Archipelagic State Research Articles

Sea Level Rise and Archipelagic States: A Preliminary Risk Assessment

Sea Level Rise and Archipelagic States: A Preliminary Risk Assessment

The Role of Marine Security Agency (BAKAMLA) As Sea and Coast Guards in Indonesian Water Jurisdiction

The Indonesian geographical condition as an archipelagic state with abundant natural resources has put maritime security into its central issue. Several challenges are facing Indonesia’s maritime coordination. National maritime agencies are still overlapping and duplicating based on various laws and regulations. As part of the Indonesian vision to be a ‘global maritime fulcrum,’ Indonesia’s government established the Marine Security Agency (BAKAMLA). BAKAMLA aims to shift the law enforcement paradigm from a multi-agency multi-task to a single-agency multi-task. The establishment of BAKAMLA is expected to create law enforcement’s effectiveness and efficiency in Indonesia’s water jurisdiction. This study is a type of normative juridical research using a statute approach and case study approach. This study reveals that the emerging of BAKAMLA, based on Law Number 32 of 2014 concerning Marine, grants broad authority to the maritime security agency. BAKAMLA has the power to direct instant pursue, dismiss, inspect, arrest, carry, and deliver the ship to the related authorized agency for further legal proceedings. BAKAMLA also has the authority to integrated security and safety information systems. The presence of BAKAMLA does not necessarily disregard or eliminate other institutions in the same task, but as a guard to stimulate to synergize further the security and safety of Indonesia’s territorial waters under a single command unit.

Paradigm Shift in the Implementation of the Law of the Sea in Indonesia

Indonesia has experienced four times paradigm shift in the implementation of the law of the sea since it declared its archipelagic state principle in 1957 through the 1957 Djuanda declaration up to now. The shifting of paradigms can be viewed as a progressive development on the implementation of the law of the sea in Indonesia. The first paradigm was ocean space paradigm which was clearly shown in the 1957 Djuanda declaration and along the way of the diplomacy efforts of Indonesia in the first (1958), the second (1960) and the third (1982) UNCLOS. The first paradigm showed how Indonesian people viewed ocean space of Indonesian archipelago as an integral part of national territory of Indonesia. The ocean space of Indonesian archipelago, however, should be filled with development activities as the implementation of the law of the sea. This has raised ocean development paradigm in 1985 as the second paradigm. Problems and constraints of ocean development faced by government of Indonesia which consists of central government, provincial government, regency government and municipal government have led to the maritime continent paradigm as the third paradigm in 1990s. The third paradigm viewed the ocean and land space of Indonesian archipelago as a continent. By thinking so, maritime jurisdictional problems raised by the involvement of central, provincial, regency and municipal governments in Indonesia’s ocean development will be able to be solved. As a matter of fact, the appearance of the third paradigm has complicated efforts of government in socializing the implementation of the law of the sea to all government levels and to Indonesian people. For this reason, government of Indonesia in the year of 2000 formulated national ocean policy. This policy combined ocean space, ocean development and maritime continent paradigms which can be viewed as the fourth paradigm. The fourth paradigm then can be named as ocean policy paradigm.

Mid-Holocene coastline reconstruction from geomorphological sea level indicators in the Tràng An World Heritage Site, Northern Vietnam

In this paper we present a high resolution palaeo coastline model for the isolated limestone massif of Tràng An, Ninh Bình province, Vietnam. The archaeological and palaeoecological record here comprise rich archives of human activity set within a landscape that was cyclically transformed between inland and archipelagic states under the influence of past sea level changes. These records have become informative proxies in the study of current sea level rise. Well-preserved notches along the vertical limestone cliffs within the study property reveal several phases of prolonged stable sea levels that likely pertain to the Mid-Holocene marine transgression 8 ka BP to 4 ka BP and allow for detailed coastline reconstructions for parts of the Red River Delta (RRD). The resulting coastline model facilitates a closer look at past human responses to landscape and environmental changes at local and individual site-level, which improves our understanding of past human adaptations to climate-change induced sea level rise. These data also stand to inform current coastal vulnerability assessments and climate change response models.

Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ): Indonesian Perspective as an Archipelagic State

Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) is the proposed new international agreement on the sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction. It will be an international, legally binding instrument under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The road to the development of a new international agreement has been started. The issue of BBNJ has been discussed for the past 15 years since the adoption of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution A/Res/59/24 on November 17, 2004. This paper addresses the issue of the development of BBNJ from the Indonesian perspective as an Archipelagic State. Analysis of available publications related to all activities’ legal standing in the Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (ABNJ) is conducted in this paper. The article starts with definitions and the legal standing of BBNJ. This paper specifically elaborates the package deal components as the basis for drafting an international legally binding instrument (ILBI). The package deal comprises marine genetic resources and access to benefits sharing, area-based management tools, including marine protected areas, environmental impact assessment, capacity-building, and marine technology transfer. The paper will then elaborate on the policy implication of BBNJ for Indonesia, including the adverse and its benefits. Finally, the article concludes with Indonesia’s recommendations to anticipate the entry into force of the new agreement of BBNJ.

Analysis of prediction of sea level rise impact based on tidal gauge and altimetry satellite on land cover area of Saparua Island, Maluku, Indonesia

The sea level rise phenomenon can threaten the environmental, social, and economical aspect of the coastal area. Human activities and other living beings in small islands are very dependent on the resources that are available in the islands. Indonesia as the largest archipelagic state in the world that has 17,508 islands with 99,8% of them are small islands will be directly affected by the phenomenon, which is the submergence of the islands. This research aims to determine the sea level rise trend in Saparua Island using tidal data that are obtained from tide gauge and altimetry satellite. A 12-years tide gauge data and 17-years Sea Level Anomaly (SLA) value of altimetry satellite are used in the research. The monthly average in a 12-years range of tidal station data is calculated to obtain sea level rise trend, meanwhile SLA value from the altimetry satellite observation in the form of satellite footprint is interpolated to get the SLA value across the water area as the sea level rise parameter of altimetry satellite. Then, sea level rise trend will be use to predict the impact of the sea level rise based on topographical condition of Saparua Island. Using those methods, the sea level rise value will be obtained from tide gauge and altimetry satellite in a millimeter orde.

The concept of an archipelagic Province in Indonesia

Indonesia is an archipelagic state consisting of 17,504 islands connected by the sea. Two-thirds of Indonesia’s area consists of the sea which has natural resource potential that has not been optimally utilized due to the government’s orientation which still prioritizes development on the land. Based on the mandate of Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government and Law Number 1 of 2014 concerning the Zoning Plan for Coastal Areas and Small Islands (RZWP3K), that the boundaries of provincial authority in marine areas are as far as 12 nautical miles from the coastline. Several provinces in Indonesia have archipelagic characteristics, which have a sea area larger than the land. The management in RZWP3K only regulates the area of the sea area based on the provisions as far as 12 miles from the coastline, while the provincial sea area characterized by islands is not yet fully covered by the area of the RZWP3K. Provincial sea regulation cannot be equated with a province without archipelagic characteristics. Therefore, the management of archipelagic province needs to be reviewed using the concept of an archipelago based on the United Nations Convention Law of The Sea III. By implementing the concept of an archipelagic state for Provinces with archipelagic characteristics and following existing laws and regulations, there will be a development of a marine management concept for the archipelagic province. The results of this study are in the form of a provincial marine management concept that can optimize the management of natural resources contained in it.

Penyelenggaraan Pembangunan NKRI Menuju Negara Maritim Berdasarkan Prinsip Negara Kepulauan

ABSTRACT Indonesia has been deprived of its own true roots as a maritime country. This is the success of the colonial Dutch colonialists who do "devide at empera" in which eventually the nation in the archipelago of this archipelago sees the sea as a separator and inhibitor space.The purpose of this novice lecturer's research is to Know the concept of archipelagic state and maritime state in Indonesia and to prove its implementation in policy and development direction in Indonesia. Is the Government Homeland use in marine activities as a prime mover and a pledge to increase the economy, (2) is supported by a fleet of strong civilian and military, and (3) contribute as much as possible for the prosperity of the people.The research method used in writing this beginner lecturers are socio-juridical legal research methods is often called legal sociological research based school of sociological jurisprudence. Judging from the effectiveness of law or facts that exist in the field which is then compared with the rules of positive law. Field data is used as important information in determining policy and regulatory arrangements and institutions in legal practice for island and coastal communities in Tarakan City, North Kalimantan Province.The results of this study that the Government of the Republic of Indonesia should re-arrange the grand design of a National System oriented to Indonesia as an archipelagic country and the State Archipelago. Keywords: islands, maritime, country, policy, kaltaraABSTRACT Indonesia has been deprived of its own true roots as a maritime country. This is the success of the colonial Dutch colonialists who do "devide at empera" in which eventually the nation in the archipelago of this archipelago sees the sea as a separator and inhibitor space.The purpose of this novice lecturer's research is to Know the concept of archipelagic state and maritime state in Indonesia and to prove its implementation in policy and development direction in Indonesia. Is the Government Homeland use in marine activities as a prime mover and a pledge to increase the economy, (2) is supported by a fleet of strong civilian and military, and (3) contribute as much as possible for the prosperity of the people.The research method used in writing this beginner lecturers are socio-juridical legal research methods is often called legal sociological research based school of sociological jurisprudence. Judging from the effectiveness of law or facts that exist in the field which is then compared with the rules of positive law. Field data is used as important information in determining policy and regulatory arrangements and institutions in legal practice for island and coastal communities in Tarakan City, North Kalimantan Province.The results of this study that the Government of the Republic of Indonesia should re-arrange the grand design of a National System oriented to Indonesia as an archipelagic country and the State Archipelago. Keywords: islands, maritime, country, policy, kaltara

