Arch-like Structure Research Articles

Phosphorylation and O-GlcNAcylation at the same α-synuclein site generate distinct fibril structures

α-Synuclein forms amyloid fibrils that are critical in the progression of Parkinson’s disease and serves as the pathological hallmark of this condition. Different posttranslational modifications have been identified at multiple sites of α-synuclein, influencing its conformation, aggregation and function. Here, we investigate how disease-related phosphorylation and O-GlcNAcylation at the same α-synuclein site (S87) affect fibril structure and neuropathology. Using semi-synthesis, we obtained homogenous α-synuclein monomer with site-specific phosphorylation (pS87) and O-GlcNAcylation (gS87) at S87, respectively. Cryo-EM revealed that pS87 and gS87 α-synuclein form two distinct fibril structures. The GlcNAc situated at S87 establishes interactions with K80 and E61, inducing a unique iron-like fold with the GlcNAc molecule on the iron handle. Phosphorylation at the same site prevents a lengthy C-terminal region including residues 73 to 140 from incorporating into the fibril core due to electrostatic repulsion. Instead, the N-terminal half of the fibril (1–72) takes on an arch-like fibril structure. We further show that both pS87 and gS87 α-synuclein fibrils display reduced neurotoxicity and propagation activity compared with unmodified α-synuclein fibrils. Our findings demonstrate that different posttranslational modifications at the same site can produce distinct fibril structures, which emphasizes link between posttranslational modifications and amyloid fibril formation and pathology.

The Role of the Plantar Fascia in Supporting the Arch in Flatfoot Deformity

Category: Hindfoot; Midfoot/Forefoot Introduction/Purpose: The osseous structure of the foot has been described as an arch-like triangular structure or truss where the plantar fascia (PF) functions as the tensile element, maintaining the overall length of the arch. The importance of the PF in maintaining the arch has likely been underestimated because only minor abnormalities in its structure are seen on MRI studies in patients with flatfoot deformity. However, the importance of a ligament in preventing deformity may not be correlated with its attenuation seen on MRI. We hypothesized that the degenerative elongation of the plantar fascia would be a necessary precursor of arch collapse. The goal of this study was to evaluate the role of the plantar fascia in arch stability in flatfoot deformity. Methods: We used a validated finite element model of the foot reconstructed from CT scan of a female cadaveric foot weighing 60 kg. The model included 28 bones, 72 ligaments, cartilage, and an encapsulating soft tissue. The flatfoot model was created by simulated transection of the ligaments and unloading of the posterior tibial tendon. The model was used to assess the impact of isolated PF failure on the development of flatfoot deformity, evaluate the capability of the PF when reconstructed to restore foot alignment, and determine the amount of progressive strain that constitutes failure for each ligament. Foot alignment angles were used to evaluate the foot alignment. For comparison, the angles were also evaluated for other ligament tears. The impact of PF failure on force changes in the remaining ligaments was also investigated by quantifying ligament force changes during simulated PF cutting in the foot model. Results: When compared to the intact and flatfoot models, we found that the individual release of the PF cannot cause deformity (Figure 1). However, it significantly increased the force in the long (142%) and short plantar (156%), deltoid (45%), and spring ligaments (60%), potentially putting the foot at risk of arch instability over time. Moreover, we found that the PF was the structure most able to restore the arch (Figure 1a). The PF was also found to play a secondary role in reducing hindfoot valgus and forefoot abduction deformities (Figures 1b,1c). Moreover, to produce deformity, a considerable amount of attenuation in the spring (strain= 41%) and interosseous talocalcaneal ligament (strain= 27%), but only a small amount in the plantar fascia (strain= 10%) was needed. Conclusion: In comparing normal to flatfoot models of the foot, we found that isolated PF release did not cause arch collapse, but that arch collapse could not occur without elongation of the PF. While the progressive strain in the PF needed to enable arch collapse was small, the PF is a very long ligament, thus even small strain within the PF corresponds to substantial change in overall length of the arch. Chronic degeneration of the PF leading to plantar fasciitis may be an early sign of impending flatfoot deformity.

