Archipelagic State Research Articles

Empowering Archipelago Regional Laws: A Legal Analysis of Their Role in Promoting Equal Development and Enhancing the Well-being of People in Indonesia

The Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia is an archipelagic state characterized by the Archipelago with territories whose boundaries and rights are stipulated by law with the presence of the Archipelago Regional Bill, accessibility to fulfilling basic needs, such as good education and health, as well as productivity of small islands, coastal investment, and economic independence of coastal communities can be realized. The Bill on the Archipelago Region is considered to be able to assist the region in efforts to alleviate poverty and equalize social justice for all Indonesian people who live in archipelagic areas also as a legal design to answer various problems in the archipelago: poverty, inequality, and underdevelopment of national development. The importance of Indonesia having an Archipelagic Regional Law is to develop maritime potential, can accelerate infrastructure development and equitable distribution of development in realizing the welfare of the Indonesian people are Adequate protection of their rights and the surrounding environment,Overcoming resource conflicts,Economic and social development, Overcome environmental damage, Improving understanding of the importance of managing islands, Resolving and anticipating regional disparities in the archipelago, to formulate Local Own Revenue

Strengthening Indonesia's Position as an Archipelagic States through Coordinative Law Enforcement the Archipelagic Sealanes Passage on the Alki

Strengthening Indonesia's Position as an Archipelagic States through Coordinative Law Enforcement the Archipelagic Sealanes Passage on the Alki

Blue Carbon Ecosystems for Climate Resilience in Indonesia: A Study of Adaptation Strategy

Climate change due to global warming will have an impact on marine and coastal ecosystems, including causing loss of biodiversity and threatening the sustainability of marine and coastal resources. The Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) made Indonesia, which is a tropical archipelagic state as one of the hotspots that is very at risk of being affected by global warming. This risk is especially experienced by cities on the coast. Therefore the importance of adaptation, especially in dealing with the impacts of climate change that has already occurred. The adaptation process cannot be delayed any longer because the earth’s temperature will certainly increase beyond the threshold of 1.5 degrees Celsius in 2030 compared to the pre-Industrial Revolution temperature of 1850. Currently, the global temperature increase has reached 1.1 degrees Celsius. Therefore, Indonesia must immediately make adaptation efforts by utilizing the Blue Carbon Ecosystem which is based on research that blue carbon can absorb and store 100 times more carbon and is more permanent than forests on land. This stored carbon can be stored for thousands of years. Because of this great potential, coastal ecosystems can play many roles as adaptation solutions and mitigation of climate change impacts. Therefore researchers conduct research with the aim of the research is to create Strategies and Adaptation Efforts for Utilizing Blue Carbon Ecosystems: Disaster Resilience, Climate Crisis, and Sustainable Development, with the main target of implementing Resource Based Theory in developing strategies for utilization of Marine Resources, especially Utilization of Carbon Ecosystems Blue in Indonesian marine environment. This research is expected to provide theoretical and empirical evidence related to the development of blue ecosystem utilization strategies, climate crisis, and sustainable development.

Heavy Rain Episodes Identified by L-band InSAR and Limitations of Split-Spectrum Method in Indonesia

Located in a tropical area with abundant precipitation, Indonesia is highly prone to heavy rain hazards, in particular landslides and floods. Thus, rainfall observation is vital. Nonetheless, the topography, the fund availability, as well as the archipelagic state of Indonesia may raise difficulties for in-situ observation, such as rain gauge and weather radar. Currently, the advance of radiometer satellites, such as the Global Precipitation Mission delivers rain estimation and has proven to show good association with in-situ observation on a monthly basis, not daily over the Indonesia area. Therefore, it is vital to have additional measurement methods. For the first time, we apply L-band Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) to observe heavy rain in Indonesia. From our three study cases, we successfully identified localized anomalies due to the dense water vapor during heavy rain in the InSAR images. The localized anomalies vary from 10.9 cm in West Java, 7.8 cm in East Kalimantan, and 7.7 cm in West Kalimantan. Furthermore, we utilize the split-spectrum method for our InSAR result; the high-water vapor occurrence in the troposphere associated with heavy rain should be identified in the non-dispersive term. Nevertheless, due to long temporal separation and thinner bandwidth, the split-spectrum method results display unsatisfactory results. We conclude that, while InSAR has the ability to identify heavy rain, having SSM to distinguish between non-dispersive and dispersive phases is not currently practical in Indonesia.