Application of GIS to define a juridical bay as part of Indonesia’s internal waters

Indonesia is an archipelagic state bordered by archipelagic baselines. Based on the Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC), Indonesia has two maritime zones within the baseline, namely internal waters and archipelagic waters. It is necessary to make clear boundaries because there are different jurisdictions between the two areas. This study aims to identify Indonesian internal waters and a drawing closing line in the juridical bay. GIS software is used to identify the juridical bay, referring to the terms of the juridical bay in LOSC. The results of the research show that (1) several bays in Indonesia do not meet the criteria of juridical bays, (2) a juridical bay can consist of several smaller bays, (3) a large bay cannot be fully claimed as a juridical bay because there are limitations of the maximum length of the closing line, and (4) there are several juridical bays that do not have the name.

Islam, Keindonesiaan dan Bhinneka Tunggal Ika

The dialogue of Pancasila as the foundation of the state should be a final. The problem is, why must Pancasila be the foundation of the state of the archipelagic state of the Indonesia republic? A long discussion was going on during formulating it what would be the foundation of the independence's Indonesia in the meeting of investigating committee for preparatory work for independence so that the birth of Pancasila as the foundation of the state has been the right decision and visible. Pancasila as the foundation of Indonesia's independence has been tested sociologically because of Indonesia as a multicultural country contains the diversity of race, culture, and religion. This diversity may possibly appear a conflict, that is why it takes comprehension to live together in the bound of maintaining this diversity. Islam as the majority religion roles significantly in the birth of Pancasila as the foundation of the state. Nowadays, is it still required to debate between Islam, Indonesia, and the unity in diversity. This article views how sociology's point of view about this issue, the writer tries to expose is based on the writer's perception and literature study. The result of this study shows that the practice of Islam influences the tradition of Indonesian; the source of Pancasila's value came from religious teaching and practice in society. The phrase of Bhinneka Tunggal Ika is the foundation and vision in the diversity.

Large scale study of benthic communities in Eastern Indonesia’s reef systems

Broad-scale studies and regional comparisons of Indonesia’s coral reefs are critical given the relative lack of information about these large, diverse, and threatened ecosystems. Most studies on reef benthic composition and distribution have largely focused on rather short transects spanning relatively small areas. Here, we quantify the shallow large-scale spatial distribution of benthic communities in four locations in Eastern Indonesia, i.e. the Spermonde Archipelago in South Sulawesi, and Ambon, Halmahera and Lucipara in Maluku Islands. Shallow coral reef ecosystems (0.5-2 m depth) were assessed using a georeferenced photoquadrat survey method that can cover larger proportions of reefs, as well as benthic assemblages in deeper reefs (∼8 m depth) recorded with photoquadrats. A total of 27.8 km of shallow and 4.8 km of deeper reef ecosystem transects were surveyed in this study. We found that reef benthic communities at the study locations were mainly characterized by low to moderate cover of live hard corals and relatively high cover of dead corals or abiotic components. Ninety percent of the surveyed reefs at both depths exhibited < 50% cover of live hard corals, whereas 88% of shallow and 78% of deeper reef sites consisted of > 25% dead corals or abiotic components. A combination of georeferenced photoquadrats and CoralNet machine learning rapidly identified benthic composition across a large area, which is useful for mapping or other large-scale applications. This information can support decision-makers for better management of resources and marine spatial planning, crucial for an archipelagic state with tens of thousands of islands such as Indonesia. Our broad-scale reef surveying, focusing on under-studied areas of Indonesia, can contribute to this effort, as well as others seeking to better map coral reef habitats, as an important foundation for their conservation amidst growing threats.

