T SHE Protectorate of Uganda, which occupies 110,000 square miles in the heart of Africa, lies astride the equator (Fig. 1). Despite this fact, its great range of elevation gives it a diversity of climates which vary from near desert to that of exceedingly heavy rainfall, and from the hot debilitating temperatures of the lowlands to perpetual snow and ice on the mountainous uplands. The first reports of perennial snow near the equator seemed so anomalous that the geographers at home believed they were merely the fanciful stories of travelers. Except in the Rowenzori Mountains of the southwest where it is cool, and in the lowlands of the north where it is hot, the temperature is moderate and varies but little throughout the year. Most of the populous areas of Uganda lie at altitudes of 3,000 to 5,000 feet, and although the climate is much more pleasant than in the lowlands, it cannot be considered healthful for Europeans.' The rainfall varies greatly from one section to another (Fig. 2), and as in most equatorial regions is unreliable at best. In the southern part of the Protectorate there are four seasons-two wet and two relatively dry; towards the north, the type of climate changes to summer rains and winter droughts (Fig. 3). The isolated position of Uganda delayed commercial development of the area until the beginning of the present century, and made it one of the last portions of Africa to feel the beneficial influence of western civilization. Prior to 1900, the only commercial products of this equatorial upland were slaves and ivory, secured, for the most part, by the unscrupulous traders who planted the seeds of suspicion and hatred in the hearts of the natives, and made the problems of true development difficult. In spite of the handicaps of location, climate, and unpleasant contacts with the early traders, the development of Uganda during the past twenty-five years has gone forward with remarkable rapidity. Natives, who are not yet old, remember when human beings were bartered among man-eating tribes.2 They have seen slaves captured and sold for a few trinkets to Arab traders who loaded them with ivory and marched them on a dismal journey to the coast, where both they and their cargo were sold at neighboring markets. Today all this is changed: both life and property are relatively secure; the wealth of the natives is increasing rapidly through the export of cotton and other agricultural products, which are worth many times the value of the slaves and ivory of a generation ago. The early imports of beads, trinkets, and a little calico, have been displaced by motor-cars, bicycles, plows, hoes, shovels, millions of yards of cloth,