Area Of Karnataka Research Articles

Composite fish culture as an alternate livelihood using waterlogged lands of Tungabhadra command area in Karnataka

Composite fish culture as an alternate livelihood using waterlogged lands of Tungabhadra command area in Karnataka

EFFICIENT SCHEMES OF CLASSIFIERS FOR REMOTE SENSING SATELLITE IMAGERIES OF LAND USE PATTERN CLASSIFICATIONS

Land use pattern classification of remote sensing imagery data is imperative to research that is used in remote sensing applications. Remote sensing (RS) technologies were exploited to mine some of the significant spatially variable factors, such as land cover and land use (LCLU), from satellite images of remote arid areas in Karnataka, India. Four diverse classification techniques unsupervised, and supervised (Maximum likelihood, Mahalnobis Distance, and Minimum Distance) are applied in Bellary district in Karnataka, India for the classification of the raw satellite images. The developed maps are then visually compared with each other and accuracy evaluations make using of ground-truths are carried out. It was initiated that the Maximum likelihood technique gave the finest results and both Minimum distance and Mahalnobis distance methods overvalued agricultural land areas. In spite of missing a few insignificant features due to the low resolution of the satellite images, a high-quality accord between parameters extracted automatically from the developed maps and field observations was found. Keywords: Remote sensing (RS), land cover and land use (LCLU).

A cross-sectional study on utilization and barriers of eSanjeevani telemedicine services in rural areas of South India: Curing at a distance

Background: Telemedicine services are essential in a country like India, where the doctor-to-patient ratio and hospital-topopulation ratio are lower than the World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended ratio. To prevent the long waiting time for doctor appointments, diagnosis, and treatment plans in person, an alternative system such as eSanjeevani telemedicine is necessary to tackle medical emergencies in a populated country like India. Objectives: To assess the utilization and barriers affecting the utilization of eSanjeevani services among residents of rural areas in Karnataka. Materials and Methods: A Cross sectional community study was conducted in the rural areas of south India, using a pre-tested semi-structured interview schedule. Multistage cluster sampling method was used to select 400 households. The collected data has been expressed in terms of frequencies and percentages. Results: The study identified that most of the study participants were from lower middle class as per the modified Kuppuswamy Scale. Only 34.8% were aware of the eSanjeevani services and among them 22% utilized eSanjeevani services in which General medicine services (86.3%) were used the most. Major barriers for utilization included network issues (29%) followed by no room for queries/questions (20%). Conclusion: Telemedicine has the potential to enhance the availability and accessibility of healthcare to everyone. At the moment, lack of awareness, low network connectivity, and inherent technological limits pose major challenges for accessing telemedicine. Utilization of telemedicine can be increased by making people aware about the advantages of using it through strong Information, Education and Communication and media publicity

Income generation through composite fish culture in alkaline and waterlogged lands of Krishna command area in Karnataka

Income generation through composite fish culture in alkaline and waterlogged lands of Krishna command area in Karnataka

Trends in net irrigated area from different sources in Karnataka

Agriculture plays a central role in India’s economy, contributing significantly to its overall development. A key factor in boosting agricultural production is the availability of irrigation. In India, the total irrigated area has increased from 22.6 million hectares in 1950-51 to 71.6 million hectares in 2018-19 which is more than half of the country’s net sown area. The main objective of the study is to analyse the extent of irrigated area by different sources in the state. For the study secondary data has been collected. The secondary data on irrigated area under different sources of irrigation in the state was collected from Karnataka Neeravari Nigama Limited (KNNL), Government of Karnataka and Director of Economics and Statistics (DES), and Karnataka at a Glance and from other published sources. The entire study period was divided into two periods as Period-I and Period-II (2001-02 to 2010-11 and 2011-12 to 2020-21) to analyse the performance of area irrigated by different sources in the state. The data were analysed using Compound Annual Growth Rate technique. The results revealed that the net irrigated area in Karnataka, analysed in two distinct periods has consistently exhibited a positive growth trajectory. The net irrigated area in Karnataka, exhibited consistent growth from 21,76,735 hectares in 2001-02 to 46,75,102 hectares in 2020-21, with a compound annual growth rate of 3.64 per cent. Notably, tubewells demonstrated the highest growth rate, experiencing a substantial increase of 14.62 per cent during the initial period. In contrast, the net irrigated area sourced from canals declined by 6.88 per cent, and that from tanks decreased by 1.28 per cent in the later period. This shift can be attributed to farmers practicing use of tube wells and bore wells as their primary and more reliable sources of water.

