Architectural Character Research Articles

VERNAKÜLER MİMARİDE DOĞAL IŞIĞIN SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK BAĞLAMINDA İNCELENMESİ

One of the primary aspects of the concept of sustainability is the reduction in the need for artificial light sources with the natural lighting method often used in vernacular architecture. Artificial light sources are often used in interior spaces as a result of the developments in the lighting technology. Lighting products using modern technology harm the environment during the production stage and following the expiry of their lifecycle and also cause problems as waste. Moreover, most use a technology that is far from being sustainable. They harm the environment as waste after their lifecycle expires. Examining examples of architecture constructed with modern construction methods and where natural lighting is used to the maximum extent, it is observed that daylight is preferred in interior spaces due to being more economic, healthy and environmentally friendly. However, the variety of methods used to receive natural light into interior spaces also sets the architectural character of the building. This study discusses selected examples of vernacular architecture to underline the natural lighting techniques that support the notion of sustainability. The study describes the effect of natural lighting on interior space and then examines the relationship between vernacular architecture and the natural lighting technique. The subject is described under topics such as vertical and horizontal window apertures as the method for receiving light into the interior space and the yard system, and the various modes of architecture observed in various climate regions are interpreted in the context of sustainability.

Repair and Protection of Existing Steel-Reinforced Concrete Structures with High-Strength, Textile-Reinforced Mortars

Numerous concrete monuments built in the High Modern Era (turn of the 20th century until the 1970s) must now be repaired for preservation. Traditional concrete repair according to current guidelines involves considerable material removal, changing the appearance of the existing structure. With a combination of the material properties of high-/ultra-high-performance concrete (HPC/UHPC) with its dense microstructure and corrosion-free textile reinforcement (carbon and basalt), a high-performance mortar repair system can be developed. Such a system allows for concrete repairs with minimal material loss by using very thin layers that are durable and do not change the architectural character of the repaired monument. For the investigation of the load-bearing behaviour of a structural repair system using textile-reinforced, high-performance mortar, 20 mm thick slabs were produced and mechanically characterized. In the next step, the proposed repair system was applied to 70 mm thick old concrete slabs. The results show that a high surface tensile strength of 2.9 MPa was obtained. In a further step, the system will be applied to concrete pillars of transmission tower in Berus, adapted in terms of colour and structure and installed for long-term monitoring.

Traditional Architecture of Ikwerre Land. A Case Study of Emohua: Cradle to Post Modernism

The speedy exit of traditional values and culture is evident in all facets of human life and practice; architectural practice included. Due to the impacts of globalisation and industrialisation, certain negative effects have surfaced in every aspect of life. In Nigeria today, most people’s desire for “modern” cement homes built as opposed to the now archaic buildings of old, may render them stoic and uncompromising. As a result, many may prefer to go without a roof over their heads than make do with old-fashioned buildings of mud and clay. The report is more of picturesque ethnographical studies of the architecture of Rumuche Emohua. Through the study, basic characteristics are presented. Rumuche Emohua a town in Emohua local government area, Rivers State, Nigeria consists of indigenes who venture, largely, into occupations such as farming, fishing, and hunting as a result of the availability of land and such natural resources. In this report, the ethnological research approach was adopted so that the people’s architectural character is documented and presented in this report. In this report, the family lineage of a young man who is mature for family responsibility development is allowed a home in the style of I-home architecture. From this, the growth of his family causes the house to evolve into the family setting home structure called the courtyard dwelling. Both the single and courtyard homes have certain fizzled features that remain in spite of the change such as the family well, the kitchen, and the toilet/bathroom. Although, the kitchen is increased to carry activities posed by the expanded family size, the family well remains a fixed central place. Due to the impacts of industrialisation, the traditional construction method to has been eradicated, although some traces of the courtyard and single home settings are still existent. Part of the factors that impacted to this, is the sparse availability of land due to a rise in population. Also presented are basic construction methods and materials. All of these are recorded for future use, due to the continuous extinction of the traditional features in today’s society, particularly in the Rumuche Emohua community.

