Development Of Urban Areas Research Articles

A Framework for Designing Interaction and Transgression Zone

Interaction and transgression zones are the buffer zones between urban development area and conservation area. In Turkey, regulations do not draw the quantitative approach to interaction and transgression zones, that conservation area borders create sharp passes. In order to smooth these passes, this research was planned. Regulations are very rigid written rules; however, in order to keep pace with contemporary world, they need to be adaptive in the 21st century. Thus, this research aims to be respectful to historic sites and proposes smoother passes to urban development areas. In order to adopt, any historical site parameters should come from common features of towns. Another point to understand the characteristic of a town is statistical data for each parameter. In order to blend the statistical data with parameters, k-means clustering method is used. This method gives the distribution of each categorical data into the main clustering. As a result, the algorithm gives flow of flexible rules in order to apply development in the interaction and transgression zones.

Precipitation Trends and Variability in River Basins in Urban Expansion Areas

River basins are important territorial units for geographical analysis, and are crucial for environmental planning, especially in metropolitan settings. The aim of this article was to evaluate rainfall trends and variability in the Guapimirim-Macacu basin, located in an urban development area in the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Region. Annual, monthly and daily records were collected from twenty rain gauge stations, for the period of 1967 to 2015. Analyses conducted using the RClimDex software revealed an increase in rainfall volume and number of wet days. The remaining indicators and patterns observed across stations also suggested that changes in precipitation trends occurred mostly on the day scale, and were likely attributable to global climate change. After controlling for seasonality and normalizing the series, a linear tendency between the mean monthly precipitation in the Guapimirim-Macau basin and sea surface temperature (SST), obtained from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction, revealed that rainfall in the region is strongly correlated with Pacific and Atlantic SST, revealing the importance of the South Atlantic Convergence Zone for rainfall variability in the area of study, especially in summer. These data are important for development planning and the management of water resources and supply in the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Region.

Harmonization of improvement of legal and technical regulation of underground space development in Russian cities

The features of legal and technical regulation are considered and the main shortcomings of these systems of public administration are identified. It is shown that they hinder the effective development of the underground space of Russian cities as a promising area of urban development. A related analysis of the results of the author's monitoring of regulatory documents in the field of integrated urban development of underground space, as well as the interim results of the legal research initiated by him, aimed at eliminating defects in federal legislation, is presented. In the context of legal regulation and trends in its development, a new Set of Rules (SR 473) concerning «underground urban planning»is analyzed in detail. The conclusion is made about the systemic shortcomings of this document, which are based on the subjective factor of the manifested «legal nihilism» in combination with the objective deficit and imperfection of the legislative sphere. Proposals are given for the harmonization of amendments and additions to SR 473 and other documents on standardization, depending on the nature and timing of the adoption of legislative initiatives. The topics discussed are of interest not only because of their novelty, but also because of the reality and prospects of the proposed administrative steps that can give impetus to spatial development on the model of a sustainable, viable and compact city.

Study of In-situ And Laboratory Hydraulic Conductivity of Contaminated Soil with Oily Wastewater

This study aims to investigate the effect of contaminated soil samples with oily wastewater which were taken from Kawergosk refinery (20 km west of Erbil city). Laboratory constant head permeability tests on contaminated soil samples with oily wastewater have been conducted. Also, One-Dimensional (1-D) and Three-Dimensional (3-D) in-situ permeability tests were performed. A noticeable decrease in the values of hydraulic conductivity coefficient (k) have been observed for Contaminated Soil Samples comparing with uncontaminated samples. Results of hydraulic conductivity coefficient obtained from one dimensional consolidation tests were increased with increasing of applied stresses. The results of field permeability tests revealed that the surrounding lands of Kawergosk refinery lies within the range of semi-permeable area for urban development while the majority part of the area lies within the range of moderate area for agricultural and conservation purposes.