Aqua in the archipelagic state: human security of Sama Bajo fishers in Eastern Indonesia

This essay examines the differences and similarities in the Sama Bajo human security that have been patterned by transformation Sama Bajo and land-dwellers social relation in three Sama Bajo communities in a marine protected area. Using semi-structured interviews, questionnaires from 120 respondents of the Sama Bajo fishers, literature studies, and positivistic research analysis, this study has found that generally, the Sama Bajo in Eastern Indonesia threatened their human security because of several issues. However, the research results indicate that the degree of insecure will be different based on five indicators of Sama Bajo human security.

Analysis of the Influence of Submarine Operational Capabilities on the State of Deterrence

Indonesia is an archipelagic state whose territory lies in a cross position between two continents and two oceans. So that Indonesia has the authority to maintain the security of its maritime territory, starting from regulating its shipping lanes to maintaining sovereignty in all of Indonesia's sea areas. Indonesia's threats have been identified as coming from neighboring countries, namely Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and China. Increasing escalation in the South China Sea area, Efforts to support Indonesian territorial security, submarines currently owned must be able to become a deterrent against potential threats both from within and from outside and be able to operate in all Indonesian waters. The hypothesis in this study is if the operational capability of the submarine increases the country's deterrence system. The methodology used is descriptive quantitative using software SPSS 25 and Microsoft Excel 2013 with data analysis techniques using multivariate correlation. The effect of submarine operational capability on the country's deterrence is 86.6% that implies submarine operational capability has strong influence.

Community empowerments strategy for economic opportunities in Selayar Islands Regency, South Sulawesi

Indonesia is an archipelagic state with considerable potential as tourism destinations, yet that potential has not been fully maximized. This paper aims to examine the opportunity and potential of Gusung Island as tourism resources and propose possible strategies to manage the tourism resources of Gusung Island, Selayar Islands Regency. The research was conducted in July and August 2019 on Gusung Island, Selayar Islands Regency, South Sulawesi Province by applying qualitative research methods. Methods of data collection are through in-depth interviews with the fishing community and their families, direct observation or observation in Gusung Island, and focused discussions held in Benteng City, Selayar Islands Regency. The research reveals that marine tourism and local community activities have a considerable potential to support Gusung Island as a tourism destination. Strategies for community empowerment include educating and facilitating community for hospitality skills, creating tourism packages by involving the tourism industry and the local community, strengthening the working group’s role in managing the tourism resources of Gusung Island. Sustainable tourism may be booming if the local community organizations play a pivotal role in facilitating the local community to preserve the environment.

WHAT IS THE RIGHT, ARCHIPELAGIC SEA LANES AND PASSAGE? (ACCORDING TO UNCLOS 1982 AND PRACTICE)

The Right, Archipelagic Sea Lanes, and Passage are a new concept in international law of the sea, which only exists and applies to archipelagic states. This concept was born as a result of world recognition of the existence of an archipelagic state. Indonesia is the only archipelagic state in the world to apply this concept. Therefore, using doctrinal research will be studied of definition, historical background, and law regarding the concept of the archipelagic sea lanes, which has been approved by the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS 1982). This paper also describes all states’ rights to cross the archipelagic sea, archipelagic sea lanes passage as a lane, passage as an activity to get through from one and another part of the high seas, or exclusive economic zone.

Analisis Masalah Pengaturan Ruang Udara Di Atas Alur Laut Kepulauan Indonesia (ALKI)

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS) was formed at 10 December 1982. Archipelagic State (Article 46) means a state constituted wholly by one or more archipelagos and may include other islands. Article 53, paragraph (2) UNCLOS 1982, stated: “all ships and aircraft enjoy the right of archipelagic sea lines passage in such sea lines and air routes”. However, this article could cause overlapping in applications, because ICAO already states all air areas in flight routes (ATS). In another article, the right of archipelagic sea lines passage, especially for military aircraft regarding the necessity to get permission from Archipelagic State, has been perceived differently by every states. This research with the grounded theory methode, involves expert respondents to see and synchronize few aspects or articles. Findings from this research are to complete the sentence of “all ships and aircraft enjoy the right of archipelagic sea lines passage .... “, with the understanding that all aircraft can provide overflight on archipelagic sea lines air area, which determined as an ATS route according to ICAO rules. Every military aircraft which uses the ATS route should have permission from Archipelagic State Goverment.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Design of laminated bamboo fishing boat with local cultural heritage using electric motor to support fishing tourism in Pasuruan, East Java

Fishing has been one of the main sources of livelihood in Indonesia, to the point that it gives birth to numerous fishing culture preserved by the locals in the country. However, the development of Indonesia’s fishing tourism is quite slow, despite its identity as an archipelagic state. In attempt to boost the fishing tourism sector, this study proposes a design of a fishing boat with a touch of Pasuruan cultural heritage, a region in East Java. The design is hoped to attract the tourists’ attention by presenting them a local heritage fishing experience. Laminated bamboo is utilised as the boat’s material so it can be recycled as furniture when no longer in use. The boat’s main dimensions are obtained by means of intuitive design method. Technical calculations including the boat’s resistance and propulsion, required power and stability are carried out subsequently. The main dimensions for this boat are: LoA = 8.2 m; B = 1.1 m; H = 0.6 m; and T = 0.42 m. The service speed is set to be 7.5 knots. While the required power to move this boat is around 7.481 kW to power an electrical motor with 25 HP.