A Computational Approach to the Detection and Prediction of (Ir)Regularity in Children's Folk Songs

We examine (ir)regularity in the musical structure of 736 monophonic children's folk songs from 22 European countries, by simulating and detecting (ir)regularity with the computational model, IDyOM, and our own algorithm, Ir_Reg, which classifies melodies according to regularity of their musical structure. IDyOM offers a range of viewpoints which allow observation and prediction of various musical features. We used five viewpoints to measure the information content and entropy of musical events in songs. Analysis across the data shows absence of irregular musical structure in children's folk songs from Croatia, Serbia, Turkey, Portugal, Hungary, and Romania. Conversely, absence of regular structure in children's folk songs was found in Great Britain, Norway and Switzerland. Further analysis of (ir)regularity, by individual country, revealed the importance of patterns repeated at pitch in regular songs, and a higher occurrence of transposed repeated patterns in irregular songs. Principal component analysis (PCA) shows the salience of pitch and pitch intervals in the perception of (ir)regular structure. Neither rhythm nor contour affects the perception of regularity. Recurring pulse/meter and arch-like melodic structure were found in the majority of children's folk songs. The study shows that irregularity exists in children's folk songs, and that this genre can be complex.

In situ behaviour of an instrumented ring subjected to active eccentric tail seal passage

With common TBM configurations, the last assembled ring is contemporarily loaded by the thrust jacks and a generally off-centered tail seal system. In active eccentric scenarios of tail seal passage, significant tail-ring eccentricities can be locked by the opposing action of sealing pressures and thrust jacks (Gil Lorenzo, 2022). In this paper, the in situ response of the CAM3 instrumented ring in the Crossrail’s Thames tunnel (CTT) during active eccentric tail seal passage is examined in detail. The field data comprises selected TBM data, the distributed strain measurements of a Brillouin Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (BOTDR), plus the output quantities of vibrating wire strain gauges (VWSGs) and biaxial micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) tiltmeters. The field data was completed with relevant analytical models (Gil Lorenzo, 2019a; 2022) and compared with the outputs of the finite element (FE) model conducted alongside (Gil Lorenzo, 2021a; 2021b), showing good agreement with the FE-computed deformational quantities. It was found that the eccentric tail seal passage was the main cause of the high and uneven lining pressures detected at the early stages of tunnelling. The active eccentric tail seal passage, with upwards seal pressure gradients and downwards transverse jack forces, triggered the ring deformations in the unsupported tunnel, which became essentially irrecoverable. The radial rotations of the outer springline segment were largely affected by the interfacial quality between ram shoe and segment first, and between segments once the next ring was erected. The high sealing pressure gradients yielded a 0.12% ring distortion ratio increment already close to recommended construction limits. The top half of the non-bedded ring behaved as an arch-like structure with the crown segment supported by the neighbouring rings. At the lower segments, the hoop curvatures were the result of the ring ovalisation whereas, at the upper segments, the hoop curvatures were primarily induced by the inward radial jack forces. The outer springline segment worked under considerable torsion in the first TBM cycle. Initial in-plane angularities in longitudinal joints with contact at the rear can be accentuated by the advance of the sealing pressures from rear to front and become irreversible. Longitudinal cracking is more likely in the first TBM cycle while the ring is radially loaded at the rear only. In addition, a field example of concrete cracking in a segment with a defective packer support after ring erection is provided.

In situ behaviour of an instrumented ring subjected to incipient TBM steering around a curve