Improved Biomass Stoves in Rural Areas in Karnataka, India

Aims: the study aimed to quantify fuel wood consumption in traditional and biomass stoves as well asto estimate the Carbon dioxide (Co2) and carbon monoxide (Co) while cooking with different fuel wood.
 Study Design: exploratory and experimental.
 Place and Duration of Study: The duration of the Study was 2 years and the place of the study was Dharwad and Vijayapur districts of Karnataka state India.
 Methodology: Keeping this in view a study was conducted in two villages namely Timmapur Village of Dharwad district and Bhaganager Village of Vijayapur district Karanarak State India. From each village 60 households were selected randomly thus total sample size comprises 120 rural women.
 Results: About 80 per cent of the women were illiterate in Timmapur and 76.70 per cent of the women were illiterate in Bhaganagar. The quantity of ash, charcoal and smoke after food preparation was significantly varied in both villages. A reduction in the percentage of both carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide was found in biomass stoves compared to traditional stoves. The experimental research revealed that 58 per cent of the fuel wood was saved per year per 100 families when compared to traditional stoves. Whereas the traditional stove consumes 1200 kg /month/100 families.
 Conclusion: Improved biomass stoves should be promoted to encourage rural women to better use the stove.

A Comparative Study on Economics of Traditional versus Popular Variety of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Plantations in Karnataka

The current study estimated the area under black pepper plantations and demand for its seedlings in Karnataka and compared the economic benefits of Sigandhini and Panniyur-1black pepper plantations. The data were collected from primary and secondary sources to estimate the CAGR and financial feasibility of black pepper plantations. The black pepper area in Karnataka showed an annual growth rate of 22.59 per cent, indicating an additional 44,517 ha would demand 494.58 lakh additional seedlings in 2023-24. The study revealed that, compared to Panniyur-1, the Sigandhini variety generated higher net revenue for farmers. It was evidenced by profitability and project evaluation techniques; Sigandhini gives a higher net present value with a benefit-cost ratio of 4.52 and 53.63 per cent internal rate of returns against Panniyur-I, which gave a benefit-cost ratio of 2.35 and 33.84 per cent internal rate of returns. The study suggested that, to enhance the area, production and revenue generation from black pepper plantations, an ancient variety Sigandhini needs to promote among the black pepper growers in Karnataka.

Prevalence, risk factors and severity of retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants in a tertiary care hospital in rural Karnataka

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a condition which is one of the major causes of preventable childhood blindness. ROP may develop in premature new-borns due to avascular or incompletely vascularized retina at birth which are prone to damage. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), as well as its risk factors and severity, among newborns who were admitted to and screened at a tertiary care facility that serves a rural community.A cross-sectional study was conducted for a period of 1 year. All infants born prematurely who were admitted to the hospital and had a birth weight of less than or equal to 1500 g and/or less than 32 weeks of gestation were included in the study. Additionally, babies born between 1501-2500 grams and/or 33-35 weeks who were at a higher risk were also included. Under aseptic conditions all preterms were screened with RetCam in NICU of a tertiary hospital situated in rural area in Karnataka.224 preterm babies were screened for ROP. No ROP was noted in 185 babies (82.59%), 9 babies had stage 1 (4.02%), 21 babies stage 2 (9.38%), 9 babies had stage 3 ROP (4.02). No infant developed stage 4 and stage 5 ROP. Prevalence of ROP is 17.41% in our study. Low birth weight (LBW), Very low birth weight (VLBW), Respiratory Distress Syndrome and sepsis are found to be clinically significant in this study.In this study, the prevalence of ROP is 17.41%. LBW, VLBW, Respiratory Distress Syndrome and sepsis are found to significant risk factors. Early screening and timely appropriate treatment of ROP can prevent from causing childhood blindness.

Study of Movement of Pollutants in Soils around the Onsite Sanitation Systems - A Case Study of Periurban area in Karnataka, India

