Archipelago State Research Articles

Optimization of superstructure network in the CCS/CCSU system for CO2 reduction from exhaust gas industry and gas field in Indonesia as archipelago state

Industrial exhaust gases and gas fields are two significant sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions that contribute to the rising levels of CO2 in the atmosphere. Among the various emission reduction systems, the CCSU (Carbon Capture, Storage, and Utilization) system has garnered extensive attention and research. This research aims to obtain the superstructure network sequentially in the CCSU system using GAMS (General Algebraic Modeling System). A mathematical approach was developed to optimize the amount of CO2 stored and utilized by varying the time difference (dt) between the source and sink from 0 to 10 years. After calculating the economic potential (EP), it was found that the Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) system for both sources has a negative impact. In contrast, the CCSU system enhances the economic potential (EP) by generating a positive value. This is possible as the captured CO2 can be sold to the utilization sink, thereby creating a revenue stream. The EP for CO2 reduction from gas fields is greater than that from the industry, 21.68 × 106 USD compared to 12.50 × 106 USD at dt min10 years. The CCSU system, when utilizing CO2 sources from gas fields, is more profitable compared to using industrial emissions.

TIME AND COST ANALYSIS ON PROCUREMENT OF SUTET 275 Kv 2CCT QUADRUPLE ZEBRA GUMAWANG – GITET LAMPUNG 1 USING TIME COST TRADE OFF METHOD

Indonesia as an archipelago state is still need an equality development with the intention in achieving the goals to fulfill the requirement of structure and infrastructure. The economy that has experiencing growth, it can be seen with the rising of the demand for supply of electricity power whether it is coming from domestic moreover from industrial usages. Lampung Province, as one of the regions which is in a continuation to develop, requires the support of electric power, which at its peak load reaches 1200 MW, while the capacity of the existing power plant can only produce 700 MW, therefore the construction of a 275 kV Gumawang-Lampung 1 SUTET interconnection network with a capacity of up to 2000 MW was established to meet these requirements. Based on the time schedule which noted that the duration of foundation work started with the excavation, concreting until the reaches of it's curing time in 28 days is 42 days in 2023 December 13th is on try to speed up can be curing in 2023 December 8th, so the schedule tower installation in 2023 December 9th will be on time. Due to this delay, the researcher intends to carry out an acceleration analysis starting with preparing a network diagram using the Microsoft Project software, followed by the crashing process by adding groups of workers and tools of any activities on the critical path. The next step is to calculate the crash cost and cost slope values using the time cost trade off (TCTO) method.

Archipelagic Approach in the Formulation of the Draft Law on the Islands Region

Indonesia is a unitary state with archipelagic characteristics. As an archipelagic state, the ocean is the dominant factor, with an estimated ¾ of Indonesia’s territory (5.8 million km2) being ocean and a quarter (1.9 million km2) land, with enormous potential for coastal and marine resources. With an area as large as Indonesia cannot but adopt a decentralization system in governance to accelerate the community’s welfare. This research uses normative legal research and socio-legal research. The policy of marine decentralization through territorial decentralization gains legality through Article 18 of the Indonesian Constitution, which is derived from Law of number 22/1999, Law of Number 32/2004, and Law of number 23/2014. Decentralization of marine management must refer to the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), a requirement of the rule of law. Therefore, it is necessary to synchronize Article 25A (Archipelago State) and Article 18 (1) (decentralization). Legal synchronization of Article 25A of the Constitution as an affirmation of the applicability of the 1982 UNCLOS, which is a product of international law ratified by Law of Number 17/1985.