Study of structural changes after formative period at urban development areas in metropolitan suburbs - Case study of industrial estates in the eastern part of the Tokyo metropolitan area -

ABSTRACT This study seeks to obtain basic knowledge about structural changes in the period of urban maturation by understanding the changes in real structures at urban development areas in suburbs developed during the urban expansion period. In this study, existing inland industrial estates in a suburb were studied, with the main focus being the changes in spatial composition and the development processes of the changes. It is argued that changes in the areas induced recycled utilisation of sites, and consequently contributed to maintaining the sustainability of the area.

USING GIS-BASED MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES IN THE SMART CITIES

Abstract. The population of cities is increasing rapidly nowadays, and therefore, rational use of urban resources is required. With developing technology, the amount of data obtained from different sources also increases. This situation sometimes causes complex geographic decision problems in cities where many factors must be evaluated simultaneously. Difficulties in this decision-making process can be overcome by using Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) techniques. In this study, how the different MCDA techniques can be used in geographic-based problems and the most commonly used methods were examined in this context. The case applications on the adaptation of GIS-based MCDA techniques in smart cities were examined and explained. All of the examined case applications were carried out in the Pendik district of Istanbul. The subjects of the investigated case applications are, respectively, the evaluation of land suitability for determining urban development areas, producing a land value map for the management of the urban real estate, parking areas selection for sustainable urban transportation planning, and prioritizing suitable/alternative car parking areas. This study provides an effective implementation methodology for the hybrid use of GIS-based MCDA techniques within the scope of sustainable urban land management practices in smart cities.

Online Sources for Sea Level Rise Education and Extension

The impacts of sea level rise on ecosystems and natural resources are a major concern in Florida, especially in low-lying coastal areas such as south Florida. Sea level rise can impact many aspects of Florida’s economy, including urban development, agriculture, infrastructure, and natural areas. This 16-page document introduces, evaluates, and summarizes selected available online sources and tools to educate diverse stakeholders and concerned local residents on important aspects of sea level rise. Written by Young Gu Her, Ashley Smyth, Jiangxiao Qiu, Elias Bassil, Ulrich Stingl, and Laura Reynolds, and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, June 2020.

Cycling policy in strategic documents of Polish cities

Cycling transport fits well into the principles of sustainable development of cities and regions. Cycling policy is more and more often reflected in various strategic documents which are to set out measures to increase the share of cycling in urban transport. The paper evaluates the manner of implementing the assumptions of sustainable transport through the analysis of strategic documents from Polish cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants. The study was carried out in four stages. Firstly, the authors reviewed literature and reference material, i.e. strategic documents at European and national level. In the second stage, they analysed the strategies of urban development, indicating areas of urban development in which issues related to cycling were placed. The third phase focused on the additional (substantive) strategic documents related to transport and cycling—urban cycling policies. The task here was to assess their completeness and conformity with the guidelines of the European Commission concerning the creation of cycling policy. In the last stage of the study, the authors assessed whether measures for the development of cycling infrastructure were implemented in the studied cities: changes to the cycling infrastructure of the said cities were analysed by determining the dynamics of changes in the length of cycle paths and the availability of bicycle-sharing systems. The study showed the cohesion of cycling policies of Polish cities with higher-level (European and national) documents. It was also confirmed that in the majority of analysed documents the passages concerning cycling are prepared in the context of urban transport.

Identification and quantification of urban planning related framework conditions on energy and resource-efficiency of urban building developments

Energy efficiency in buildings undeniably plays a vital role in addressing climate change. At the level of building planning, a thorough analysis with thermal dynamic calculations can be carried out to assess energy demand and resulting CO2 emissions of buildings due to the high level of detail usually provided at this stage. In urban planning design on the other hand, energy and resource-related parameters are usually not quantified, as at this stage of the planning process other urban planning factors predominate the concepts. However, numerous aspects that are determined at the stage of urban planning cannot be changed anymore later on in the process even though, they can have a significant impact on the energy demand. This includes the structuring of the building blocks, density and height of the buildings, orientation and inclination of the surfaces as well as greening of the outer shell and availability of direct solar radiation. This paper describes the analysis of parameters, which have a significant influence on energy and resource consumption of urban developments. This includes new developments as well as the existing building stock in order to provide quantifiable indicators for refurbishment and densification measures. The simulation tool CityCalc, which has been developed in a previous research project provides the environment for the analysis. To validate the approach, the identified parameters are analysed in an exemplary case study for a Viennese urban development area. The results aim at identifying and quantifying the key influencing parameters of urban planning design on the energy and resource efficiency of new and existing urban development areas in order to gain essential insights for the integration of climate-relevant factors for future planning processes.