Sitting onsite sanitation systems near ground water sources without following any Indian national building organization, guideline is common in the peri urban areas in India. Due to close location of them the contaminants infiltrates from onsite sanitation systems and causes contamination of groundwater sources. Contamination of groundwater sources by pathogenic bacteria and nitrate are two major public health risks due to onsite sanitation systems. Sufficient depths of unsaturated soil and adequate horizontal separation distances between an onsite system and water sources are required to protect public health from aquifer contamination. In the present study the assessment of movement of pollutants in sandy soils around the onsite sanitation systems has been carried out to study the impact of septic tank on nearby borewell groundwater. Soil samples were collected around the septic tank in five directions. In each direction, soil samples were collected at 1 m interval longitudinally up to 2 m from septic tank edge at 0.3 m and 0.5 m depth. The soil samples are analyzed for sulphates, chlorides, phosphates, nitrates. The soil samples for bacterial analysis (E. coli) were collected in both monsoon and non-monsoon seasons upto 10 m from septic tank edge. From analysis of soil samples it can be concluded that concentration of nitrate, chloride, phosphate and sulphates leached from septic tank are not able to effect quality of bore well water located downstream of septic tank. The E. coli movement in the soil is observed upto 5 meters from the edge of the septic tank. The study concludes that the present distance between public borewell and septic tank is sufficient to prevent groundwater contamination.

Comparison And Evaluation Of Drought Indices Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (Ahp) Over Raichur District, Karnataka

The Raichur district is considered as a drought prone area in Karnataka. The study was carried out to compare and evaluate the performance of six drought indices in the study area namely Standardized precipitation index (SPI), Standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI), China Z index (CZI), Deciles, Percent Normal (PN) and Rainfall anamoly index (RAI). A time series of six drought indices were compared and evaluated using histogram and analytical hierarchy process (AHP). The histogram of six drought indices showed that PN, Deciles and RAI showed higher frequency of extreme drought events which is considered as misleading in analysis. During the evaluation of the indices no bias was done between the indices. SPI and CZI moved to the top rank mainly due to their robustness and sophistication in nature. Whereas, PN moved to the second position mainly because of its higher simplicity compared to other indices with a score of 18.49 (SPI), 18.10 (PN) and 17.99 (CZI). The SPEI was observed to score higher in robustness and sophistication, due to lack of tractability and transparency was observed to be lagged. Furthermore indices like RAI and deciles were observed to score very good rank under transparency and tractability. PN was observed to least in robust, thought the PN has scored the 2nd position it is highly not recommended for adaptation for the studies due to its unreasonably capturing of extreme droughts. Looking over all pros and cons of all indices SPI was evaluated as perfect index for the selected study area.

Isolation and Identification of Endophytic Fungi from Leaves, Stem and Flower of Clerodendrum thomsoniae Balf. f.

Abstract: Endophytic fungi are those living inside the host plant without causing any apparent negative effect on the host plant. 117 isolates of endophytic fungi were isolated from the leaves, stem and flower of Clerodendrum thomsoniae. Collected from different areas of Mysore. All isolates were identified based on characteristics of the isolates such as colony appearance, mycelial texture, conidial spores size, shape, pigmentation, and other morphological characteristics observed using a microscope. The isolates of endophytic fungi were identified are Ascomycota and Basidiomycota and classified genera Sterile hyphae, Lasiodiplodiae sp, Rhizopus stolonifera sp, Aspergillus sp, Aspergillus conidiophore, Mycelium of Lentinus, Nigrospora sp, Nigrospora zimmermaniae sp, Curvularia sp, Collectrotrichum sp, Aspergillus fumigates sp. The overall colonization rate of endophytes in leaves, stem and flower were found to be 96.66%. The leaf showed a low percentage of colonization frequency of the endophytic fungi when compared to stems and flower segments.

Relationship between COVID-19 severity and fluoride levels of drinking water among children in Karnataka state, India: An epidemiological study

Background: The severity and susceptibility to COVID-19 infection are the two main epidemiological factors influenced by the host and environmental factors. Environmental factors like drinking water fluoride levels have a direct role in depleting Vitamin D and serum calcium level in the body which were found to have a positive effect on the recovery from COVID-19.Aim and Objective: To find out if there is any association between the severity of COVID-19 and ground water fluoride level among children and young adults in Karnataka.Settings and Design: Ecological/Correlational study designMethods: Ground water fluoride levels of districts of Karnataka was obtained from the Government of India Central Ground Water Board’s Ministry of Water Resources River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation Year Book 2016-17 and 2018-19 and data on COVID-19 mortality under the age group of 20 years was obtained from the media bulletin of The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Karnataka.Statistical analysis: Descriptive analysis was performed and Pearson’s correlation was used to find out the linear association between the variables.Results: The higher percentage of death due to COVID-19 was observed among males (65.8%) of age 16-20 (52.6%) years and around 71.8% of COVID-19 associated death among children and young adults were not associated with any co-morbidity. The ground water fluoride levels exhibit statistically significant linear strong positive (r=+0.734; P=0.024) correlation with the Case Fatality Rate (CFR).Conclusion: The severity of COVID-19 was observed to be severe in the high concentration of ground water fluoride areas in Karnataka.