Cost and Time Analysis of the Construction of the 275 Kv 2cct Quadruple Zebra Sutet Project Gumawang – Gitet Lampung 1 Using the Time Cost Trade Off Method

Indonesia as an archipelago state is still need an equality development with the intention in achieving the goals to fulfil the requirement of structure and infrastructure. The economy that has experiencing growth, it can be see with the rising of the demand for supply of electricity power whether it is coming from domestic moreover from industrial usages. Lampung Province, as one of the regions which in a continuation to develop, requires the support of electric power, which at its peak load reaches 1200 MW, while the capacity of existing power plant can only produce 700 MW, therefore the construction of a 275 kV Gumawang-Lampung 1 SUTET interconnection network with a capacity of up to 2000 MW was established to meet these requirement.Based on the time schedule which noted that the duration of foundation work started with the excavation, concreting until the reaches of it’s curing time in 28 days is 42 days in 2023 December 13th is on try to speed up can be curing in 2023 December 8th, so the schedule tower installation in 2023 December 9th will be on time. Due to this delay, the researcher intends to carry out an acceleration analysis starting with preparing a network diagram using the Microsoft Project software, followed by the crashing process by adding groups of workers and tools of any activities on the critical path. The next step is to calculate the crash cost and cost slope values ??using the time cost trade off (TCTO) method.From the results of the analysis carried out, it was found that the normal project duration was 42 days after the crashing process was carried out to 36 days, with a normal work cost of Rp. 1,774,462,352.84 and after the crashing process was carried out with the alternative of adding labor groups and equipment the cost became Rp. 1,849,762,666.92. It was concluded that with the time cost trade off method there was a reduction in duration and an increase in costs.

Reconstruction of state territorial management to optimize national resilience in Indonesia

The status of Indonesia as an archipelago state is stated clearly in the Indonesian Constitution. Indonesia’s territory consists of three dimensions: land, sea, and air. To maintain the order of the State, the State’s security is crucial. It is further argued that State’s security in all territorial dimensions can be established through a comprehensive inward-looking approach. With this approach, national security can be achieved while holding on to the principles of national resilience. In order to maintain a stable national resilience, sustainable policies are needed to govern the land, air, and ocean territory. This research analyses whether existing policies in a state’s territorial governance are sufficient to maintain national resilience. Using a multi-disciplinary approach that combines descriptive-qualitative and normative-juridical methods, this research recommends a policy model for governing the State’s territory towards maintaining national resilience in Indonesia. While the inward approach is preferable, contemporary threats to national resilience need to be considered by considering an outward-looking approach.

Impact of presidential decree number 44 of 2016 on sustainable fisheries at archipelago state

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of the Presidential Regulation (Perpres) Number 44 of 2016 on sustainable fisheries. Presidential Decree No. 44 of 2016 concerning business fields closed to foreign investment in Indonesia. In the results of the analysis using the models: linear trend, quadratic and exponential. Result analyzed indicated that the most suitable model is the quadratic model. The quadratic model is related to the nature of fish resources. The Gordon-Schaefer model states that fisheries with an open access management regime will lead to economic inefficiency. To prevent this economic inefficiency, several economic instruments must be applied, such as limiting efforts and quotas. One of the instruments for limiting fishing efforts is through Presidential Regulation no. 44 of 2016. Limiting efforts is positive impact for local fisherman. For example, since the foreign vessels banned from operating, small bitung fishermen, they could catch 3-6 tunas per day in 2019. In 2014, they had only been caught 1-3 tuna per day. Investment waste in a sector will eliminate the potential economic rents of fish resources. Investment waste in capture fisheries should be used for fish processing activities and aquaculture activities that will provide added value.

Emerging contradictions in the enforcement of bird hunting regulations in Malta

AbstractThe archipelago state of Malta is renowned as a “blackspot” for illegal bird hunting. Since joining the European Union (EU), Maltese hunters have experienced restrictions on what and how much they can hunt. This article describes Malta's current enforcement efforts which, assisted by the Army and by volunteers from conservation groups, exceed EU standards, and have led to a reduction in crime. Drawing on interviews with key stakeholders in the hunting arena, however, this article also describes how current conservation policies—which rely on intense surveillance and punishment to deter poachers—are being counterproductive. They are fostering a culture of suspicion and distrust between hunters, environmental nongovernmental organizations, and the state, which, in turn, drives the further intensification of surveillance. This increase has encouraged some hunters to engage in other forms of crime or to embark on hunting expeditions abroad where environmental governance is weaker. This article reinforces the need for more holistic responses to natural resource management that go beyond a focus on increased enforcement, especially when taking into account the impacts of regulation across multiple jurisdictions.