During the TBM tunnelling of curved tunnel sections with passively articulated shield tails, the concrete segmental rings are susceptible to ring deformation and structural damage. In this paper, the in situ loading condition and response of the CAM4 instrumented ring in the Crossrail’s Thames tunnel (CTT) during tail seal passage at incipient TBM steering around a left curve are examined in detail. The field data comprises selected TBM data, the distributed strain measurements of a Brillouin Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (BOTDR) and the output quantities of vibrating wire strain gauges (VWSGs) and biaxial micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) tiltmeters. The field data was completed with relevant analytical models (Gil Lorenzo, 2019a, 2021c) and compared with the outputs of the finite element modelling conducted alongside (Gil Lorenzo, 2021a, 2021b). It was found that the eccentric tail seal passage was the main cause of the highest lining pressures and pressure gradients detected at the early stages of tunnelling. The machine turned around the thrust symmetry axis so that the shield posture changed from vertical and upwards to left and inwards. The transverse jack forces near the CAM4 ring switched orientation from downwards to rightwards. The locking mechanism of opposing TBM transverse actions during the eccentric tail seal passage triggered the ring deformations in the unsupported tunnel, which became essentially irrecoverable. The radial rotations of the outer springline segment were largely affected by the interfacial quality between ram shoe and segment first and between segments once the next ring was erected. The moderate sealing pressure gradients and the effective ring coupling ensured by the high thrust loads translated into a very limited ring distortion. The top half of the unbedded ring behaved as an arch-like structure with the crown segment being supported by the neighbouring segments. The in situ hoop curvatures were the result of ring ovalisation developed under the sealing pressure gradients and, in the first TBM cycle, the segment interaction with the hydraulic jacks. A temporary intrados front longitudinal crack near the mid length of the outer springline segment was detected at the time of incipient machine turning. The crack was caused by the combination of the spalling stresses between ram shoes with the front hoop tensile stresses typical of segmental rings loaded at the rear. Initial in-plane angularities of longitudinal joints with contact at the segment front can be corrected by the sequential loading of the ring from rear to front. There was good agreement between the in situ and FE-computed deformational quantities.

Anodontia Detected by Prenatal Sonography: A Case Report

Anodontia is a rare orofacial complex developmental malformation. In contrast to normal tooth germ with roundhypo echogenic structure arranged in an arch-like manner in alveolar bone, anodontia shows an arch-like hyper echogenic structure without any dental alveoli. Prenatal ultrasound is a reliable method for detecting anodontia inearly gestational age.

A combined compression and indentation study of mechanical metamaterials based on inverse opal coatings

A relatively new class of tailored photonic metamaterials based on the inverse opal (IO) structure shows multifunctionality with exceptional mechanical response due to its periodic porous arch-like structure. Exploiting the smaller is stronger paradigm through varying its pore size and the addition of atomic layer deposition (ALD) films, allow tailorable strength and elastic modulus. Quantification of such properties are achieved through flat punch nanoindentation testing. Results are validated by comparison to microcompression tests, a widely used technique to circumvent the complex stress state normally imposed by indentation, but in the case of high porosity is greatly simplified, approximating uniaxial stress; results from both mechanical loading approaches show strong similarities. All results showed a dependence of strength and elastic modulus on the ratio of the deformation size, i.e., micropillar or flat punch diameter, to the pore size, a trend which is well described by the influence of the boundary conditions of the test method rather than an intrinsic size effect. At larger ratios the values approach a constant value. Furthermore, the mechanical response can be tailored through the deposition of a thin film on the shell structure of the silica IO structures; 34 nm of TiO2 was shown to produce a 10-fold increase in strength and 5-fold increase in elastic modulus.

Second-harmonic generation microscopy analysis reveals proteoglycan decorin is necessary for proper collagen organization in prostate.

.Collagen remodeling occurs in many prostate pathologies; however, the underlying structural architecture in both normal and diseased prostatic tissues is largely unexplored. Here, we use second-harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy to specifically probe the role of the proteoglycan decorin (Dcn) on collagen assembly in a wild type (wt) and Dcn null mouse (). Dcn is required for proper organization of collagen fibrils as it regulates size by forming an arch-like structure at the end of the fibril. We have utilized SHG metrics based on emission directionality (forward–backward ratio) and relative conversion efficiency, which are both related to the SHG coherence length, and found more disordered fibril organization in the . We have also used image analysis readouts based on entropy, multifractal dimension, and wavelet transforms to compare the collagen fibril/fiber architecture in the two models, where all these showed that the prostate comprised smaller and more disorganized collagen structures. All these SHG metrics are consistent with decreased SHG phase matching in the and are further consistent with ultrastructural analysis of collagen in this model in other tissues, which show a more random distribution of fibril sizes and their packing into fibers. As Dcn is a known tumor suppressor, this work forms the basis for future studies of collagen remodeling in both malignant and benign prostate disease.

Numerical simulations of dense granular flow in a two-dimensional channel: The role of exit position** Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11574153).

Molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to elucidate the influence of exit position on a dense granular flow in a two-dimensional channel. The results show that the dense flow rate remains constant when the exit is far from the channel wall and increases exponentially when the exit moves close to the lateral position. Beverloo’s law proves to be successful in describing the relation between the dense flow rate and the exit size for both the center and the lateral exits. Further simulated results confirm the existence of arch-like structure of contact force above the exit. The effective exit size is enlarged when the exit moves from the center to the lateral position. As compared with the granular flow of the center exit, both the vertical velocities of the grains and the flow rate increase for the lateral exit.

A new feather mite genus of the family Proctophyllodidae (Acariformes: Analgoidea) from the Olivaceus flatbill Rhynchocyclus olivaceus (Passeriformes: Tyrannidae) in Panama

A new feather mite genus Armophyllodes gen. n. (Proctophyllodidae: Proctophyllodinae) is established based on two new species, Armophyllodes gracilis sp. n. (type species) and A. robustus sp. n., described from the Olivaceous flatbill, Rhynchocyclus olivaceus (Temminck) (Passeriformes: Tyrannidae), in Panama. The new genus is related to the Nycteridocaulus generic group and clearly differs from other genera in having the strongly sclerotized lateral parts of coxal fields II in both sexes, the epigynum fused with the inner tips of epimerites IIIa in females, and vestigial terminal lamellae in males. The fusion of the epigynum with epimerites is an extremely rare character state in the subfamily Proctophyllodinae; among other known members of this subfamily, it was previously known only in females of Anisophyllodes pipromorphae Atyeo, 1967. In contrast to the subfamily Pterodectinae, in all representatives of which the fusion of the epigynum with epimerites is complete and these sclerites constitute a uniformly sclerotized arch-like structure, in the two species of the genus Armophyllodes and in An. pipromorphae, the traces of fusion between these sclerites are clearly distinct. This gives evidence that the fusion of the epigynum with epimerites in pterodectines and proctophyllodines originated independently.

Observations of fast-moving features in the debris disk of AU Mic on a three-year timescale: Confirmation and new discoveries

Context. The nearby and young M star AU Mic is surrounded by a debris disk in which we previously identified a series of large-scale arch-like structures that have never been seen before in any other debris disk and that move outward at high velocities. Aims. We initiated a monitoring program with the following objectives: (1) track the location of the structures and better constrain their projected speeds, (2) search for new features emerging closer in, and ultimately (3) understand the mechanism responsible for the motion and production of the disk features. Methods. AU Mic was observed at 11 different epochs between August 2014 and October 2017 with the IR camera and spectrograph of SPHERE. These high-contrast imaging data were processed with a variety of angular, spectral, and polarimetric differential imaging techniques to reveal the faintest structures in the disk. We measured the projected separations of the features in a systematic way for all epochs. We also applied the very same measurements to older observations from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) with the visible cameras STIS and ACS. Results. The main outcomes of this work are (1) the recovery of the five southeastern broad arch-like structures we identified in our first study, and confirmation of their fast motion (projected speed in the range 4–12 km s−1); (2) the confirmation that the very first structures observed in 2004 with ACS are indeed connected to those observed later with STIS and now SPHERE; (3) the discovery of two new very compact structures at the northwest side of the disk (at 0.40′′ and 0.55′′ in May 2015) that move to the southeast at low speed; and (4) the identification of a new arch-like structure that might be emerging at the southeast side at about 0.4′′ from the star (as of May 2016). Conclusions. Although the exquisite sensitivity of SPHERE allows one to follow the evolution not only of the projected separation, but also of the specific morphology of each individual feature, it remains difficult to distinguish between possible dynamical scenarios that may explain the observations. Understanding the exact origin of these features, the way they are generated, and their evolution over time is certainly a significant challenge in the context of planetary system formation around M stars.

An experimental investigation on stable arch formation in cohesionless granular materials using developed trapdoor test

Arching in granular materials is a general phenomenon that exists in different domains of engineering such as design of silos and hoppers as well as geotechnical engineering problems. Due to the interaction among particles that are flowing through an opening, an arch-like structure comes into existence that causes the particles to be in a stationary state. Few researches have explored the formation of stable arches. In this study, the characteristics of statically stable arches generated in purely cohesionless granular materials are investigated experimentally. A developed form of the so-called trapdoor test was implemented in which, the opening width can be increased incrementally. The test box can also be inclined with respect to the horizontal direction in order to consider the gravity effect on the arch formation. Investigations on the self-supported arches indicate that the arch height increases as the arch width increases. However, there is fall in the height of the critical arch, which is the arch with the biggest possible width. The results also indicate that the frictional parameters of granular materials have major influence on the arch formation. The dimensions of stable arches are a function of the peak friction angle, while the critical state friction angle dominates the height of the critical arch. Furthermore, the results show that the unit weight of the granular materials has minor effect on the critical arch formation rather than frictional parameters.