IN VITRO MICROPROPAGATION OF ENDEMIC TAXON CURCUMA KARNATAKENSIS AND STUDY OF ITS ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

Micropropagation is the true-to-type propagation of a selected genotype using in vitro culture techniques. Curcuma karnatakensis is a small herb endemic to Karnataka and belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. C. karnatakensis, with its small distribution area in Karnataka, is prone to any kind of threat that could lead to species extinction, hence tissue culture technique is proposed as a conservation measure for rapid propagation and ex situ conservation. An attempt was made to grow C. karnatakensis on MS culture with different growth regulators like benzyl adenine, kinetin, indole butyric acid and naphthalene acetic acid at different concentrations (1,2,3,4,5 μg mL-1) and (0.5,1,1.5 µg mL-1) and in different proportion using rhizome sprouts as ex- plant. The best result was obtained in benzyl adenine and indole butyric acid at ratio 4:1 and in kinetin and indole butyric acid at ratio 3:1. The secondary metabolites and antimicrobial activity from micro propagated plant was compared with naturally grown plant.

Groundwater irrigation reduces overall poverty but increases socioeconomic vulnerability in a semiarid region of southern India

The development of irrigation is generally considered an efficient way to reduce poverty in rural areas, although its impact on the inequality between farmers is more debated. In fact, assessing the impact of water management on different categories of farmers requires resituating it within the different dimensions of the local socio-technical context. We tested this hypothesis in a semi-arid area in Karnataka, South India, where groundwater irrigation was introduced five decades ago. Using the conceptual framework of comparative agriculture, based on farmers’ interviews, we built a farm typology, traced the trajectories of farm types over the last decades and assessed their current technical and economic performances. Our results show that the differentiation of farm trajectories since the 1950s has been linked with the development of groundwater irrigation, interplaying with their initial assets, and the evolution of the national and local contexts. We highlight the mechanisms by which irrigation indeed reduces poverty but engenders fragilities, particularly for poor households, whose situation was aggravated by the depletion of water resources over the last two decades. Finally, this extensive understanding of the agrarian context allowed us to formulate and assess the potential of different ways forward, including irrigation technology, change in cropping or livestock systems, land tenure, and value added distribution. As such, this analysis would be of major interest to policy makers involved in reforming the agricultural context for better agricultural water management.

Practice and Preservation of Material Culture Among the Koraga Tribe of South Canara

The Koraga are a tribal community found mainly in the Dakshina Kannada, Udupi, Uttara Kannada, Shimoga and Kodagu districts of Karnataka and the Kasaragod district of Kerala, South India. These Areas in Karnataka are altogether often referred to as Tulu Nadu. Material culture which is in practice among the Koragas and other tribe has been supporting them to lead self-sufficient life without any menace. However, as a result of industrialization, urbanization, market economy, governmental policies and rehabilitation etc. their material culture is fading. At this backdrop, the present paper analyzes the material culture of the Koraga tribe and also suggests the conservation of material culture.

Vulnerability to Food and Nutritional Insecurity in Different Reaches of Tungabhadra Command Area of Karnataka: A Case Study

This study assessed the vulnerability to food and nutritional insecurity of farm households across multiple water regimes in the Tungabhadra command area of Karnataka by collecting data from 120 households comprising 40 respondents from head, middle and tail-end reaches. The Gini coefficients used to measure the inequality, which showed a high degree of income inequality among tail-end reach households. In head-reach regime, households experienced low vulnerability to food insecurity as they spent lesser proportion of their total expenditure on food, whereas, middle and tail-end reach farm households were more vulnerable. As land use decision is hard to change, there is a need for a comprehensive strategy and plan for irrigation water management and administration.

Diversity analysis of BmNPV Isolates Infecting Mulberry Silkworm (Bombyx mori) using Restriction Endonuclease Digestion Profiling