REGULATION OF THE MAKASSAR STRAIT USE AS A WORLD STRATEGIC ROUTE

The world sea lanes of communication passes through seven straits which are politically and economically very strategic because they involve the survival of a number of countries where four of these waters are within Indonesian sovereignty, namely the Malacca Strait, the Sunda Strait, the Lombok Strait, and the Strait. Makassar. The purpose of this paper is to analyze regulations relating to the use of the Makassar Strait. This type of research is normative legal research using a statutory approach. Data collection techniques used are document studies or library materials, all data collected are analyzed qualitatively, then described to answer the problem. The results show that the birth of the 3rd United Nations (UN) Convention on the Law of the Sea (United Nation Convention on the Law of the Sea / UNCLOS), December 10, 1982, was the beginning of the birth of the law of the sea which recognized the concept of an archipelago state. The Government of the Republic of Indonesia then ratified the convention with the Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 17 of 1985. Then the promulgation of Law No. 6 of 1996 on Indonesian Waters, as well as Government Regulation No. 37 of 2002 concerning the Rights and Obligations of Foreign Ships and Aircraft in Implementing the Right of Archipelagic Sea Lane Passage through Designated Archipelagic Sea Lanes. The latest regulation is that the Government has issued Presidential Regulation No. 83/2020 concerning the Zoning Plan for the Makassar Strait Interregional Area, which is the entire Regulation Relating to the Use of the Makassar Strait. Therefore, the potential threats in each of the Indonesian Archipelago Sea Lanes must be handled properly, especially in the Makassar Strait area which will become a future transshipment, given the current density of the Malacca Strait.

Design of vertical fisherman village in Penjaringan with sustainable development concept

Indonesia is known as an archipelago state that has more than 17,000 islands with a coastline of more than 81,000 kilometers. Therefore, the economic life of the Indonesian nation is largely centered on the coastal areas. Population growth along the coastline has resulted in fishermen choosing to live close to their source of life and building their economy there. Rapid population growth, and the scarcity of available residential land resulted in fishermen building denser settlements, expanding towards the sea and ultimately giving the impression of slums along the coast. It is felt that vertical settlements (flats) will provide solutions to problems in the conditions of these slum settlements. The effort to rejuvenate the fishing village in Penjaringan Village is the topic of this research with the limited vertical settlement approach, which takes into account: behavior patterns, habits, activities and daily needs of fishermen. A vertical development with a limited height is also seen as fulfilling the concept of sustainable development, where all fishing activities can be accommodated on a narrow area of land and do not sacrifice too much open land which is already small in the coastal area. In addition, fishermen’s life and cooperation between them can be facilitated by carrying out a compact upward design. This is one solution that will differentiate this fishing village from other settlements. This development is declared successful if all the goals that have been set together can be achieved and bring benefits to the group of residents.

Tech Tools for Anticipating Human Trafficking in Archipelago State

The current mitigation efforts of human trafficking fail to combat cross-border trafficking in the sea. On the other hand, most of the studies in human trafficking have not dealt with the context of transporting victims via seaport. This paper attempts to critically discuss the process and consequences of transporting victims of human trafficking via illegal seaport. Part of the objective is to propose compatible tech tools to anticipate potential victims. A qualitative approach was employed since investigating human trafficking in Riau Islands' seaports needs a robust research method. Thus, a case study is selected to focus on a single exit point phenomenon for sending migrant workers who have been identified as a group at high risk of human trafficking. Riau Islands, specifically Bintan Island and Batam Island, were selected as samples of case studies because these are critical locations for sending and repatriating victims. The current study found that an archipelago country like Indonesia deals with multifaceted challenges in combating human trafficking. Moreover, there is a significant shift in human trafficking crime from recruiting to executing due to the cyber world's invention. One unanticipated finding is that social networks and cybercrime have expanded the possibilities for supplying victims. This study contributes to research on human trafficking by introducing tech tools that may help overcome the problems.