Strengthening the architectural identity of Makkah Al-Mukarramah’s buildings: an assessment of the impact of laws and regulations

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s future vision (Vision 2030) focuses on the enhancement of the urban and architectural identity of cities, where in (2022) King Salman Charter for Architecture and Urbanism was issued to improve residents’ quality of life through the establishment of architectural environments that emphasize cultural and environmental heritage while also simulating future developments. Makkah Al-Mukarramah is distinguished by its religious uniqueness being the ground of the Holy Mosque and a set of natural factors, all of this influenced the formation of its distinctive architectural identity over time, However, for the sake of development projects, and expansion of the Haram Al-Sharif, demolition of many of Makkah’s old neighborhoods occurred leading to declining the city’s historical urban fabric, this development was governed by regulations and rules that focusing only on organizational aspects without considering the architectural identity. This crystallizes the research problem in two main points: “What are the regulations and legislation that led to Makkah losing its distinctive architectural identity?” What function may legislation and laws possibly play in the long-term rehabilitation of Makkah’s distinct architectural identity? The purpose of this research is to define the architectural and urban identity, as well as the major factors that influence them. Also, investigate the impact of the urban development of Makkah on the city’s architectural identity. And the extraction of design requirements for the control of architectural identity. The research uses a theoretical approach to understand the principles of architectural identity and character, as well as to measure the influence of laws and regulations on preserving and enhancing the architectural identity. a descriptive-analytical approach to analyze the laws and regulations related to the architectural identity of several selected cities; to come at a set of criteria that contribute to preserving the identity, following that, a questionnaire is developed for the opinion of academic architects as well as engineers specialized in this field, to try to find the flaw that caused the loss of character and to make some recommendations to correct the flaws caused by lack of attention to architectural identity.

Sustainable Urban Renewal of the Old City of Mosul

The research focuses on clarifying the relationship between sustainability and urban renewal project in the old city of Mosul, this city has a distinctive architectural character but it has lost many of its landmarks in the last war. From this point, the study began to assess the current situation of the site based on the concepts of sustainability that have become one of the basics of design at present. The research aims to clarify the ways of applying sustainability strategies in the urban renewal program of the study site on its social, economic and environmental aspects. The research adopts a data analysis system for the city in addition to the survey data that was conducted in it to determine the extent of the impact of the population of the area on this process.

Tarihi Çevrede İşlev Değişim/Dönüşümleri: Beşiktaş-Köyiçi, Kartal Heykeli Ve Çevresi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Beşiktaş-Köyiçi is an old residential area of Istanbul which has hosted many communities throughout its history. The density of the region, combined with some decisions taken by local governments, has led to changes in the diversity and distribution of functions. This change which can be traced in open-public spaces, building groups, or individual structures, has led to erosion in the historical and architectural character of Köyiçi.
 
 The aim of this study is to determine the changes/transformations over a period of approximately 100 years and to evaluate the situation in the context of the conservation discipline. The study area’s boundaries are drawn to include the Kartal Statue in the center of Beşiktaş Köyiçi and the building blocks numbered 291, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 305, 306, 402 with the surrounding pedestrian and vehicle roads. For the literature review, the function was examined in relation to the historical environment in international and national conservation texts. Then, some criteria were determined in question format to evaluate the study area.
 
 Determinations were made by comparing the situation of the study area in the 1922 Pervititch Maps with the 2020 maps. All the data obtained were used to answer the criteria questions determined in the literature research.

Egyéb belterületek átalakulási trendjei a Soproni járás példáján

The other inner areas are special elements of the Hungarian settlement structure. Other inner area is an inner area not interconnected geographically with the central inner area of the administrative unit. Not all localities include an other inner area, but there are localities with more other inner areas. They are partly former villages which are now parts of other settlements (incorporated villages) or former outskirts with a small cluster of houses. They are between the central inner areas and the outskirts of settlements both architectural character both functions and population size. There are nineteen such settlements in the Sopron district, most are in the administrative area of the town of Sopron. These settlements are very different by size, functions, development trends, original function, and transport facilities. The most important transformation factors of the other inner areas of Sopron district are suburbanization (near the town of Sopron), tourism (near Lake Fertő) and cross-border relations (shopping tourism, medical tourism, residential functions of those persons who work in Austria). The former hobby gardens, wine-hills and new suburban estates near Sopron are rather dynamic, but the former mining colonies and manors further from Sopron are declining.