The Future of Shipping: Presence of Cyber Attacks in Maritime Industries

During the pandemic, many activities are starting to take place online. Consumers are now forced to interact with their gadget. In order to increase efficiency, many logistic-related industries started to implement an online communication, payment and tracking system. Indonesia is currently the largest archipelagic state in the world. With around 77% of total area consists of water, the flow of economics in each region depends on the existence of sufficient fleet of marine transportation. Indonesian President Joko Widodo has implemented the ‘Tol Laut’ program in 2015 in order to reduce price disparity in Indonesia. Tol Laut has proven itself by reducing up to 20% of cost in Eastern Indonesia. Online database system might reduce cost and bringing the industries into a more intimate relation with their customers. On the other hand, it could increase the risk of cyberattack. AP Moller-Maersk has experienced this kind of threat when their IT systems are completely shut down in 2017. This paper will evaluate factors affecting the number of cyber attacks in maritime industries based on survey and interviews with the stakeholders and analyze key steps in mitigating and restoring IT systems. Common mistakes made by industries that could increase the risk of being attacked are as follows: human error, misconfigured firewall, error in protocol manipulation, and error in programs. There are recommendation to mitigate cyberthreat from re-occuring in the future: software and antivirus upgrade, use of privileged administrator, remote access permission, data disposal and onshore support. Taking effective response is also compulsory to decide which IT/OT system must be kept running or shut down, whether certain ship communication that links with shore should be shut down, appropriate use of any advanced tools provided in pre- installed security software, and understanding whether the incident has compromised the IT/OT system beyond capabilities of recovery.

MARKET INTEGRATION AND PRICE TRANSMISSION OF BEEF IN THE ARCHIPELAGIC STATE: THE CASE OF THE PROVINCES IN INDONESIA

The Archipelagic state condition brings challenges to market integration and price transmission on two provinces market pairs within and between the island. The duration of price correction is essential to ensure market integration. Therefore, this study aims to assess the integration of domestic markets for beef within an island and between the island and analyze the speed of adjustment (the correction) of the prices by two provinces within the island and between the islands. These aims, daily frequency (weekdays) of Beef Consumer Prices (BCP) of 4 types of beef (Primary Cut, Secondary Cut AB, Meat Manufacturing and Fancy and Variety Meat) from 01 January 2015 to 27 April 2018 containing 28,611 observations were obtained. The data were analyzed using the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). This study reveals that the island's provinces have fewer integrated than the pairs provinces located between islands by comparing 31 pairs with 38 pairs. It can be concluded that from research, the price correction in the pairwise province within an island is stronger than the pairwise between the islands, with 10.33 % per day and 9.87 % per day, respectively. This study recommends the government to formulate policies that carry out equitable development, especially those that facilitate access to the central beef production in Indonesia to avoid market exploitation and spread price information along with provinces in Indonesia, especially in eastern Indonesia. Keywords: archipelagic state, market integration, Indonesia, beef, VECM

Sustainability Management and Planning of Coastal Areas and Small Islands to Ensure Environmental Justice for Fishermen Communities

As the largest archipelagic state in the world, most provinces in Indonesia have coastal areas with different physical characteristics. In addition, Indonesia has small islands located on the outer side of the country. So far, there are unclear regulations and management to protect the ecological environment in these areas, as well as legal protection for residents. This study seeks to analyze the sustainability management in coastal waters and development planning of small islands to ensure environmental justice for fishermen communities with special reference to Law No. 1 of 2014 regarding the Management of Coastal Areas and Small Islands. This study also wants to analyze the obstacles in the implementation of Law No. 1 of 2014 regarding Management of Coastal Areas and Small Islands. The results showed that the coastal waters management scheme according to the law is carried out through the mechanism of location permits and management permits and requires that the permits granted must not violate the decision of the Constitutional Court. In addition, in this law, the government grants the community the right to propose the preparation of Strategic Zoning Plan for the Management of Coastal Areas and Small Islands.