VARIASI EKSTRAK ETANOL BIJI KEBIUL (Caesalpinia bonduc (L). Roxb) PADA FORMULASI SEDIAAN EMULSI M/A

Indonesia is an archipelago state that is the nature have provides raw materials from medicinal plants, it is not yet used cause medicinal plants usually lived in the forests that have difficult access. Kebiul seed (Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb.) is an empirically medicinal plant belonging to the Caesalpiniaceae family which has great potential to be used as an prevent from free radicals or as an antoxidants cause kebiul seeds contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and steroids.The aims of this research to make a M/A emulsion substance. The sample that have been used in this study is kebiul seeds that have extracated by maceration and then evaporated with a waterbath. The extract was made in four formulas with each concentration 10%, 20%, 30%. The evaluation of the M/A have perfect result which were done, stability test (odor, color and shape / texture and pH test) flow properties test, viscosity test, emulsion type test, and microscope cross-section test. After analyzing the M/A emulsion substance the results from all of the evaluations that have been done from the 4 formulas, the kebiul seeds could be made into M/A Emulsion. Variation in contents of Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb extract which have the requirements evaluation, namely: organoleptic test, pH test, stability test, emulsion type test, viscosity test, and microscope cross-section test.

Implementation of CITES 1973 in Indonesia: a study of shark fishing in Tanjung Luar East Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara

This research is based on the issue of sharks being caught by the fishermen at Tanjung Luar, East Lombok. According to an international agreement on the protection of endangered species and Indonesia’s national law, the activity of shark-catching should be limited or even prohibited. Nowadays, sharks as the top predator in the ocean are in the critical condition. Therefore, slow propagation, the limited number of babyshark, and long life cycle, makes them vulnerable against exploitation. This study aims to further investigate on Indonesia’s obligation based on international and national law related to the protection and conservation of sea natural resources, on which shark fishing is the primary case. In principle, this research is normative-legal research. The empirical research onducted by interview and observation are intended to complete the primary data. As the biggest archipelago state, Indonesia is obliged to obey its obligations under international law. The loss or damage of certain species, in this case, the shark in Indonesia will be affecting the global situation. However, the efforts to supervising the shark sale in Tanjung Luar should be the main concern for both local and central government.

The role of women in artisanal fishing on the Oléria River, Marajó archipelago, Brazil

Fishing women in Brazil are still “invisible” in the eyes of contemporary society. It is with this perspective, that this work analyzed the role of riverside women in artisanal fishing in the Marajó archipelago (state of Pará, Brazil). The research was carried out in the Santo Antônio community in the municipality of Breves, located on the Oléria river. The methodological procedure used was bibliographic research and questionnaires with twenty women who practice fishing along this river. Data collection took place in January 2020. The information was analyzed using a simple description. The research revealed that even though women engaged in various fishing-related activities, they are usually represented by their husbands or children and their activity is seen as an aid. Therefore, there is a need for these women to have greater visibility so that Marajoara society can value them once their work in artisanal fishing is fundamental for their subsistence and that of their social group.

Indonesian Ocean Policy: Paradigm Shift in Strengthening Ocean Governance

The Indonesian Ocean Policy (IOP) is a new milestone in managing its oceans since Indonesia ratified the UNCLOS 35 years ago. Indonesia underwent several paradigm shifts in strengthening ocean governance from 1957 to 2014. This research aims to analyse three paradigm shifts in strengthening ocean governance in Indonesia. The research revealed that the milestone of the first shift was the 1957 Djuanda Declaration, recognised by the UNCLOS in 1982, regarding the concept of an archipelago state, called the ‘ocean space paradigm.’ The second, which occurred in the Reformation period (1998-2014) was called the Ocean Development paradigm, while the third paradigm shift was after President Jokowi launched Indonesia’s vision as a Global Maritime Fulcrum. This third paradigm shift was also associated with the emergence of the IOP, which contributes to national development and pays comprehensive attention to the constellation of relations between the countries in Asia and various initiatives in the region.