Konya Camilerindeki Örtü Sisteminin Anadolu Selçuklu Ve Osmanlı Döneminde Gelişimi

Mosques are the most specific structures of the Islamic city. The formation of these buildings in history also gives direction to the architectural character of the period. The top cover system and the dome have been important elements of the space organization. In the mosques of the Anatolian Seljuk period, the single-dome arrangement was developed in the Ottoman period and reached the central domes and side naves. Today's mosque architecture is also affected by the developments in the historical process and it is seen that modern top covering systems are experienced. Konya had hosted important civilizations from prehistoric times to the present and had been the capital of the Anatolian Seljuk State for many years. The number of mosque structures belonging to this period and reaching the present day is higher than other cities in Anatolia. The city did not lose its importance in the Ottoman period, and its spiritual value continues today. The coexistence of mosque structures of this period with the mosques of the Anatolian Seljuk period enables a comparison of the cover systems and its development chronologically.

AISHA BIBI MAUSOLEUM IS A PEARL OF KAZAKH ARCHITECTURE

The article tells about the outstanding monument of architecture of the XI-XII centuries, the ancient architectural image of Kazakhstan, the mausoleum of Aisha Bibi and its architectural appearance. A brief description of the features of the mausoleum, inscriptions and ornaments on its appearance, the unique architectural character of the mausoleum, its compositional solution and beauty.

Architecture of Death: Multifaith Burial and Cemetery Centre

Abstract: Life and death are perpetual topics for human beings to investigate. The basic kind of funeral architecture is cemeteries, which serve as the final resting place for humans and their final homes. The demand for cities has been highlighted as a result of population growth. This research focuses on the spaces linked to a multi-faith cemetery as well as the types of spaces that evoke emotions throughout the death process. For the research, four main religions were chosen: Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, and Zoroastrianism. The aim of the research is to find out the emotional aspect and spatial character of the space associated with deceased. The main research topic was: what effect do emotional elements have on death places and what are the design criteria for highrise cemeteries in metropolitan areas? According to the findings of this study, emotions such as mourning or grief, as well as remembrance processes, were major preoccupations. It also indicates that all faiths' funeral practises and ceremonies have a similarity, as well as shared concepts about death. The study's result offers a fresh perspective on how the architectural character of spaces aids in coping with the emotions associated with death. Keywords: Cemetery, Multi-faith, Emotions, Religion, Death, Spaces, Architecture & High-Rise

Elemen Pembentuk Karakter Rumah 1870 di Kampung Heritage, Kayutangan Kota Malang

<p><em>The house has character elements that show the style applied in the house. The character of the house can be seen in the architectural character, from the spatial and visual character. The elements composing the character of the house consist of floor plans, interiors, and facades. Beyond time, there was a change in the character of the house due to architectural developments and the needs of the residents of the house. However, there is the oldest house with the Dutch East Indies architectural style that stands till today, namely Rumah 1870 which is located in the Kayutangan Heritage Village. The purpose of this study was to determine the architectural character of Rumah in 1870. The method used was the descriptive analysis method, to obtain and analyze the data of the existing condition. The results of the study show that the architectural character of Rumah 1870 still shows the architectural style of the Dutch East Indies, although there have been changes or additions to the character of the house.</em></p>

Conflicting Overlaps Between the Public and Private Realms Within the Heritage Precincts in India

Significant changes in the architectural character of traditional buildings have led to various issues of difference in imageability. Thus there is difficulty in identifying the specific characteristic of heritage values of the past context. Lack of appropriate guidelines and poor awareness of the importance of heritage among property owners and authorities has led to unplanned development/growth, spoiling the overall ambience of the place. The socio-legal perspective is also a very crucial aspect that researchers often study in isolation. However, the contextual interpretation of the law often defines and defends socio-cultural boundaries. Hence, understating legal viewpoints in such a situation can aid in the informed decision-making process.

The Architecture of the Augustinian Churches in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

The Order of St. Augustine, along with the Canons Regular of the Penitence of the Blessed Martyrs and the Canons Regular of the Lateran, constitutes “the family of St. Augustine” – religious congregations rooted in the Rule of St. Augustine and actively developing the spirituality inspired by the bishop of Hippo. This paper aims to explore the churches affiliated with these orders in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It seeks to address the question of whether the communal spirit is reflected in the formal solutions employed in these churches, and whether these orders adhered to typical architectural forms, or each order developed its own distinctive architectural character.