The Role of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in Indonesian Air Defense Management

Indonesia is an archipelagic state with land and maritime borders with other nations. The use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) has become crucial in safeguarding Indonesia's defense and border areas. This research employs a qualitative method, aiming to gain a deep understanding of the role of UAVs in the Defense management of Indonesia's, covering complex aspects such as policies, implementation, and their impact. The findings reveal that sustained investment in UAV technology and infrastructure is essential to strengthen Indonesia's air defense capabilities. Particularly, High-Altitude Long Endurance (HALE) UAVs prove to be effective and reliable in surveillance with their ability to operate at high altitudes and for extended durations. In the context of Indonesia's air defense, UAVs significantly enhance surveillance, reconnaissance, and national security. Effective integration and utilization of UAVs are key to maintaining protection and sovereignty over the airspace. Appropriate regulations and the establishment of ownership registries are crucial to support responsible UAV usage, especially concerning national security and counterterrorism. The evolving significance of UAVs will continue to shape defense paradigms in the future.

Papua New Guinea’s maritime security challenges: building capabilities as an archipelagic state

Papua New Guinea’s maritime security challenges: building capabilities as an archipelagic state

The Implementation of Sustainable Development to Achieve Climate Justice: Indonesian Perspective as an Archipelagic State

Climate change causes serious impacts to the environment and to human beings. The impacts of climate change cannot be overcome by a single state, but it needs international cooperation. Each state has to act locally to participate in combating climate change in order to achieve climate justice. The research aims to analyze comprehensively the implementation of sustainable development to achieve climate justice Indonesian Perspective as an Archipelagic State. This study is a normative juridical research by applying conceptual and statutory approaches. The result of the research found that the policies strategies and efforts of Indonesian government to participate in achieving climate justice in the global spere still needs to be improved. However, there are some opportunities and challenges that have to be addressed. Thus, it is necessary to educate and to improve the public awareness to participate in the efforts of implementing sustainable development principle to achieve climate justice.

Archipelagic Approach in the Formulation of the Draft Law on the Islands Region

Indonesia is a unitary state with archipelagic characteristics. As an archipelagic state, the ocean is the dominant factor, with an estimated ¾ of Indonesia’s territory (5.8 million km2) being ocean and a quarter (1.9 million km2) land, with enormous potential for coastal and marine resources. With an area as large as Indonesia cannot but adopt a decentralization system in governance to accelerate the community’s welfare. This research uses normative legal research and socio-legal research. The policy of marine decentralization through territorial decentralization gains legality through Article 18 of the Indonesian Constitution, which is derived from Law of number 22/1999, Law of Number 32/2004, and Law of number 23/2014. Decentralization of marine management must refer to the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), a requirement of the rule of law. Therefore, it is necessary to synchronize Article 25A (Archipelago State) and Article 18 (1) (decentralization). Legal synchronization of Article 25A of the Constitution as an affirmation of the applicability of the 1982 UNCLOS, which is a product of international law ratified by Law of Number 17/1985.

Politik Hukum Pembangunan Kemaritiman Dalam Batasan Wilayah Perairan di Indonesia