Finding the Right Islam for the Maldives: Political Transformation and State-Responses to Growing Religious Dissent

At the first glance, the Maldives appear not to be prone to religious conflict. The archipelago state comprises a religiously and ethnically homogenous society, the different islands have been subject to shared Islamic rule for centuries and even constitutionally religious homogeneity is granted by making every citizen a Muslim and religious diversity prevented by limiting naturalisation to a specific Muslim group. Yet, today allegations of a threat to Islam play a major role in political mobilisation, the Maldives are faced with Islamist violence, and Maldivians have joined the Islamic State and al Qaeda in disproportionally high numbers. The paper seeks to find an answer to the question of how the repression of dissent under the Gayoom regime and the expansion and rise of violent Islamism relate in the Maldivian context. Next to the theoretical model, the paper will provide an introduction to the Maldivian political culture and the reasons for changes therein. It will shed light on the emergence of three major Islamic streams in the Maldivian society, which stood opposed to one another by the late 1990s and early 2000s, and show how Gayoom’s state repression of dissent initiated an escalation process and furthered Islamist violent politics. The paper will argue that while state repression of dissent played a significant role in the repertoire selection of Islamic non-state agents, the introduction of fundamentalist Islamic interpretations through migration, educational exchange programmes and transnational actors have laid the ground for violence in the Maldives.

Urgensi Penerapan Interdependent Airspace Governance Untuk Optimalisasi Tata Kelola Ruang Udara Nasional Sebagai Antisipasi Open Sky Policy

Indonesia as an archipelago state has a national airspace of 5,180,053 km². Indonesia's airspace is located in a strategic position between the continents of Asia and Australia which makes Indonesia one of the busiest air routes in the world. Therefore, the management of air space is a vital matter that must be emphasized through various legal instruments. The sovereignty of Indonesian air space is affirmed in Article 49 paragraph (2) of the 1982 International Law of the Sea Convention which was ratified by Law Number 17 of 1985 concerning Ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. This article explicitly regulates the legal status of archipelagic waters, air space over archipelagic waters and the seabed as well as the land below. So far, territorial sovereignty that is complete and exclusive is regulated in Law Number 1 of 2009 concerning Aviation, but it does not specifically regulate the boundaries of Indonesia's sovereign air space, either vertically or horizontally. The national airspace of a country is completely closed to foreign aircraft, both civilian and military, so it must be with the permission of the underworld, either through bilateral agreements or multilateral agreements, so that a country's national air space can be traversed by foreign aircraft. Such closed nature can be understood considering that air space is a very vulnerable medium of movement when viewed from the point of view of under-state defense and security. Attacks using aircraft have many advantages and conveniences that can exploit the vulnerability of an air space, such as its fast (speed), wide range, surprise, optimal penetration. This is what prompts each country to adopt its national airspace protection standards which are strict and rigid. Flights between countries are fully regulated through the Bilateral Air Transport Agreement (BATA). Without BATA, the state cannot provide air transportation services to a country. BATA itself is a form of implementation of state sovereignty in air space that is complete and exclusive in the midst of globalization challenges, such as aviation liberalization (Open Sky Policy). Referring to the Open Sky Policy, this policy allows air carriers to make decisions on routes, capacities, prices and various options for flight activities.