Health and environmental co-benefits of city urban form: the case of Latin American cities

Background: Urban design features are often studied in relation to health and behavioral outcomes. They can also have major implications for environmental outcomes. Yet the impact of these features on both health and environmental outcomes (co-benefits) are rarely examined. We investigated how urban landscape and street design profiles are related to jointly occurring health and environmental outcomes in Latin America cities.Methods: The SALURBAL project has compiled and harmonized data on built environment, environmental exposures, and health outcomes for 370 cities in 11 countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, and Peru. Eight city profiles were identified using finite mixture models. Four urban landscape profiles were defined measuring patch (contiguous area of urban development) fragmentation, shape, and isolation. Additional four street design profiles were defined using street connectivity, length, and directness. Multilevel regression models were used to assess associations between the city profiles and several health and environmental outcomes.Results (preliminar): As compared to the urban landscape profile labelled ‘scattered pixels’ (low fragmentation, compact shape, high isolation), the ‘proximate stones’ profile (moderate fragmentation, irregular shape, moderate isolation) had significantly higher levels of PM2.5 and NO2, and the ‘proximate inkblots’ profile (moderate-high fragmentation, complex shape, moderate isolation) had significantly higher violence related deaths. As compared to the street design profile labelled ‘labyrinthine’ (low connectivity, moderate length, moderate directness), the ‘semi-hyperbolic grid’ (moderate connectivity, moderate length, moderate directness) and the ‘spiderweb’ (high connectivity, low length, moderate directness) profiles had significantly higher levels of PM2.5 and NO2. While the ‘hyperbolic grid’ profile (moderate connectivity, high length, low directness) had significantly higher levels of NO2 and lower levels of obesity.Conclusion: Identifying how city profiles are related to environment and health outcomes can shed light on the urban policies that could have the greatest environment and health co-benefits.

Housing Dilemma and Vertical Dimensions

Bahrain is a small island suffering from land scarcity, caused by the limited land area and the overpopulation. Bahrain will face dramatic problems in all life levels due to the frequent use of horizontal urban growth. However, by observing coastal countries such as Bahrain, Singapore, Japan, etc., some governments tend to reclaim land upon the surrounding water body, to provide enough area for urban development. This results in harming the nature and disturbing the ecology of the environment. Therefore, these issues have made designers think about a solution of accommodating a large number of inhabitants with less land area; intended for a sustainable urban solution to cities and limiting the land reclamation upon the seawater cases. Moreover, the idea of this research is to focus upon building communities vertically, giving a solution for the sustainable vision issues: the natural environment, the social and the engineering elements publication.

Governance options of municipal actors for reurbanisation in medium-sized cities. An analysis by the example of Bamberg

This paper examines the governance options for reurbanisation in medium-sized cities by using the example of Bamberg. The key questions are: Which planning approaches are developed in the areas of action housing and urban development to shape reurbanisation? How do local actor constellations and relationships shape the governance options? The contribution follows on debates about local reurbanisation drivers and an understanding of planning in terms of governance. The results show that Bamberg aimed to develop a conversion area and has thus implemented planning instruments and political-administrative structures. However, the use of the conversion areas by non-municipal actors in addition with municipal actors that are strongly guided by monetary considerations prevents the conversion in the further course and severely limits the governance options. As a result, a departure from the goal of a planned reurbanisation can be seen. The paper concludes by discussing the context under which growth policies for reurbanisation are developed and implemented.

