Arc Fusion Splicing Research Articles

Corrosion sensor based on surface plasmon resonance effect of core-offset splicing fiber

A corrosion monitoring sensor is proposed based on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect of core-offset splicing fiber. Using the arc fusion splicing method, this sensor is fabricated by cascading together a single-mode fiber (SMF), a graded-index multimode fiber (GI-MMF), and a step-index multimode fiber (SI-MMF). The SMF and GI-MMF are core offset spliced to enhance evanescent field by coupling the transmission light into the cladding. The outer layer of GI-MMF is coated with 50 nm silver film, which can effectively excite the SPR effect and detect corrosion. The sensor has good reproducibility, and shows a high sensitivity for early corrosion in atmospheric weak acid pollutants, which can be applied to early metal corrosion monitoring and weak acid atmospheric corrosion evaluation.

테이퍼된 코어 없는 광섬유 기반 다중 모드 간섭을 이용한 SARS-CoV-2 스파이크 단백질 검출에 관한 연구

In this paper, we demonstrated the detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein using a fiber-optic biosensor composed of tapered no-core fiber (NCF), which leads to multi-mode interference (MMI) when its both ends are spliced with standard single-mode fiber (SMF). For the fabrication of the tapered NCF as a bare sensor head, we utilized a commercial arc fusion splicer (AFS) and optimized the tapering condition by adjusting a pull speed, an arc duration, and a pull length of the AFS, resulting in a tapered core diameter of ∼105μm. To check if the bare sensor head is feasible for the SARS-CoV spike protein detection, the response of the tapered NCF (whose both ends are connected with SMF) to the external refractive index (RI) was investigated using an sucrose solution. It was confirmed from the RI examination that two loss dips selected from the MMI spectrum of the bare sensor head, designated as Dip A and Dip B, showed the RI sensitivities of ∼65.60 and ∼73.01nm/RIU, respectively. Then, we immobilized human ACE2 protein on the fiber surface of the bare sensor head to increase the binding efficiency of the sensor head with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Finally, we experimentally demonstrated that the proposed sensor could detect SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with the sensitivities of 54.42 and 79.55pm/(μg/ml) for Dip A and Dip B, respectively.

All-fiber integrated saturable absorber-tunable wavelength filter for Q-switching laser in both C- and L-bands.

We proposed and experimentally demonstrated combining a nonlinear optic saturable absorber and a wideband-tunable spectral filter in a single graphene oxide (GO) film deposited fiber optic device. The GO film was prepared on the cleaved facet of an optical fiber applying two sequential processes: the electrical deposition to make a thick GO film using an arc fusion splicer, followed by the laser pulse drilling to form a multi-layered GO film. The GO deposited fiber facet and a pristine fiber facet formed an asymmetric Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI), whose spectral response was flexibly controlled by adjusting the air gap between them. An all-fiber ring laser cavity was built using the proposed device as a tunable saturable absorber along with erbium-doped fiber as a gain medium in the L-band. Stable Q-switching laser pulse trains were successfully generated, whose pulse duration was in the order of a few microseconds and its peak wavelength was tunable over 40nm from 1564 to 1604nm covering both C-and L-bands. At a certain condition, we also obtained Q-switching pulses simultaneously lasing at the double wavelengths, 1573.3 and 1586.7nm. Detailed device fabrication processes and laser characteristics are described to elucidate the high potential of 2-dimensional material films in nonlinear optics.

Methods of hot wire creation for fiber-optical thermal anemometer

Subject of Research. The paper presents the study of various methods of optical radiation coupling from the fiber core into its cladding with the aim of creating a fiber-optic anemometer hot wire. The effectiveness of the described methods is evaluated by analyzing the obtained dependencies. Method. The structures of two optical fibers were studied, one of which was used to transmit an information signal, and the other — to create a hot wire. A Bragg grating was formed in the core of the first fiber, and a radiation coupling region was created in the second fiber. These fiber sections were aligned with each other and fixed by a tin-lead alloy. The temperature was measured by monitoring the spectral characteristics of fiber Bragg gratings inscribed by the phase mask method. The areas of radiation coupling were formed either by changing the fiber geometry using custom modes of the arc fusion splicer, or by creating a SMF-MMF-SMF transition. Main Results. Structures are developed which can be used as a hot wire of a fiber-optic anemometer sensitive element. The dependencies of the Bragg resonance wavelength shift on the pump laser power are obtained; the Bragg wavelength shift varies in the range from 0.15 nm to 3 nm as a result of a hot wire creation. The resulting curves are constructed after three experiments for each type of structure, taking into account the standard deviation. They make it possible to judge the effectiveness of various methods of radiation coupling. Comparative analysis of the studied methods is presented. Practical Relevance. The study describes the capabilities of fiber-optic anemometry when creating point and distributed sensors. The results of this work can be used in the areas where the creation of quasi-distributed and point diffusers is necessary, as well as partial or complete coupling of radiation from a fiber core.

