but must be interpreted in conjunction with clinical findings.

A Fresh Look at State Shinto

Because of its extreme political sensitivity, the Japanese phenomenon retrospectively called was the object of very little critical study during the State period itself (1868-1945). This was especially true of Japanese scholars; and among foreigners, even Daniel Holtom's excellent work focused too narrowly on the nationalistic roles of shrines. Now that more objective postwar studies are appearing, it is possible to reappraise the place of (a) within the world; and (b) beyond the world, in the larger context of Japanese Within the world, this essay deals particularly with the relationship between and Shrine because of the distressing tendency of Western scholars to confuse, or virtually equate, these two types of during the pre-1945 decades. Granted, there were large areas of overlap between them, but also significant areas of divergence. Moving beyond the world as such, is placed within the broader context of Japanese as a whole. While did in fact serve as one major component of Japanese nationalism, it combined with extraShinto elements (e.g., Confucianistic ethics) under the larger umbrella of (national essence, characteristics). It is more comprehensively accurate, therefore, to speak of kokutai nationalism than of Shinto nationalism. Until such fundamental relationships as these are clarified, research in prewar will inevitably suffer confusions and ambiguities. This article is a quest for orientation in these matters.