Mapping of GIS-Land Use Suitability in the Rural–Urban Continuum between Ar Riyadh and Al Kharj Cities, KSA Based on the Integrating GIS Multi Criteria Decision Analysis and Analytic Hierarchy Process

The management of land use in big cities and capitals and the surrounding adjacent urban aggregates is still of major importance in the field of urban development, especially in cities with populations of millions and various types of land uses and economic activities. The rural–urban continuum between the cities of Ar Riyadh and Al Kharj suffers from an unclear general land use trend, due to urban expansion at the expense of the agriculture lands, the imbalance of the population compound, the deterioration of the urban fabric, lack and poor distribution of services, and the dominance of industrial land use at the expense of other uses. These factors have led to an increase in environmental changes and loss of the environmental and ecological characteristics of this area between Ar Riyadh and Al Kharj. The present study aims at evaluating the land use suitability for urban development in the rural–urban continuum between Ar Riyadh and Al Kharj cities. This is achieved by using the GIS-based Multi Criteria decision Analysis (GIS-MCDA) on twelve various economic, environmental, urban, and law criteria. The weights of criteria were determined using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The results of the spatial suitability map of the land use for sustainable urban development revealed that there are five categories of spatial suitability ranging in suitability from 32% to 86%. The recommended areas for sustainable urban development are those with a spatial suitability upwards of 70% in the rural–urban continuum corridor between Ar Riyadh and Al Kharj cities. The sustainable development in this corridor can be achieved by executing high priority projects that ensure and support the urban sustainable development plan through establishing four local urban development centers and upgrading four current villages to rural communities, aiming at strengthening the functional bonds between the rural communities and the local urban development centers. These projects will limit the sustainable urban development to specific areas without allowing random expansion, avoiding the urban conjugation of the two Ar Riyadh and Al Kharj cities through the connecting area between them.

DESA PARIWISATA BERORIENTASI SEBAGAI PENGEMBANGAN WILAYAH PERKOTAAN DENGAN PENDEKATAN HYBRID SPACE

Abstract: Sudimoro Village is one of the villages that suffered from the eruption of Mount Merapi in October 2010. Over time, Sudimoro has become a potential space to learn about disaster mitigation and about the use of bamboo as a sustainable building material. Geographically, Sudimoro is surrounded by many developing tourist destinations, in the west there are Elo Progo River Rafting and Mendut Temple, on the east side there is Gunungpring Cemetery. This village has the potential as a strategic Hybrid Space to connect all tourist points as tourist magnets, to support urban development. After 10 years, the temporary bamboo shelter in Sudimoro village began to be gradually developed by residents into a tourist village. Apart from preserving the historical value of the Bamboo Shelter and increasing the socio-cultural and local ecological values, the use of bamboo buildings is also a strategy for the sustainability of the Bamboo Shelter’s existence. In this paper, the author aims to make a comparison of the position of Sudimoro village compared to other tourist villages, as well as an assessment of Sudimoro's potential to become an urban tourism development area with the Hybrid Space approach.

Strengthening risk-informed decision-making: scenarios for human vulnerability and exposure to extreme events

PurposeEnhancing the resilience of cities and strengthening risk-informed decision-making are defined as key within the Global Agenda 2030. Implementing risk-informed decision-making also requires the consideration of scenarios of exposure and vulnerability. Therefore, the paper presents selected scenario approaches and illustrates how such vulnerability scenarios can look like for specific indicators and how they can inform decision-making, particularly in the context of urban planning.Design/methodology/approachThe research study uses the example of heat stress in Ludwigsburg, Germany, and adopts participatory and quantitative forecasting methods to develop scenarios for human vulnerability and exposure to heat stress.FindingsThe paper indicates that considering changes in future vulnerability of people is important to provide an appropriate information base for enhancing urban resilience through risk-informed urban planning. This can help cities to define priority areas for future urban development and to consider the socio-economic and demographic composition in their strategies.Originality/valueThe value of the research study lies in implementing new qualitative and quantitative scenario approaches for human exposure and vulnerability to strengthen risk-informed decision-making.