Analysis of arch-like bones: The rodent mandible as a case study.

Bone strength is determined by the mechanical properties of bone material, and the size and shape of the whole bone, i.e., its architecture. The mandible of vertebrates has been traditionally regarded as a beam oriented in relation to main masticatory loads, i.e., the longer dimension of its cross-section being parallel to the load. Rodents follow this pattern but, in addition, their mandible possesses an intriguing arch-like shape that is apparent when seen in the lateral view. Little attention was given to the structural capacity of this trait. The advantage of an arch is that it can withstand a greater load than a horizontal beam. The objective of this study was to model the rodent mandible like an arch to evaluate its structural strength. The bending moment in an arch-like mandible was 15-25% lower with respect to a beam-like mandible. Further, bending varies with mandible "slenderness" and incisor procumbency, a functionally relevant rodent trait. In the rodent Ctenomys talarum (Caviomorpha; Ctenomyidae), bone stress was substantially reduced when the mandible was modeled as an arch-like structure as compared with a beam-like structure, and safety factors were 15-34% higher. The shape of rodents' mandible might confer a functional advantage to high and repeatedly applied loads resulting from a unique feeding mode: gnawing. J. Morphol. 277:879-887, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Focus on lasers and imaging

Focus on lasers and imaging

Dynamics of revolving wings for various aspect ratios

AbstractHigh-fidelity, direct numerical simulations (DNSs) are conducted to examine the vortex structure and aerodynamic loading of unidirectionally revolving wings in quiescent fluid. Wings with aspect ratios$({\mathit{AR}}) = 1$, 2 and 4 are considered at a fixed root-based Reynolds number of 1000. Each wing is shown to generate a coherent leading-edge vortex (LEV) that remains in close proximity to the surface and provides persistent suction throughout the motion. Towards the tip, the LEV lifts off as an arch-like structure and reorients itself along the chord through its connection with the tip vortex. The substantial and sustained aerodynamic loads achieved during the motion saturate with aspect ratio resulting from the chordwise growth of the LEV along the span eventually becoming geometrically constrained by the trailing edge. Further, for${\mathit{AR}}=4$, substructures develop in the feeding sheet of the LEV, which appear to directly correlate with the local, span-based Reynolds number achieved during rotation. The lower-aspect-ratio wings do not have sufficient spans for these transitional elements to manifest. In contrast, vortex breakdown, which occurs around midspan for each aspect ratio, shows a strong dependence on the spanwise pressure gradient established between the root and tip of the wing and not local Reynolds number. This independent development of shear-layer substructures and vortex breakdown parallels very closely with what has been observed in delta wing flow. Next, the centrifugal, Coriolis and pressure gradient forces are also analysed at several spanwise locations across each wing, and the centrifugal and pressure gradient forces are shown to be responsible for the spanwise flow above the wing. The Coriolis force is directed away from the surface at the base of the LEV, indicating that it is not a contributor to LEV attachment, which is contrary to previous hypotheses. Finally, as a means of emphasizing the importance of the centrifugal force on LEV attachment, the${\mathit{AR}}=2$wing is simulated with the addition of a source term in the governing equations to oppose and eliminate the centrifugal force near the surface. The initial formation and development of the LEV is unhindered by the absence of this force; however, later in the motion, the outboard lift-off of the LEV moves inboard. Without the opposing outboard-directed centrifugal force to keep the separation past midspan, the entire vortex eventually separates and moves away from the surface.

Microwave and EUV Observations of an Erupting Filament and Associated Flare and Coronal Mass Ejections

Abstract A filament eruption was observed with the Siberian Solar Radio Telescope (SSRT) on 2012 June 23, starting at around 06:40 UT, beyond the west limb. The filament could be followed in SSRT images to heights above 1 R⊙, and coincided with the core of the CME, seen in LASCO C2 images. We briefly discuss the dynamics of the eruption: the top of the filament showed a smooth acceleration up to an apparent velocity of $\sim 1100 \textrm {km} \enspace \textrm s^{-1}$. Images behind the limb from STEREO-A show a two-ribbon flare and the interaction of the main filament, located along the primary neutral line, with an arch-like structure, oriented in the perpendicular direction. The interaction was accompanied by strong emission and twisting motions. The microwave images show a low-temperature component, a high-temperature component associated with the interaction of the two filaments and another high-temperature component apparently associated with the top of flare loops. We computed the differential emission measure from the high-temperature AIA bands and from this the expected microwave brightness temperature; for emission associated with the top of the flare loops, the computed brightness was 35% lower than the observed value.

Phosphorylation Drives a Dynamic Switch in Serine/Arginine-Rich Proteins

Serine/arginine-rich (SR) proteins are important players in RNA metabolism and are extensively phosphorylated at serine residues in RS repeats. Here, we show that phosphorylation switches the RS domain of the serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1 from a fully disordered state to a partially rigidified arch-like structure. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in combination with molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the conformational switch is restricted to RS repeats, critically depends on the phosphate charge state and strongly decreases the conformational entropy of RS domains. The dynamic switch also occurs in the 100 kDa SR-related protein hPrp28, for which phosphorylation at the RS repeat is required for spliceosome assembly. Thus, a phosphorylation-induced dynamic switch is common to the class of serine/arginine-rich proteins and provides a molecular basis for the functional redundancy of serine/arginine-rich proteins and the profound influence of RS domain phosphorylation on protein-protein and protein-RNA interactions.

Reappraisal of the ligament of Henle (ligamentum inguinale internum mediale; Henle, 1871): a topohistological study using Korean foetuses

Ligament of Henle is one of muscle-associated connective tissues of the rectus abdominis muscle, but it has been confused with the conjoint tendon (a common aponeurosis for insertion of the inferomedial end of the obliquus internus and transversus abdominis muscles). To reconsider the inguinal connective tissue structures, we examined 20 mid-term foetuses (10 males and 10 females) at approximately 14-20 weeks of gestation (crown rump length 100-170 mm). In female horizontal sections, we consistently found the ligament of Henle asa wing-like aponeurosis extending from the lateral margin of the rectus tendon behind the superficial inguinal ring. The ligament was separated from and located behind the conjoint tendon. In all male foetuses, instead of the ligament, the conjoint tendon was evident behind the superficial ring and it winded around the posterior aspect of the spermatic cord. Therefore, although a limited number of specimens were examined, the ligament of Henle was likely to be a female-specific structure. The ligament of Henle, if developed well, may provide an arch-like structure suitable for a name "falx inguinalis" instead of the inferomedial end ofthe conjoint tendon. In addition, a covering fascia of the iliopsoas muscle joined the posterior wall of the inguinal canal in male, but not in female, specimens.

Static Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Bridge with Slant-Legged Rigid Frame

This paper introduces the main dimensions and drawings, and discusses the static analytical results of a prestressed concrete bridge with slant-legged rigid frame. The numerical mode of this bridge was built by the specialist FEM software. The results show that the central span of box-beam and the slant-legs forms an arch-like structure which brings these members into compressive-bending states, the side span of box-beam is in bending. For the box-beam, the internal forces mainly come from the dead load, the prestress effects and the vehicle load. The sedimentation of supports and the entire warming or cooling have certain influence on the side span box-beam and the slant-legs. Decreasing the shrinkage and creep of concrete is also important for this bridge.

Static Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Bridge with Slant-Legged Rigid Frame

This paper introduces the main dimensions and drawings, and discusses the static analytical results of a prestressed concrete bridge with slant-legged rigid frame. The numerical mode of this bridge was built by the specialist FEM software. The results show that the central span of box-beam and the slant-legs forms an arch-like structure which brings these members into compressive-bending states, the side span of box-beam is in bending. For the box-beam, the internal forces mainly come from the dead load, the prestress effects and the vehicle load. The sedimentation of supports and the entire warming or cooling have certain influence on the side span box-beam and the slant-legs. Decreasing the shrinkage and creep of concrete is also important for this bridge.