Understanding the genetic diversity of BmNPV isolates causing grasserie viral disease of mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori L. is essential for adoption of management strategies including biotechnological tools. The present study was aimed at the use of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profiling for studying the molecular diversity analysis of six BmNPV isolates collected from Devanahalli, Kolar, Shidlaghatta, Hosakote, Tumakuru, and Ramanagara areas in Karnataka, India (BmNPV-Ko, BmNPV-Ho, BmNPV-SG, BmNPV-DH, BmNPV-TM, BmNPV-Ram respectively). DNA was extracted from each of these isolates and subjected to digestion with different restriction enzymes EcoR1, BamH1, Sma1, Nco1, and a combination of BamH1+Nco1 and electrophoresed in 0.8% w/v agarose gel to visualize restriction enzyme profile. The analysis revealed that all the six BmNPV isolates had similar Nco1 and Sma1 restriction patterns, although there was variation in low molecular weight fragments. The EcoR1 and BamH1 restriction patterns were nearly the same for all the isolates except for the presence of an approximately 4kb and an additional 1.5kb polymorphic band only in BmNPV-TM and BmNPV-Ram isolates. BamH1+Nco1 digestion of the DNA from each isolate yielded numerous fragments, which was different in BmNPV-Ram isolate. Molecular diversity analysis can helps in understanding the evolution and phylogeny of the virus, enhance the knowledge on its pathogenicity and can help to develop and adopt suitable measures to combat and diagnose the disease to reduce crop loss and increase income generating ability of the farmer.

Effect of resource conservation technologies (RCT’s) on yield and water productivity of wheat (Triticum aertivum L.) under vertisols of Tungabhadra project command area of Karnataka

Effect of resource conservation technologies (RCT’s) on yield and water productivity of wheat (Triticum aertivum L.) under vertisols of Tungabhadra project command area of Karnataka

Assessment of the Spatial Distribution and Risk Associated with Fruit Rot Disease in Areca catechu L.

Phytophthora meadii (McRae) is a hemibiotrophic oomycete fungus that infects tender nuts, growing buds, and crown regions, resulting in fruit, bud, and crown rot diseases in arecanut (Areca catechu L.), respectively. Among them, fruit rot disease (FRD) causes serious economic losses that are borne by the growers, making it the greatest yield-limiting factor in arecanut crops. FRD has been known to occur in traditional growing areas since 1910, particularly in Malnad and coastal tracts of Karnataka. Systemic surveys were conducted on the disease several decades ago. The design of appropriate management approaches to curtail the impacts of the disease requires information on the spatial distribution of the risks posed by the disease. In this study, we used exploratory survey data to determine areas that are most at risk. Point pattern (spatial autocorrelation and Ripley’s K function) analyses confirmed the existence of moderate clustering across sampling points and optimized hotspots of FRD were determined. Geospatial techniques such as inverse distance weighting (IDW), ordinary kriging (OK), and indicator kriging (IK) were performed to predict the percent severity rates at unsampled sites. IDW and OK generated identical maps, whereby the FRD severity rates were higher in areas adjacent to the Western Ghats and the seashore. Additionally, IK was used to identify both disease-prone and disease-free areas in Karnataka. After fitting the semivariograms with different models, the exponential model showed the best fit with the semivariogram. Using this model information, OK and IK maps were generated. The identified FRD risk areas in our study, which showed higher disease probability rates (>20%) exceeding the threshold level, need to be monitored with the utmost care to contain and reduce the further spread of the disease in Karnataka.

Disease Incidence, Severity and Phenotypic Variation Among the Isolates of Rhizoctonia Bataticola Infected in Root Rot Disease of Mulberry in Different Mulberry Fields of Karnataka

The present investigation was carried out in view of destructive nature of root rot disease of mulberry caused by Rhizoctonia bataticola. The pathogen is a soil inhabiting fungus which is causing serious threat to more than 500 plant species. This study will enable to have a clear view of the root rot pathogen, R. bataticola in respect to variability, distribution and economic impact on mulberry plant. Root rot disease of mulberry is a devastating disease among the mulberry diseases. The part of study was conducted in Ramanagara district of Karnataka which is the largest market for silk cocoons in Asia, followed by Kanakapura in Karnataka, India. A field survey was conducted on disease incidence in various mulberry cultivating fields in Kanakapura and Ramanagara areas of Karnataka. Disease incidence of 78% and 53.60% with an average leaf yield loss of 39.73% covering 80 mulberry gardens has been reported in Kanakapura and Ramanagara respectively. From the infected root samples the phytopathogen, R. bataticola was isolated and its phenotypic variation was studied by growing the fungal pathogen on different fugal isolation media such as potato dextrose agar, richard’s agar and czapek dox agar under laboratory conditions. This study revealed the prevalence of the mulberry root rot disease in major mulberry growing locations in Karnataka. Incidence and severity of the mulberry root rot disease varied significantly among the locations under cropping seasons. This study was limited to southern Karnataka and did not cover other mulberry production locations in the different agro-ecological zones in Karnataka state. Therefore a study should be undertaken to evaluate the disease prevalence in other locations.