URBAN ECOLOGICAL SPACE CHANGES OF 338 PREFECTURE-LEVEL CITIES IN CHINA FROM 2016 TO 2017 WITH HIGH-PRECISION URBAN BOUNDARY AND LAND COVER DATA

Abstract. Urban ecological space is a significant factor for sustainable urban development and ecological civilization construction. Traditional urban ecological space analysis mainly used medium-resolution image data at large scales and used high-resolution images at a typical urban scale. Few studies focused on the high-precision ecological space analysis at a national urban scale. In this study, high-precision urban boundary and land cover data were utilized to analyze the urban ecological space change and its reason from 2016 to 2017. Ecological space was extracted and merged from high-precision land cover data, which came from the National Geoinformation Survey data of China. Results showed that in 2017, the total urban ecological space area of 338 prefecture-level cities in China was 8514.2 square kilometers, accounting for 22.4% of the total urban area, which was far below the threshold of 40% for evaluating the urban green coverage in China. Urban ecological space of 184 cities declined. There were four principal reasons for the decrease of urban ecological space. First, the green space supporting the buildings was occupied. Second, the green landscape space near rivers and lakes was occupied. Third, blocks of woodland were occupied. Fourth, the water area was occupied. The reduced urban ecological space was mainly changed into construction sites, structures, and buildings. Urban ecological space of China was seriously insufficient, and it was heavily occupied. Adequate ecological space should be preserved not only in new urban development areas but also in the old urban areas to ensure people a more comfortable living environment.

Zooming Into the Ecosystem: Agency and Politics Around Open Data Platforms in Lyon and Berlin

Open data platforms provide free access to datasets in key areas of urban development. Often provided by the local state, open data platforms constitute a part of smart city strategies worldwide, serving different, potentially contradictory aims, i.e. fostering economic development, enhancing transparency of urban governance and reshaping the relation between citizens and the state. While benefits of open data are often highlighted, recent research has pointed out to open data initiatives failing to account for and include the ecosystem of urban actors and their interests. Instead, open data platforms are embedded in complex networks of actors and institutions, and consequently form both an object and an instrument of urban governance. Our interest lies in understanding how open data platforms are coproduced by different actors based on their conception of open data. Thus, we theorise the development of open data initiatives through a dynamic approach to agency focussing on the strategies of different actor groups shaping open data initiatives and platforms, in specific governance contexts that define barriers and windows of opportunity. Empirically, our paper will analyse the development and governance of open data initiatives and platforms in the cities of Lyon and Berlin. Departing from the initial steps for setting open data on the agenda, we will provide a process-based perspective unpacking actor strategies and agency to shape open data policies, concrete initiatives and platform design. The analysis is based on tracing the development processes and on interviews with representatives of the administration, open data initiatives and civil society. Our analysis identified a narrowing down of open data initiatives to objectives of economic development and efficient administration, despite the existence of broader visions on open data among other actors. This can be traced back to the impact of shifts in the urban governance contexts and high salience of personnel, financial and technical resources for defining the dominant conception of open data.

Comprehensive decision-strategy space exploration for efficient territorial planning strategies