Large core-offset based in-fiber Michelson interferometer for humidity sensing

A humidity sensor based on Michelson interferometer (MI) is proposed and demonstrated. The sensor achieves intermodal interference by a large core-offset between two single mode fibers (SMFs) through arc fusion splicing. Experimental results show the sensor with a length of 25 mm and core-offset of 50 μm exhibits a linear humidity sensitivity of −0.083 dB/%RH in the humidity range of 35–95 %RH, which is comparable to that of intensity-modulated humidity sensors with coating humidity sensitive materials. The temperature response and stability is also investigated, a linear temperature sensitivity of 9.5 pm/°C in the temperature range of 20–180 °C is obtained. The low manufacturing cost, easy fabrication and good stability make the sensor has great potential in many applications.

In-line Mach-Zehnder Interferometer based on Hybrid Structures for Refractive Index Sensin

A Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) built using several concatenated different structures is proposed as a refractive index sensor. This sensor is comprised of a microbubble, a section of reduced cladding fiber (RCF) and a core-offset single-mode fiber (SMF). These structures are joined together through specialized arc fusion splicing procedures. The sensor is characterised by immersing it in Cargille oil with refractive index values ranging from 1.30 to 1.39. The sensor exhibits linearity in respect to the refractive index changes, with a good sensitivity of 144.42 nm/RIU. The proposed MZI has the advantages of cost effective, repeatable fabrication, compact size and high sensitivity, which make it a promising sensor.

Graphene-Based Waist-Enlarged Optical Fibre Sensor for Measurement of Sucrose Concentration

Abstract A novel sucrose sensor based on graphene-coated optical fibre with waist-enlarged bitapers as Mach-Zehnder interferometer is proposed and demonstrated. The sensor is formed by arc fusion splicing a photonic crystal fibre (PCF) sandwiched between two single-mode fibres (SMFs). The intermodal interference is achieved by two waist-enlarged fibre tapers at the coupling points between the PCF and two SMFs. The result shows that the dips of transmission spectra exhibit blue shift with the concentration increase of the sucrose, and the sensor has a high linear response (R2 = 0.98233) to sucrose with an excellent sensitivity of 3.36 pm/ppm in the range of 0–230 ppm. Additionally, the surface adsorption mechanism is also discussed. Such easily fabricated, cost-effective and small volume fibre interferometer could be used for sucrose sensing applications.

Combining Hollow Core Photonic Crystal Fibers with Multimode, Solid Core Fiber Couplers through Arc Fusion Splicing for the Miniaturization of Nonlinear Spectroscopy Sensing Devices

The presence of fiber optic devices, such as couplers or wavelength division multiplexers, based on hollow-core fibers (HCFs) is still rather uncommon, while such devices can be imagined to greatly increase the potential of HCFs for different applications, such as sensing, nonlinear optics, etc. In this paper, we present a combination of a standard, multimode fiber (MMF) optic coupler with a hollow core photonic bandgap fiber through arc fusion splicing and its application for the purpose of multiphoton spectroscopy. The presented splicing method is of high affordability due to the low cost of arc fusion splicers, and the measured splicing loss (SL) of the HCF-MMF splice is as low as (0.32 ± 0.1) dB, while the splice itself is durable enough to withstand a bending radius (rbend) of 1.8 cm. This resulted in a hybrid between the hollow core photonic bandgap fiber (HCPBF) and MMF coupler, delivering 20 mW of average power and 250-fs short laser pulses to the sample, which was good enough to test the proposed sensor setup in a simple, proof-of-concept multiphoton fluorescence excitation-detection experiment, allowing the successful measurement of the fluorescence emission spectrum of 10−5 M fluorescein solution. In our opinion, the presented results indicate the possibility of creating multi-purpose HCF setups, which would excel in various types of sensing applications.

Phase-shifted fiber Bragg gratings fabrication method

In this paper, we showed a technique for the formation of phase-shifted fiber Bragg gratings. The analysis of the efficiency of the obtained structures was carried out with the help of an optical spectrum analyzer with the subsequent calculation of the full width at half maximum of a bandpass in reflection spectrum. Fiber Bragg gratings inscription was performed on the Talbot interferometer, the KrF excimer laser system was used as a UV radiation source, and a phase shift was introduced by the electrical discharge of an arc fusion splicer. The experimental dependence between the length of the obtained structure and the full width at half maximum of a bandpass in reflection spectrum of a phase-shifted grating was presented, the value of the last parameter varies in the range from 24 pm to 96 pm.

Mach-Zehnder interferometric magnetic field sensor based on a photonic crystal fiber and magnetic fluid.

A Mach-Zehnder interferometric magnetic field sensor based on a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) and magnetic fluid (MF) was designed and experimentally demonstrated. The sensing probe consists of a single-mode-(SM)-multimode-PCF-SM fiber structure through arc fusion splicing. It was then laser engrave notched with the femtosecond laser so that the PCF cladding was selectively infilled MF. A well-defined interference pattern was obtained on account of the tunable refractive index of the MF infilled PCF cladding. The transmission spectra of the proposed sensor under different magnetic field intensities have been measured and theoretically analyzed. The results show that the sensitivity of the proposed sensor can reach -0.13 dB/mT and 0.07334nm/mT in the magnetic field intensity from 1mT to 20mT and 2mT to 20mT, respectively.

Temperature insensitive curvature sensor based on cascading photonic crystal fiber

Abstract A temperature insensitive curvature sensor is proposed based on cascading photonic crystal fiber. Using the arc fusion splicing method, this sensor is fabricated by cascading together a single-mode fiber (SMF), a three layers air holes structure of photonic crystal fiber (3PCF), a five layers air holes structure of photonic crystal fiber (5PCF) and a SMF in turn. So the structure SMF-3PCF-5PCF-SMF can be obtained with a total length of 20 mm. During the process of fabrication, the splicing machine parameters and the length of each optical fiber are adjusted to obtain a high sensitivity curvature sensor. The experimental results show that the curvature sensitivity is −8.40 nm/m−1 in the curvature variation range of 0–1.09 m−1, which also show good linearity. In the range of 30–90 °C, the temperature sensitivity is only about 3.24 pm/°C, indicating that the sensor is not sensitive to temperature. The sensor not only has the advantages of easy fabricating, simple structure, high sensitivity but also can solve the problem of temperature measurement cross sensitivity, so it can be used for different areas including aerospace, large-scale bridge, architectural structure health monitoring and so on.

Low-loss and reflection-free fused type fan-out device for 7-core fiber based on a bundled structure.

We describe a fused type fan-out device for 7-core fiber based on a bundled structure, which has no taper structure and a highly accurate core arrangement. We evaluated the repeatability of the splice loss characteristics of the fan-out device by splice testing 10 samples, resulting in an average splice loss of as low as 0.3 dB with a deviation of 0.048 dB. The crosstalk between the center and outer cores was less than -52 dB. Furthermore, the power damage threshold was higher than 1 W and the amount of Fresnel reflection at the splice point between the fiber bundle and the 7-core fiber was lower than the Rayleigh scattering level because of the arc fusion splicing.

A High-Sensitive Pressure Sensor Using a Single-Mode Fiber Embedded Microbubble with Thin Film Characteristics.

A new fiber pressure sensor is proposed and analyzed in this paper. A commercial arc fusion splicer and pressure-assisted arc discharge technology are used here to fabricate a silica hollow microbubble from a common glass tube with the characteristics of a thin film. Then the single mode fiber is embedded into the microbubble to form a fiber Fabry–Perot interferometer by measuring the reflected interference spectrum from the fiber tip and microbubble end. As the wall thickness of the micro-bubble can reach up to several micrometers, it can then be used for measuring the outer pressure with high sensitivity. The fabrication method has the merits of being simple, low in cost, and is easy to control. Experimental results show that its pressure sensitivity can reach 164.56 pm/kPa and the temperature sensitivity can reach 4 pm/°C. Therefore, it also has the advantage of being insensitive to temperature fluctuation.

Pembangunan Aplikasi Penyambungan Kabel Fiber Optic Menggunakan Metode Fusion Berbasis Simulasi

Splicing of optical fibers have two methods i.e fusion splicing and mechanical splicing. Fusion splicing method is chosen because this method is gives permanent fusion. Fusion splicing is the act of combining two optical fiber end-to-end using heat parallel electrodes. The goal is to combine the two fibers together such that light passing through the fiber scattered or reflected back. Merging optical fiber using this method to connect Fusion Splicing can be done using a tool arc fusion splicer. Arc fusion splicer is a tool that is used to connect the optical fiber using parallel electrode rod smelting technology for accurate light reflection perfect. This study is to build simulation about how to splicing optical fibers using fusion splicing. Simulation program is chosen because of the price arc fusion splicer is very expensive ranging from millions rupiah in 2014, so this simulation media may be one visualization of the original tools of arc fusion splicer. The expected goal is to be able to know how to connect the fiber optic cable is good and right fiber optic cable by using simulation based on Internatonal standards ITU-T ( International Telecommunication Union ) . Keywords: Fiber Optic, Fusion Splicing, Mechanical Splicing, Arc Fusion Splicer

Heterogeneous all-solid multicore fiber based multipath Michelson interferometer for high temperature sensing.

A compact high temperature sensor utilizing a multipath Michelson interferometer (MI) structure based on weak coupling multicore fiber (MCF) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The device is fabricated by program-controlled tapering the spliced region between single mode fiber (SMF) and a segment of MCF. After that, a spherical reflective structure is formed by arc-fusion splicing the end face of MCF. Theoretical analysis has been implemented for this specific multipath MI structure; beam propagation method based simulation and corresponding experiments were performed to investigate the effect of taper and spherical end face on system's performance. Benefiting from the multipath interferences and heterogeneous structure between the center core and surrounding cores of the all-solid MCF, an enhanced temperature sensitivity of 165 pm/°C up to 900°C and a high-quality interference spectrum with 25 dB fringe visibility were achieved.

Intensity-modulated abrupt tapered Fiber Mach-Zehnder Interferometer for the simultaneous sensing of temperature and curvature

An abrupt tapered fiber In-Line Mach-Zehnder Interferometer sensor for simultaneous measurement of temperature and curvature is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The sensor head is fabricated by arcing Corning SMF-28 using a commercial arc fusion splicer. The individual parameters discrimination was achieved by manipulating the unequal sensitivities of optical power to temperature and curvature obtained at two wavelengths within the sensing spectrum. The curvature and temperature sensitivities at λ1 (1537nm) and λ2 (1568.7nm) were found to be 11.8264dBm/m−1, 12.4885dBm/m−1 and 0.0829dBm/°C, 0.0833dBm/°C, respectively. The experimental results show unperturbed readings with rms deviation of ±0.1801m−1 and ±0.0826°C, for curvature and temperature measurements, respectively, through measurement of optical power response of the sensor. With this simultaneous sensing technique, the proposed sensor can be deployed for many field applications such as nondestructive structural health monitoring of civil infrastructure.

Refractive index sensor based on fiber loop ring-down spectroscopy

ABSTRACTAn optical fiber refractive index sensor based on fiber loop ring-down spectroscopy and a tapered fiber was fabricated using an ordinary single mode fiber with an arc fusion splicer. The performance of the sensor was controlled by the parameters of the tapered fiber. A fiber loop ring-down spectroscopy system was employed to enhance the sensitivity and demodulate the transmission spectrum. The results showed that a sensor with a waist diameter of 14 m and a length of 1.2 mm had good optical performance. By monitoring the ring-down time of the system, relatively high sensitivity of 411.576 s/ RIU was achieved with refractive index values from 1.333 to 1.412. This sensor offers few interferences, high sensitivity, easy fabrication, and low cost.

Simultaneous measurement of pressure and temperature by employing Fabry-Perot interferometer based on pendant polymer droplet.

We investigated a novel and ultracompact polymer-capped Fabry-Perot interferometer, which is based on a polymer capped on the endface of a single mode fiber (SMF). The proposed Fabry-Perot interferometer has advantages of easy fabrication, low cost, and high sensitivity. The variation of the Fabry-Perot cavity length can be easily controlled by using the motors of a normal arc fusion splicer. Moreover, the enhanced mechanical strength of the Fabry-Perot interferometer makes it suitable for high sensitivity pressure and temperature sensing in harsh environments. The proposed interferometer exhibits a wavelength shift of the interference fringes that corresponds to a temperature sensitivity of 249 pm/°C and a pressure sensitivity of 1130 pm/MPa, respectively, around the wavelength of 1560 nm.

Effect of Distance between Two Optical Single Mode Fibers on Minimum Splice Losses by Using Arc Fusion Splicer

Effect of Distance between Two Optical Single Mode Fibers on Minimum Splice Losses by Using Arc Fusion Splicer

Magnetic field sensor based on asymmetric optical fiber taper and magnetic fluid

We report an optical fiber magnetic field sensor by merging the advantages of magnetic fluid and a core–cladding–mode interferometer which is directly fabricated on a standard single-mode fiber by using an arc fusion splicing machine. The sensing performances of the sensors are controllable by designing the parameters of the asymmetric-tapered structure. Experimental results show that the sensor with axial offset of 168μm and taper waist diameter of 45μm not only has good optical properties but also a relatively high magnetic-field sensitivity of ∼162.06pm/mT ranging from 0 to 21.4mT. The proposed sensors would find potential applications in weak magnetic sensing fields.