Reviving the Traditional House Architecture in Irbid City, Jordan

This study highlights the importance of reviving the traditional houses architecture in Irbid city, Jordan. Every region has its architectural character, which is often influenced by the local context (the natural and cultural environments), particularly in Irbid city, which contains many traditional houses constructed hundreds of years ago. Between 1930 and 1960, most of these houses had been demolished and replaced with new constructions. The objective of this study was, thus, to propose plans and actions for reviving the traditional house as a cultural heritage. This paper presents a review of relevant literature, emphasizing the preservation concept and the heritage types; then, it briefs the history of Irbid city and highlights its population growth and urban composition. A field survey was conducted in the city. Based on it, four houses were selected to represent the different types of heritage houses, with emphasis on their design, building components, the technology used in their construction, the building materials, handling of the openings (arches), the ornaments of the buildings, and the urban form and its relationship with sustainability. The discussion in this paper summarizes the lessons learned from applying low technology in house construction and using natural building materials that can be recycled to achieve the sustainability of architecture. In addition, the discussion points out the challenges faced in the preservation of heritage. Afterward, the researchers suggest plans and actions that contribute to preserving this city's identity and heritage and conserving its heritage sites for future generations.

Layers of Meaning and Evolution of Cultural Identity: The Case of Wind Towers in Dubai

Place identity is an important constituent of general cultural identity, in that it provides its share of continuity, sustainability, and character to the built environment. The image of cultural heritage is stored knowledge that reflects the identity of a specific culture. In the formation of a place, some features gain identity with the environment. This study aims to explore the evolving image formation of wind towers in Dubai, and how this image is related to the concept of meaning and cultural identity of the place. This study focuses on the process of place identity formation and its relation to the evolving cultural values of society, as well as how it is applied to the changing meaning of cultural heritage objects. Based on the value assessment approach, different examples of wind towers, taken from either traditional houses or contemporary buildings influenced by the local architecture in Dubai, the author attempted to study how the interpretation and meaning of wind towers has evolved through time, thus influencing the cultural identity of Dubai city. This study is based on qualitative research. It concludes that a wind tower, as a cooling device, represents a unique example of an evolving creative process of architectural expression, resulting from the social and cultural complexity of the Persian Gulf in the early twentieth century. They were introduced through commercial exchange, adapted by the mercantile community, and integrated into local cultural systems—thus creating new architectural features and urban character—and reintroduced as a modern symbol of cultural identity for Dubai and the UAE.

Spatial Transformations and Urban Conservation of Religious-Historic Towns: A Case of Vrindavan, India

The spatial transformations can be observed at different religious-historic towns of India due to urbanization. Research is based upon fact that there is substantial change in the built environment because of spatial transformations at the religious-historic towns. The process of modernization in the functions and spatial layout is unavoidable at any historic town. The study attempts to focus on various urban historic conservation components, including the look of historic buildings, their earlier uses, and its immediate surroundings to improve the built environment of historic towns. A theoretical framework for the urban conservation of ancient towns is the main objective of study. How to modernize the historic conservation function while preserving the space’s texture and integrity. The research started with the investigation of the morphological growth of Mathura district, India through satellite images and in-depth study of the evolution process of street network in Vrindavan town, which is one of the main temple towns of Mathura district. There is a significant difference in the layout & architectural character of old part and the newly developed Vrindavan. Due to increased accessibility and movement, the spatial structure of traditional religious precincts, which were once local integration centres, has significantly changed. Increasing & changing mode of transportation and further increase in the religious tourism might be the cause or a big reason for the spatial transformations and correspondingly there is a challenge to conserve & preserve the religious precincts of historic towns. The study tries to analyze spatial transformations with the help of Historical GIS at different scales of urban form. Suggestive measures to conserve the environmental ambience of religious-historic towns are the outcome of the research.

Change in the Urban Fabric of Historic Cities (Case Study of the Residential Environment of the Old City of Mosul)

This paper focuses on clarifying the change and state of the urban fabric in the residential environment of the old city of Mosul. This city, with a distinctive architectural character, was destroyed and lost most of its features due to the recent war, in addition to the influence of other factors. From this point, the need arose to shed light on the state of the urban fabric, especially the residential environment in the study site. The research aims to study the dimensions of the change in the urban fabric of the city. The research assumed that there were factors that affected the pattern of traditional housing schemes in the city. The research adopted an analysis system for the city's data, in addition to the survey data that was conducted there, and the comparison between the old city and the modern part of the city of Mosul.