The importance of maritime development legal politics is because the Indonesian nation until now has not had a national policy on the development of an integrated archipelagic state, weak understanding and awareness of Indonesia as an archipelagic state, has not set the boundaries of territorial waters even though the territorial waters, weak defense and state resilience from the seaside. Based on these problems, efforts to protect and ensure state security by sea are absolute. How is the legal politics of maritime development within the boundaries of territorial waters in Indonesia and how the enforcement of maritime law in Indonesian maritime waters is related to the country's maritime security? This research uses empirical juridical research methods, through tracing and reviewing secondary data, in the form of laws and regulations, academic manuscripts, policy recommendations, and scientific works of experts in the field of maritime development. The results of the discussion of the internationally recognized politics of maritime development law are very important, as a rule that can be used as a reference, especially by countries that have ratified it in determining maritime policy. The government has set various development policies and development of the maritime sector and is still weak in consistency and priority of implementation of these programs. Law enforcement in the maritime sector of Indonesia related to state maritime security is indispensable for the implementation of state maritime security in inland waters, archipelagic waters, Indonesian territorial seas, sea lanes, straits for international shipping of the Indonesian continental shelf, EEZ, and additional zones due to various forms of threats and threats to the Indonesian sea which has abundant natural resource potential and geographical position and strategic geopolitics.

Dampak Perpres No. 126 Tahun 2022 Terhadap Upaya Mencapai Swasembada Garam 2024

Indonesia, as the world's largest archipelagic state, possesses vast maritime territories, including 3.2 million km2 of territorial waters and a 2.7 million km2 Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). The maritime expanse provides diverse marine resources, notably significant salt production potential. Despite its extensive coastline and marine environment, Indonesia's national salt production in 2021 and 2022 fell significantly short of the 4.5 million-ton domestic demand, highlighting a substantial gap in achieving self-sufficiency. This reliance on salt imports poses economic and food security vulnerabilities, prompting the government to enact Presidential Regulation No. 126/2022, aiming to accelerate national salt development.
 
 

Short Studies: An Overview of Empowering Global Maritime Technology on Indonesia Seaweed Industries Innovations in 2045

<span lang="EN-ID">Republic of Indonesia as an archipelagic state actor within the international system plays its significant role to build, secure, and use its maritime domain in the most strategic sense to protect and advance its national interests within the cooperative, competitive, and conflictual setting at the world stage. In order to reach the 2045 vision, Indonesia as the world's maritime axis in Golden Indonesia 2045, the realization of this vision cannot be carried out without the help of technological advances. </span><span lang="EN-ID">Younger generation as human resources also plays an important role to support this mission. This research is using a qualitative study based on open sources data using the strategic policy as the unit of analysis. Furthermore, the study results show several strategic policies that were compiled based on the 9 main agendas from the Coordinating Ministry for Maritime Affairs and Investment of the Republic of Indonesia; linking to technology and innovation needed. The strategic policies using PEST analysis, empower Indonesian youth and seaweed cultivation towards 2045 were analysed in these studies. This research presents several recommendations that can be implemented in encouraging the interest of the younger generation as the main actors in realizing Indonesia's World Maritime Axis in 2045 through the latest technology </span>

Development of Indonesian Maritime Sovereignty Culture Through Indonesian Maritime Policy with Indonesian Maritime Defense Strategy

In the past, Indonesia wielded a significant influence over the Southeast Asia region and beyond, particularly through the Srivijaya Kingdom and later Majapahit's maritime prowess. Indonesia's natural affinity for maritime culture predates its very conception and is evident in the vast territorial waters surrounding almost all of its provinces. This unique geographical aspect makes Indonesia an archipelagic state with a maritime tradition. To support Indonesia's maritime defense, it is crucial to promote the prosperity of its maritime affairs. The country's national defense strategy takes into account its archipelagic nature. Maritime culture is a key aspect of the five pillars that drive Indonesia towards becoming a World Maritime Fulcrum. This policy point recognizes that a robust maritime culture is fundamental to the formation of Indonesia's maritime defense. Strong maritime culture begets a robust maritime defense, highlighting the interdependence of these two critical components. Keywords: maritime culture, maritime defense, maritime power, world maritime fulcrum

Legal Issues Pertaining to High Altitude Platform Station Implementation in Indonesia as an Archipelagic State