ABRASION IN DERAWAN ISLAND (THE CAUSE AND THE PROPER SOLUTION)

As an archipelago state, Indonesia globally famous with marine mega biodiversity. This country contribute the largest area among 6 countries under the Coral Triangle initiative. The area contains almost 600 species of corals and 76% of total corals worldwide are found in the coral triangle. Moreover, 574 of coral species which 72% of total corals globally are located in Indonesia, and Raja Ampat as the largest marine biodiversity in Indonesia, followed by Derawan Island in the second place. Derawan Island is located in East Kalimantan Province. Despite having an extraordinary marine biodiversity, this island experienced several environment issues. One of them is Abrasion. In terms of methodology, this scientific paper adopt the concept of abrasion, and the type of the research is description explanation which explain the cause of abrasion in Derawan Island and the possible solution which will be implemented in Derawan Island authority. The data type is primer. The Author conducted field research and obtained the data by collecting it from relevant institution, observation and interview. As the result, the research shows that Derawan Island experienced massive abrasion in the east side of the island due to a big numberof residence developments in the South area of the island. As the consequences, the water current which carried sand from East and West side stuck in the South area of the island.

SOSIALISASI POTENSI LOKAL ACEH BARAT MELALUI PEMANFAATAN ALGA COKELAT (Sargassum sp) KEPADA MASYARAKAT PESISIR DI PANTAI LHOK BUBON ACEH BARAT

Indonesia is the biggest archipelago state that have high marine biodiversity. One of the marine biodiversity that have bright prospect in the future are marine macroalgae. Marine macroalgae have distributed widely in the coastal area of Indonesia especially West South Aceh. Marine macroalga have distributed in the West South Aceh. Marine macroalgae are consist of three classes namely Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta dan Chlorophyta classes. One of the marine macroalgae that have important economical value is brown algae (Sargassum sp). However, the utilization of brown algae (Sargassum sp) has not yet optimal. It is caused by lack of knowledge and skill related marine macroalgae processing. Therefore, the researcher has conducted the activity of empowering community at Lhok Bubon Coastal area. The conducting method of the activity of empowering community including survey of brown alga’s site, the socialization of brown alga utilization and forming the coastal community group. The result that reached in conducting empowering community was the enhanching of knowledge and skill of coastal community. The conducting of empowering community were acknowledged by coastal community of Lhok Bubon. Their hope are how to process the brown alga in order to give value added for local community prosperity.

Preliminary Identification of Indonesian Digital Heritage Archives (IDHA) as a Digital Preservation for Indonesian Culture

Indonesia is the largest archipelago state in the world. The diversity of Indonesian culture identifies it as a heterogeneous nation. Along with the development of modern civilization, the culture of each ethnic group in Indonesia is difficult to find in the form of staging and visual documentation. If this continues, some of the cultural identity may vanish, especially in the era of disruption and globalization. The possibility of multimedia technology is not just limited to recording digital data such as photos or videos. Information records and saved with high quality and detail on 3D information. Indonesian Digital Heritage Archives designed with not only data of text, audio, photos, and video, but also allows the Recording of motion capture or rotoscoping method with Three-dimensional information. The design of the database was started by mapping the data from Indonesian cultural products and can be built based on the data collected and identified. The existence of digital data is essential for presentation and virtual learning applications for current and future generations.

SPATIO-TEMPORAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SEA LEVEL ANOMALY IN THE INDONESIAN WATER

<p>Indonesia is an archipelago state lies between Indian and Pacific Oceans at the South East Asia region. Its unique geomorphological and geographical setting affect variabilities of instantaneous sea surface height (ISSH) concering to one of the sea reference surface i.e mean sea surface height (MSSH). The differences between both heights, known as sea level anomaly (SLA), can be recognized as one of the parameter that describes the dynamic phenomena of the ocean. We investigated the Spatiotemporal characteristics of long-term SLA in this research based on 30 years of sea-level data derived from the multi-mission of satellite Altimetry (Topex/Poseidon, Jason-1, Jason-2 and Jason-3). The Spatiotemporal of SLA characteristics in Indonesian waters indicate substantial variations due to the influences of geographical location, bathymetric depth, and seasonal patterns. The SLA rate in the Indonesian region provides values that vary between 3.4 mm/yr to 5.3 mm/yr that higher than 3.2 mm/yr global SLA rate. The impact caused by the phenomenon needs to be taken into account given the vulnerability and disaster that could endanger the islands and coastal area in Indonesia. <strong></strong></p>