Situational Analysis of Identification Graphics and Canopies in Tampico Downtown and Pedestrian Effect

Tampico is an important commercial city at Tamaulipas, Mexico, founded in 1810, which has grown to occupy more than 70% of its habitable zone. The old town, for example, has buildings dating from the late nineteenth century to, mid-twentieth century belonging to the time of the Porfiriato (1876-1911) and the oil boom (1911-1938) that were modified in their use with the process of modernization. Currently, this sector is commercially distinguished. Every company that owns a building uses specific iconographic elements for graphics identification to make itself known. The exposed identification graphic is located in a space that can capture the pedestrian viewer's attention until its commercial and competitive identification to acquire the merchandise. In this sense, a study of 10 blocks of neighboring areas in the downtown city was carried out to recognize the current changes in derivatives of distinctive elements and the emerging need to increase the segment assigned in the step pedestrian, even when the inscription or graphic communication in the commercial identification graphics attracts the passing spectator's attention. On the other hand, special care has not been taken to maintain and preserve the architectural character of the historical area, detecting serious pathologies caused in the study due to a short intervention of the facades where the iconographic elements have been arranged.

Urban Pressures and The Process of Cultural Landscape Change. The Example of The Lielupe River Valley

Abstract With the increasing density and cost of living in cities in the early 21st century, more and more people are choosing to live in rural areas. With improvements in road quality, vehicle technology and engineering infrastructure, the population of rural areas within 10–15 km outside of cities is increasing, choosing the most scenic locations. This is also the case of the Lielupe river countryside, where not only old homesteads are being renovated but also new housing clusters with their own infrastructure are being created, bringing a new architectonic and aesthetic quality. This is particularly true in areas where both a cultural and historic area and a picturesque natural base coexist. The study examines the processes of landscape transformation of the Lielupe riverbanks downstream of Bauska and upstream of Jelgava. The landscape of the banks of the Lielupe river between Bauska and Jelgava is rich in cultural and historical buildings. Part of it was lost both during the Bermondt affair period and in September 1944 when the Russian army forced its way into the shallower parts of the Lielupe. With the growth of low-rise buildings along the banks of the Lielupe in the early 21st century, new viewpoints, features and dominants were introduced, marking a new architectural character of the buildings. The silhouette of a particular historic site, which sharply marks this dissonance in the plain area, is fading away. At the beginning of the 21st century, the development pressure is creating a new scale for the mosaic landscape of the plain with the changing character of the Lielupe river – from a steep bank with exposed dolomite layers to the flow of the river through the floodplain meadows.

ANALYSIS OF THE PHYSICAL CONDITIONS OF PEDESTRIAN PATHS ON THE CORRIDOR OF SUDIRMAN STREET, TANJUNG PURA AS A CULTURAL HERITAGE AREA

The Sudirman Street Corridor of Tanjung Pura City, Langkat Regency, is a route that passes through several cultural heritage points determined by the government, namely the Azizi Mosque, the Tomb of national hero Tengku Amir Hamzah and the Old Tanjung Pura city area. As a historical area with a strong architectural character, the corridor is likely to be developed as a cultural heritage-based tourism area. Still, the current pedestrian conditions are uncomfortable because they do not have pedestrian paths that connect each other between regions. Therefore, this study will qualitatively explain the physical condition of pedestrians in the Tanjung Pura Old Town Area (Sudirman Road Corridor) Langkat Regency. Results from this research are expected to be a consideration to revitalize the Tanjung Pura Old Town area, especially on the pedestrian path, by considering the existence of existing cultural heritage buildings. The criteria for pedestrian assessment refer to the PUPR Regulation No.03/PRT/M/2014. This study uses descriptive qualitative research to describe the condition of pedestrian paths in the corridor of Sudirman Street. The study results found that the pedestrian path in the corridor of Sudirman Street does not match the assessment criteria, so improvements are needed. It was found that there were many problems in the pedestrian paths, both in terms of the materials used and the arrangement of the pedestrian path. In addition, pedestrian paths also look unsafe to use. The study results become a reference in considering revitalizing pedestrian paths, considering that the area is a cultural heritage area that needs to be preserved.