Information is a necessity for the interests of government, the economy, social culture, as well as defense and security in the era of industrial revolution 4.0. Since 1976, the Indonesian government has been working on developing a satellite communication system starting with the Palapa A1 Satellite, followed by its subsequent generations. However, this system has limitations, particularly in providing coverage to rural areas in Indonesia. To address this issue, the government has started the procurement of the Wahana Dirgantara Super or High-Altitude Platform Station (HAPS) in Indonesia. HAPS are stations positioned at altitudes of 20 to 50 km above the Earth's surface. Given Indonesia's geographical location, HAPS is seen as the most suitable solution as it utilizes non-ground terrestrial technology to improve information and communication technology coverage in rural areas. However, the location on which the HAPS is positioned might trigger new issues, particularly with regard to state sovereignty and disruption of flight traffic. The operation of HAPS also needs further consideration so that the protection of personal data in Indonesia will not be disrupted. This article employs normative juridical research as a methodology. The research collected and analyzed primary sources in the form of law, regulation, and policy at the national and regional levels, as well as secondary sources that are available in textbooks, journal articles, and website content. This article aims to explain the development of HAPS regulations based on international law and national law and to examine the legal issues related to the procurement of HAPS in Indonesia . At the end, this article suggests that it is necessary to regulate HAPS in Indonesia with reference to aviation safety, security, and liability issues as well as maintaining state sovereignty and ensuring personal data protection.

Seagrass Ecosystem and its Regulations in Indonesia

As an archipelagic state, Indonesia consists of islands surrounded by water. Seagrass beds are part of a unique water and land ecosystem in Indonesia. Just recently, the 1st of March has been designated as world seagrass day. This study aims to describe and explain the conditions, regulations, and environmental protection arrangements for seagrass beds in Indonesia. This research is normative legal research using secondary data. An analysis is conducted through a descriptive-explanatory approach to explain the regulations of seagrass beds in Indonesia, the environmental protection arrangements for seagrass beds in Indonesia, and their current conditions. Findings and discussion prove that Indonesia has been giving attention to the development of seawater ecology and environmental protection. For seagrass beds, the Government of the Republic of Indonesia through the State Minister has issued a regulation that covers the determination of healthy seagrass beds. However, the implementation is not as expected. Until recently many research studies have shown that in general, the seagrass beds in Indonesian water are not healthy, only covering a certain area. Even in a conservation sea area, the coverage of seagrass is less than healthy. It cannot be seen from the perspective that Indonesia mostly consists of water than land.

Community Empowerment in Outermost Small Islands in Maintaining Territorial Integrity and Realizing Indonesian Maritime Defense

Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (NKRI) is an archipelagic country. Indonesia's struggle to gain world recognition as an archipelagic country was first obtained through the Archipelagic State Concept in the Djuanda Declaration on December 13, 1957. Indonesia's maritime territory is an area rich in resources that are beneficial for the welfare of society. So far the development of the outer islands has not shown good results. This is caused by many factors, among others, geographically the location of the outermost islands is difficult to reach, there are limited business scales, methods of exploiting marine resources that are not yet effective, limited facilities and infrastructure, limited ability to manage available natural wealth. This research aims toanalyze community empowerment activities living on these islands as one of the efforts to maintain territorial integrity and realize Indonesia's maritime defense. This research is a qualitative research. The research design is descriptive analysis. The results of this study arecommunity empowerment in the outermost small islands in maintaining territorial integrity and realizing Indonesia's maritime defense through the Service of the Indonesian Navy, Development of Regional Resilience and Social Communication and the Government of Natuna Regency providing various types of assistance, such as socialization of fish farming and fishing gear.The empowerment cooperation carried out by Lantamal IV Batam with the Regional Government of Natuna Regency has not gone well, the actors involved in implementing the empowerment cooperation have not worked together optimally and there are still obstacles faced, namely uniting community empowerment activity programs between Lantamal IV Batam and Natuna Regency.