GIS-based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis is a well-known decision support tool that can be used in a wide variety of contexts. It is particularly useful for territorial planning in situations where several actors with different, and sometimes contradictory, point of views have to take a decision regarding land use development. While the impact of the weights used to represent the relative importance of criteria has been widely studied in the recent literature, the impact of the order weights used to combine the criteria have rarely been investigated. This paper presents a spatial sensitivity analysis to assess the impact of order weights determination in GIS-based Multi-Criteria Analysis by Ordered Weighted Averaging. We propose a methodology based on an efficient exploration of the decision-strategy space defined by the level of risk and trade-off in the decision process. We illustrate our approach with a land use planning process in the South of France. The objective is to find suitable areas for urban development while preserving green areas and their associated ecosystem services. The ecosystem service approach has indeed the potential to widen the scope of traditional landscape-ecological planning by including ecosystem-based benefits, including social and economic benefits, green infrastructures and biophysical parameters in urban and territorial planning. We show that in this particular case the decision-strategy space can be divided into four clusters. Each of them is associated with a map summarizing the average spatial suitability distribution used to identify potential areas for urban development. We also demonstrate the pertinence of a spatial variance within-cluster analysis to disentangle the relationship between risk and trade-off values. At the end, we perform a site suitability ranking analysis to assess the relationship between the four detected clusters.

Analysis and evaluation of the spatial and temporal variabilities of river water quality parameters

This study aimed to analyze the status and evaluate the spatiotemporal variabilities of water quality in the Awash River, Ethiopia. The study also aims to identify the origin and geochemical composition of the river water. Temporal variabilities of similar water quality parameters in the Lake Beseka, a dramatically rising lake (0.2 m/year) in the Awash River basin, which is being channeled into the Awash River system in order to control the lake level rise, were also considered in this study. To do this, laboratory measurements and a 10-year consecutive record of physicochemical parameters, major ions, nutrients and minor ions of the Awash River and Lake Beseka waters, graphical methods and factor analysis approaches were used. The origin of the Awash River was found to be shallow-medium depth aquifer with a geochemical composition of Ca(HCO3)2 and NaHCO3, while the origin of Lake Beseka was found to be deep, ancient groundwater with a geochemical composition of NaCl and NaHCO3. However, mixing the lake water with Awash River in the downstream sites shifted the geochemical composition of the river water to a mixture of Ca(HCO3)2, NaHCO3 and NaCl water types. The results also showed that the river water quality varies spatially and temporally, controlled by three major factors: the combined effects of anthropogenic activities and mineral dissolutions (Factor-1), anthropogenic activities and ion exchange (Factor-2) and ion exchange (Factor-3). While Factor-1 was the main controlling factor of the river water quality, and Factor-3 was the least, all three factors equally controlled the temporal variabilities of water quality in Lake Beseka. The observed temporal and spatial variabilities of the river water quality suggest that frequent water quality evaluations are important in designing appropriate water management strategies in river systems near intensive agricultural, industrial, and urban development areas.

Integrating ecological correlation into cellular automata for urban growth simulation: A case study of Hangzhou, China

Rapid urbanization leads to a disorder land use pattern, posing severe threats to natural resources with high-quality ecosystem service (ES), hence, it is necessary to delineate ecologically constrained urban growth boundary (UGB) for containing sprawling urban expansion. The ecological constraint based on the assessment of specific or comprehensive ecosystem function provides little information about how the ecological correlation within different ESs affecting urban growth probability. This paper defined the strictest conservation with the least cost of total ES value as ecological constraint through excluding ESs trade-offs areas from potential urban development area, and the ecological constraint was further integrated into cellular automata (CA) to develop the ES-CA model for acquiring a win-win simulation between urban development and natural environmental protection. The case study of Hangzhou was implemented for the model application. Equivalent ES value was adjusted by spatial difference assessment to evaluate and visualize ES. Spearman correlation coefficient was adopted to retrieve the relation mechanism among different ESs and extract ESs trade-offs areas. Two alternative scenarios whether conserving the ESs trade-offs areas were established to investigate the unique advantages of the ES-CA model over the traditional ecological constraint-based CA. The comparative analysis using habitat quality and landscape metrics indicated that the urban growth pattern where the ESs trade-offs areas were prohibited for construction performed more effective in reducing habitat degradation, promoting land use compactness, and controlling sprawling urban expansion. According to the win-win scenario, the UGB having a polycentric spatial structure was delineated. In contrast with the planned UGB determined by socio-economic development policies, the proposed UGB demonstrated that the ES-CA model could play a more important role in growth management for ecological fragilely developing regions.