ANALISA PEMILIHAN KAPAL TANPA AWAK DALAM OPERASI TINDAKAN PERLAWANAN RANJAU (TPR) DENGAN METODE AHP

The Indonesian people's understanding of the geographic constellation of Indonesia as an archipelagic country as it is today is very important, because international recognition of the form of an archipelagic state for Indonesia requires a long struggle and history. Since the 3rd United Nations Convention on the Law of The Sea Conference in 1982, it has been agreed to regulate the law of the sea regime. One of the most important decisions for Indonesia is the recognition of the form of an archipelagic state with the arrangement of rights and obligations. t present Indonesia has minesweeper ships that are members of the Fleet Mine Unit Rl. The development of technology today is experiencing rapid development in all aspects of human life. One of them is in the field of marine technology. Unmanned ships are a topic that is widely discussed because they can help ship operations in conditions that are less friendly to humans and in certain conditions, for example in mine sweeping. Planning and selecting an unmanned vessel for minesweeper in order to reduce personnel and material losses is the best choice.

Analysis of New Autonomous Regional Policies in Indonesia

The size of the Indonesian state makes it difficult to create a centralized government system. Moreover, Indonesia is an archipelagic state, where the islands are separated by sea. Therefore, it is necessary to implement a new autonomous region policy to maintain the welfare of the Indonesian state. This study then aims to analyze the New Autonomous Region Arrangement Policy process in Indonesia. This research will be carried out using descriptive qualitative methods. The selection of this method is expected to describe and summarize various conditions, situations, or phenomena of social reality that exist in society. The data source used in this study comes from documentation and observation. The results of this study then found that interests had an important role in forming the New Autonomous Region (DOB). In structuring the new autonomous regions, there are positive and negative sides. Unfortunately, in establishing a new autonomous region, the expected degree of change has not been fully realized. Several factors hamper this process, such as the low quality of human resources and inadequate financing.

Changes in the normal baseline due to changes in the Coast's dynamics and Their effects on the sea boundary in Weh Island, Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Indonesia

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982 gave archipelagic states the authority to set maritime boundaries based on such baselines. The basepoint is any point on the usual normal baseline. The base point must be established where the beach's sea level and lowest tide coincide. The location of the base point will change if the coastline's terrain or sea level changes due to physical land- and water-based causes. The reference to establish marine limits will change if the base point changes.It is possible to discover deviations from the average baseline by combining multitemporal satellite imagery with remote sensing techniques. Using satellite images, the position of the shoreline is established according to the time of image acquisition. Utilizing tidal analysis data on changes in vertical position and the slope of the coastal topography, the position of the immediate coastline is then restored to the low water line/normal baseline. Using normal baseline data, the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) method is utilized to calculate the rate and rate of temporal changes.According to calculations of the usual baseline's speed and acceleration on the eastern portion of Weh Island, which has a Base Point (TD) of 178, the baseline has drifted 21 m seaward between 2017 and 2022, growing on average approximately 5 m per year. Consequently, coastal dynamics must be taken into account when calculating the base point if the location of TD 178 is updated in accordance with UNCLOS 1982 standards.

Sovereignty and the Sea: How Indonesia Became an Archipelagic State by John G. BUTCHER and R.E. ELSON. Singapore: National University of Singapore Press, 2017. xxvi + 560 pp. Hardcover: SG$58.00; Softcover: SG$45.00.

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Nigeria-Sao Tome and Principe Joint Development of Petroleum and Other Resources

1. Nigeria and Sao Tome and Principe are located in the Gulf of Guinea which is one of the most prolific oil and gas areas in the world. The two States have overlapping maritime boundary claims. Sao Tome and Principe has formally claimed archipelagic State status, and it, therefore, has drawn archipelagic baselines in accordance with Article 47 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (hereinafter “UNCLOS”) and declared its Exclusive Economic Zone (hereinafter “EEZ”) of 200 nautical miles, but the northwestern part of this overlapped considerably with Nigeria’s claimed EEZ. After maritime boundary negotiations failed in 1998,1 the two States signed the joint development agreement. 2. The Treaty between the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe on the Joint Development of Petroleum and Other Resources, in respect of Areas of the Exclusive Economic Zone of the two States (hereinafter “Treaty”) was concluded on 21 February 2001 and entered into force on 16 January 2003. The Treaty establishes the joint development regime between the two States, which is composed of three parts: the Treaty itself, an Appendix entitled Special Regime Area (hereinafter “SRA”), and a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU).