Arachidonic Acid Content Research Articles

Biotransformation of Animal Fat-By Products into ARA-Enriched Fermented Bioproducts by Solid-State Fermentation of Mortierella alpina.

Solid-state fermentation (SSF) is a powerful fermentation technology for valorizing rest materials and by-products of different origin. Oleaginous Zygomycetes fungi are often used in SSF as an effective cell factory able to valorize a wide range of hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates and produce lipid-enriched bioproducts. In this study, for the first time, the strain Mortierella alpina was used in SSF for the bioconversion of animal fat by-products into high value fermented bioproducts enriched with arachidonic acid (ARA). Two cereals-based matrixes mixed with four different concentrations of animal fat by-product were evaluated for finding optimal conditions of a fat-based SSF. All obtained fermented bioproducts were found to be enriched with ARA. The highest substrate utilization (25.8%) was reached for cornmeal and it was almost double than for the respective wheat bran samples. Similarly, total fatty acid content in a fermented bioproduct prepared on cornmeal is almost four times higher in contrast to wheat bran-based bioproduct. Although in general the addition of an animal fat by-product caused a gradual cessation of ARA yield in the obtained fermented bioproduct, the content of ARA in fungal biomass was higher. Thus, M. alpina CCF2861 effectively transformed exogenous fatty acids from animal fat substrate to ARA. Maximum yield of 32.1 mg of ARA/g of bioproduct was reached when using cornmeal mixed with 5% (w/w) of an animal fat by-product as substrate. Furthermore, implementation of attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy in characterization of obtained SSF bioproducts was successfully tested as an alternative tool for complex analysis, compared to traditional time-consuming methods.

Production of arachidonic acid by Mortierella alpina using wastes from potato chips industry.

This research aimed to determine the potential use of wastes from the potato chips industry as a carbon source to develop an economical culture medium for the production of biomass, lipids and arachidonic acid (ARA) by Mortierella alpina. A synthetic culture medium was optimized using a Plackett-Burman and central composite rotatable design, and used as a base to evaluate and characterize the potential use of wastes from the potato chips industry as carbon sources for the production of biomass, lipids and ARA by M. alpina. The waste was selected among other solid and liquid hydrolysed residues/by-products, and local low-cost alternatives for nitrogen sources were also evaluated. After 6days of fermentation, the biomass concentration reached 20gl-1 with 40% of total lipids, and a 35% ARA content in the lipids fraction. Savings in production were calculated using a sensitivity analysis for the alternative culture medium in different scenarios. This study showed a 7% savings in culture media expenses in the production of ARA-enriched biomass of M. alpina, compared to the conventional synthetic culture medium, when waste from the potato chips industry was used as an alternative source of carbon and macro/microelements, supplemented with a low-cost yeast extract alternative. The demonstration of the use of potato chips wastes as a low-cost carbon source for the biomass, lipids and ARA production, suggesting an eco-friendly alternative for the use of agri-food wastes for valuable metabolites production.

Functional diversity of microboring Ostreobium algae isolated from corals.

The filamentous chlorophyte Ostreobium sp. dominates shallow marine carbonate microboring communities, and is one of the major agents of reef bioerosion. While its large genetic diversity has emerged, its physiology remains little known, with unexplored relationship between genotypes and phenotypes (endolithic versus free-living growth forms). Here, we isolated nine strains affiliated to two lineages of Ostreobium (>8% sequence divergence of the plastid gene rbcL), one of which was assigned to the family Odoaceae, from the fast-growing coral host Pocillopora acuta Lamarck 1816. Free-living isolates maintained their bioerosive potential, colonizing pre-bleached coral carbonate skeletons. We compared phenotypes, highlighting shifts in pigment and fatty acid compositions, carbon to nitrogen ratios and stable isotope compositions (δ13 C and δ15 N). Our data show a pattern of higher chlorophyll b and lower arachidonic acid (20:4ω6) content in endolithic versus free-living Ostreobium. Photosynthetic carbon fixation and nitrate uptake, quantified via 8 h pulse-labeling with 13 C-bicarbonate and 15 N-nitrate, showed lower isotopic enrichment in endolithic compared to free-living filaments. Our results highlight the functional plasticity of Ostreobium phenotypes. The isotope tracer approach opens the way to further study the biogeochemical cycling and trophic ecology of these cryptic algae at coral holobiont and reef scales.

Changes in fatty acids in plasma and association with the inflammatory response in dairy cows abomasally infused with essential fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid during late and early lactation

Dairy cows are exposed to increased inflammatory processes in the transition period from late pregnancy to early lactation. Essential fatty acids (EFA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) are thought to modulate the inflammatory response in dairy cows. The present study investigated the effects of a combined EFA and CLA infusion on the fatty acid (FA) status in plasma lipids, and whether changes in the FA pattern were associated with the acute phase and inflammatory response during late pregnancy and early lactation. Rumen-cannulated Holstein cows (n = 40) were assigned from wk 9 antepartum to wk 9 postpartum to 1 of 4 treatment groups. Cows were abomasally supplemented with coconut oil (CTRL, 76 g/d), linseed and safflower oil (EFA, 78 g/d of linseed oil and 4 g/d of safflower oil; ratio of oils = 19.5:1; n-6:n-3 FA ratio = 1:3), Lutalin (CLA, 38 g/d; isomers cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12; each 10 g/d), or both (EFA+CLA). Blood samples were taken to measure changes in FA in blood plasma on d -63, -42, 1, 28, and 56, and in plasma lipid fractions (cholesterol esters, free fatty acids, phospholipids, and triglycerides) on d -42, 1, and 56 relative to calving, and in erythrocyte membrane (EM) on d 56 after calving. Traits related to the acute phase response and inflammation were measured in blood throughout the study. Liver samples were obtained for biopsy on d -63, -21, 1, 28, and 63 relative to calving to measure the mRNA abundance of genes related to the inflammatory response. The concentrations of α-linolenic acid and n-3 FA metabolites increased in lipid fractions (especially phospholipids) and EM due to EFA supplementation with higher α-linolenic acid but lower n-3 metabolite concentrations in EFA+CLA than in EFA treatment only. Concentration of linoleic acid decreased in plasma fat toward calving and increased during early lactation in all groups. Concentration of plasma arachidonic acid was lower in EFA- than in non-EFA-treated groups in lipid fractions and EM. The cis-9,trans-11 CLA increased in all lipid fractions and EM after both CLA treatments. Plasma haptoglobin was lowered by EFA treatment before calving. Plasma bilirubin was lower in EFA and CLA than in CTRL at calving. Plasma concentration of IL-1β was higher in EFA than in CTRL and EFA+CLA at certain time points before and after calving. Plasma fibrinogen dropped faster in CLA than in EFA and EFA+CLA on d 14 postpartum. Plasma paraoxonase tended to be elevated by EFA treatment, and was higher in EFA+CLA than in CTRL on d 49. Hepatic mRNA abundance revealed time changes but no treatment effects with respect to the inflammatory response. Our data confirmed the enrichment of n-3 FA in EM by EFA treatment and the inhibition of n-3 FA desaturation by CLA treatment. The elevated n-3 FA status and reduced n-6:n-3 ratio by EFA treatment indicated a more distinct effect on the inflammatory response during the transition period than the single CLA treatment, and the combined EFA+CLA treatment caused minor additional changes on the anti-inflammatory response.

Multiple omics analysis reveals that high fiber diets promote gluconeogenesis and inhibit glycolysis in muscle

BackgroundMeat quality is a complex trait affected by genotypic and environmental factors. In a previous study, it was found that feedstuffs have various effects on the growth rate and meat quality of lambs. However, the underlying mechanisms are still not entirely clear.ResultsIn this study, to investigate the mechanisms that impact meat quality in twin sheep fed either with high fiber low protein (HFLP) forage (Ceratoides) or low fiber high protein (LFHP) forage (alfalfa) diets, multi omics techniques were utilized for integration analysis based on the feed nutritional value and the sheep microbiome, transcriptome, metabolome, and fatty acid profile. Results showed that the production performance and the muscle components of lambs were significantly affected by feeds. The essential fatty acid (linoleic acid and arachidonic acid) content of the muscle, based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, was increased when lambs were fed with HFLP. The microbes in the lambs’ rumen fed a HFLP diet were more diverse than those of the LFHP fed group. Besides, the ratio of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes in the rumen of the sheep fed a LFHP diet was 2.6 times higher than that of the HFLP fed group. Transcriptome analysis of the muscle revealed that the genes related to glucose metabolic processes and fatty acid biosynthesis were significantly differentially expressed between the two groups. Potential cross talk was found between the sfour omics data layers, which helps to understand the mechanism by which feedstuffs affect meat quality of lambs.ConclusionFeed systems may affect the epigenetic regulation of genes involved in the glucose metabolic pathway. HFLP feeds could induce gluconeogenesis to maintain glucose levels in blood, resulting in decreased fat content in muscle. The multiple omics analysis showed that the microbiota structure is significantly correlated with the metabolome and gene expression in muscle. This study laid a theoretical foundation for controlling the nutrient intake of sheep; it suggested that its fatty acid spectrum modifications and the removal of meat quality detrimental material could guide sheep feeding for functional mutton.

Effect of microwave and oven roasting methods on total phenol, antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds, and fatty acid compositions of coffee beans

Roasting is an important step of coffee processing which affects its quality characteristics. We investigated the effect of microwave and oven roasting on its physicochemical and antioxidant properties, and the fatty acids content. The oil contents of green and roasted coffee beans were determined as 5.75% (green), 9.65% (oven), and 2.70% (microwave). The total phenol content of green coffee beans was decreased by 13.59% and 16.66% on microwave and oven roasting, respectively. Microwave and oven roasting caused a decrease of 34.76% and 37.63%, respectively, in the antioxidant potential of green coffee beans. With few exceptions, the contents of most of the phenolic compounds were increased during roasting of coffee beans. The palmitic acid content decreased, while the oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acid contents of roasted coffee bean oils were increased during roasting. This information could be helpful for securing the maximal health benefits of coffee. Practical applications Coffea arabica is one of the species of coffee which is highly consumed comparing with other species. The antioxidant compounds such as caffeine and chlorogenic acid in coffee beverage play an important role in reducing the prevalence of chronic diseases. Roasting is a vital step for the processing of coffee beans to be used as a beverage. It affects the main constituents of the coffee beans. This study provides the useful information of roasting process on antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds, and fatty acids of coffee beans which can be helpful for reaping the maximum health benefits of coffee.

Arachidonic Acid Metabolites of CYP450 Enzymes and HIF-1α Modulate Endothelium-Dependent Vasorelaxation in Sprague-Dawley Rats under Acute and Intermittent Hyperbaric Oxygenation.

Acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation (AChIR) and responses to reduced pO2 (hypoxia-induced relaxation (HIR), 0% O2) were assessed in vitro in aortic rings of healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 252) under hyperbaric (HBO2) protocols. The studied groups consisted of the CTRL group (untreated); the A-HBO2 group (single HBO2; 120 min of 100% O2 at 2.0 bars); the 24H-HBO2 group (examined 24 h after single exposure) and the 4D-HBO2 group (four consecutive days of single HBO2). AChIR, sensitivity to ACh and iNOS expression were decreased in the A-HBO2 group. HIR was prostanoid- and epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET)-mediated. HIF-1α expression was increased in the 24H-HBO2 and 4D-HBO2 groups. LW6 (HIF-1α inhibitor) decreased HIR in the 24H-HBO2 group. HBO2 affected the expression of COX-1 and COX-2. CYP2c11 expression was elevated in the 24H-HBO2 and 4D-HBO2 groups. Concentrations of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites 14(15)-DiHET, 11(12)-DiHET and 8(9)-DiHET were increased in A-HBO2 and 24H-HBO2. An increased concentration of 8(9)-EET was observed in the A-HBO2 and 24h-HBO2 groups vs. the CTRL and 4D-HBO2 groups, and an increased concentration of 5(6)-DiHET was observed in the 24H-HBO2 group vs. the 4D-HBO2 group. The 20-HETE concentration was increased in the A-HBO2 group. All were determined by LC-MS/MS of the aorta. The results show that AChIR in all groups is mostly NO-dependent. HIR is undoubtedly mediated by the CYP450 enzymes’ metabolites of AA, whereas HIF-1α contributes to restored HIR. Vasoconstrictor metabolites of CYP450 enzymes contribute to attenuated AChIR and HIR in A-HBO2.

Utilization of a commercial probiotic, effective microorganisms, in diet fermentation for rabbitfish grow-out

Rabbitfish (Siganus guttatus) is a herbivorous fish that can utilize a plant-based diet better than omnivore and carnivorous fish. However, the quality of the plant-based diet still needs to be improved so that the rabbitfish can grow faster with better feed efficiency. One effort that is thought to be done to improve the quality of diet is fermentation. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the use of effective commercial microorganisms (EM-4) probiotics in the fermented plant-based diet on the growth performance of rabbitfish. The treatments tested were fermentation of ingredient plant-based diet using EM-4 at different doses namely: F10 (10 mL), F20 (20 mL), F30 (30 mL), F40 (40 mL) per kilogram substrate and WF (unfermented diet). The test diets were given to the rabbitfish juvenile that was cultured in floating net cages in the sea. The initial weight of the test fish is around 48 g, maintained in 15 units of 1x1x1.5 m cage; they fed with satiation in the morning, afternoon, and evening for four months. The results showed that the fermented diet with EM-4 at all doses tends to increase in the content of free fatty acid, total n-3, total n-6, arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) compared to these fatty acids contents in the unfermented diet. The specific growth rate, weight gain, feed efficiency, and protein efficiency ratio was not significantly different (P>0.05) between the treatments. Feed intake was significantly different (P<0.05) between treatment, and it was highest in fish fed the unfermented diet compared to fish fed the fermented diet. Fermentation of the test diets with EM-4 has not been able to improve feed utilization and growth of rabbitfish.

Transcriptome Analyses of Candida albicans Biofilms, Exposed to Arachidonic Acid and Fluconazole, Indicates Potential Drug Targets.

Candida albicans is an opportunistic yeast pathogen within the human microbiota with significant medical importance because of its pathogenic potential. The yeast produces highly resistant biofilms, which are crucial for maintaining infections. Though antifungals are available, their effectiveness is dwindling due to resistance. Alternate options that comprise the combination of existing azoles and polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid (AA), have been shown to increase azoles susceptibility of C. albicans biofilms; however, the mechanisms are still unknown. Therefore, transcriptome analysis was conducted on biofilms exposed to sub-inhibitory concentrations of AA alone, fluconazole alone, and AA combined with fluconazole to understand the possible mechanism involved with the phenomenon. Protein ANalysis THrough Evolutionary Relationships (PANTHER) analysis from the differentially expressed genes revealed that the combination of AA and fluconazole influences biological processes associated with essential processes including methionine synthesis and those involved in ATP generation, such as AMP biosynthesis, fumarate metabolism and fatty acid oxidation. These observations suggests that the interference of AA with these processes may be a possible mechanisms to induce increased antifungal susceptibility.

Arachidonic Acid as an Early Indicator of Inflammation during Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Development.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease characterized by excessive lipid deposition. Lipid metabolism disturbances are possibly associated with hepatocyte inflammation development and oxidative balance impairment. The aim of our experiment was to examine the first moment when changes in plasma and liver arachidonic acid (AA) levels as a pro-inflammatory precursor may occur during high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD development. Wistar rats were fed a diet rich in fat for five weeks, and after each week, inflammation and redox balance parameters were evaluated in the liver. The AA contents in lipid fractions were assessed by gas–liquid chromatography (GLC). Protein expression relevant to inflammatory and lipogenesis pathways was determined by immunoblotting. The oxidative system indicators were determined with assay kits. Our results revealed that a high-fat diet promoted an increase in AA levels, especially in the phospholipid (PL) fraction. Importantly, rapid inflammation development via increased inflammatory enzyme expression, elevated lipid peroxidation product content and oxidative system impairment was caused by the HFD as early as the first week of the experiment. Based on these results, we may postulate that changes in AA content may be an early indicator of inflammation and irreversible changes in NAFLD progression.

Foliar spray of salicylic acid induces physiological and biochemical changes in purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) under drought stress

Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is a plant with a long history in cooking and folk medicine that has been distributed worldwide. In the present study, purslane was used as a model plant to investigate the effect of foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) on plant tolerance to drought stress. The effects of SA foliar spray (0, 0.5 and 1 mM) on physiological and biochemical responses of purslane seedlings under drought stress (90, 60 and 30% field capacity) were investigated. The results showed that drought stress decreased the contents of photosynthetic pigments, parameters of gas exchanges, proline, soluble sugars, total phenolic, flavonoids, growth, and biomass production. However, SA improved photosynthetic pigments, gas exchanges, compatible solutes and secondary metabolites and thereby increased purslane growth and biomass production. Drought stress also induced oxidative stress (H2O2 and MDA) in purslane seedlings; however, SA reduced the drought-induced oxidative stress by regulating the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Drought stress increased the content of palmitic and arachidonic acid and decreased unsaturated fatty acids (oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid), stearic and behenic acid in the leaves of purslane. However, SA improved the fatty acids content under drought stress. These results indicate that foliar application of SA improved the adaptation and tolerance of the purslane plant to drought stress by improving gas exchange, increasing the accumulation of secondary metabolites and compatible solutes, improving the antioxidant defence system and regulating the fatty acids profile of membrane lipid.

Cyclooxygenase 2 as a Marker of Early Pregnancy Loss in Cytomegalovirus Infection

Background. Increased expression of cyclooxygenase 2 in the placenta plays a significant role in the formation of placental disorders in the pathological course of pregnancy. It was shown that a high level of expression of cyclooxygenase 2 leads to excessive synthesis of prostaglandins, which stimulate the contractile activity of the uterine myometrium and trigger the abortion mechanism. An analysis of modern literature has shown a lack of data proving the involvement of cyclooxygenase 2 in the pathogenesis of early miscarriages in cytomegalovirus infection. Objective. To establish the pathogenetic role of cyclooxygenase 2 in early pregnancy in the course of miscarriage during exacerbation of cytomegalovirus infection. Materials and methods. The study included 86 women with a gestational age of 8–12 weeks, of which 46 women with spontaneous abortion (O03) and exacerbation of cytomegalovirus infection (main group) and 40 women with medical abortion (O04) without cytomegalovirus infection (control group). The material for the study was peripheral blood serum, urine, homogenate of the villous chorion of the placental tissue. The content of cyclooxygenase 2, the level of IgM and IgG antibodies to cytomegalovirus, low-type IgG antibodies to cytomegalovirus (avidity index) were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; the content of arachidonic acid – by capillary gas-liquid chromatography. Results. During the study, women of the main group found an increase in the concentration of arachidonic acid by 59 % (p &lt; 0.001) and the activity of the lipolytic enzyme cyclooxygenase 2 – by 58 % (p &lt; 0.001) in the placenta villous chorion homogenate. Conclusion. With an exacerbation of cytomegalovirus infection in the homogenate of the villous placenta chorion of pregnant women with spontaneous abortion, an increase in the content of arachidonic acid and the level of cyclooxygenase 2 is observed. An increased level of cyclooxygenase 2 indicates the development of pregnancy complications and can be used as a non-specific marker predictor of pregnancy termination during exacerbation of cytosis.

Effects of different dietary oils on egg quality and reproductive performance in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

The study was conducted to evaluate effects of different dietary oils on egg quality and reproductive performance in rainbow trout. Broodfish (≈ 870 g) were fed four iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipidic diets differing in lipid sources: fish oil (FO), linseed oil (LO) and sesame oil (SO) as well as a commercial trout diet (CD) for about 5 months prior to spawning. Growth performance did not differ among the trout in the treatment groups. Mean diameter, volume and weight of eggs did not differ among the dietary treatments. Absolute fecundity, relative fecundity and gonadosomatic index were not affected by dietary treatment. A sub-set of eggs from females fed the experimental diets were fertilized to assess the reproductive performance of broodfish. When diets were fed, devoid of fish oil, fertilization rates were 89.2 ± 5.8 and 92.1 ± 4.9 %, eyeing rates were 87.3 ± 5.3 and 84.1 ± 4.4 % and hatching rates were 81.2 ± 4.3 and 78.3 ± 3.4 % in LO and SO fed fish, respectively. Fatty acid content of the eggs from broodstocks with a different nutritional history was affected by the dietary lipid sources. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), arachidonic acid (ARA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentrations in females fed vegetable oil based diets were greater than the dietary concentrations. Overall, results from the present study indicate there can be inclusion of LO or SO as dietary lipid sources without compromising egg quality and reproductive performance. Furthermore, there is efficient bioconversion of 18C fatty acids to 20–22 C fatty acids in rainbow trout.

PCTR1 ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute inflammation and multiple organ damage via regulation of linoleic acid metabolism by promoting FADS1/FASDS2/ELOV2 expression and reducing PLA2 expression

Gram-negative bacterial infection causes an excessive inflammatory response and acute organ damage or dysfunction due to its outer membrane component, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Protectin conjugates in tissue regeneration 1 (PCTR1), an endogenous lipid mediator, exerts fundamental anti-inflammation and pro-resolution during infection. In the present study, we examined the properties of PCTR1 on the systemic inflammatory response, organic morphological damage and dysfunction, and serum metabolic biomarkers in an LPS-induced acute inflammatory mouse model. The results show that PCTR1 reduced serum inflammatory factors and ameliorated morphological damage and dysfunction of the lung, liver, kidney, and ultimately improved the survival rate of LPS-induced acute inflammation in mice. In addition, metabolomics analysis and high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed that LPS-stimulated serum linoleic acid (LA), arachidonic acid (AA), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels were significantly altered by PCTR1. Moreover, PCTR1 upregulated LPS-inhibited fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1), fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2), and elongase of very long chain fatty acids 2 (ELOVL2) expression, and downregulated LPS-stimulated phospholipase A2 (PLA2) expression to increase the intrahepatic content of AA. However, these effects of PCTR1 were partially abrogated by a lipoxin A4 receptor (ALX) antagonist (BOC-2). In summary, via the activation of ALX, PCTR1 promotes the conversion of LA to AA through upregulation of FADS1, FADS2, and ELOVL2 expression, and inhibits the conversion of bound AA into free AA through downregulation of PLA2 expression to decrease the serum AA and PGE2 levels.

Postpartum meloxicam administration alters plasma haptoglobin, polyunsaturated fatty acid, and oxylipid concentrations in postpartum ewes

BackgroundPostpartum inflammation is a natural and necessary response; however, a dysfunctional inflammatory response can be detrimental to animal productivity. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (meloxicam) on ewe postpartum inflammatory response, ewe plasma polyunsaturated fatty acid and oxylipid concentrations, and lamb growth.ResultsAfter lambing, 36 Hampshire and Hampshire × Suffolk ewes were sequentially assigned within type of birth to control (n = 17) or meloxicam orally administered on d 1 and 4 of lactation (MEL; 90 mg, n = 19). Milk and blood samples were collected on d 1 (prior to treatment) and d 4. Milk glucose-6-phosphate was not affected by MEL. Plasma haptoglobin (Hp) concentrations were less for MEL ewes; control ewes with greater d 1 Hp concentrations had elevated Hp on d 4, but this was not the case for MEL-treated ewes. Treatment with MEL increased plasma arachidonic acid concentration by more than 4-fold in ewes rearing singles but decreased concentrations of 9,10-dihydroxyoctadecenoic acid, prostaglandin F2α, 8-iso-prostaglandin E2, and 8,9-dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid. Nine oxylipids in plasma had interactions of treatment with d 1 Hp concentration, all of which revealed positive associations between d 1 Hp and d 4 oxylipid concentrations for CON, but neutral or negative relationships for MEL. MEL decreased 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid:13-oxooctadecadienoic acid ratio and tended to increase 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid:9-oxooctadecadienoic acid ratio (both dependent on d 1 values), indicating progressive metabolism of linoleic acid-derived oxylipids occurred by enzymatic oxidation after MEL treatment. Meloxicam reduced oxylipids generated across oxygenation pathways, potentially due to an improved redox state.ConclusionsPostpartum MEL treatment of ewes decreased plasma concentrations of Hp and several oxylipids, with the greatest impact in ewes with biomarkers reflecting a greater inflammatory state before treatment. Anti-inflammatory strategies may help resolve excessive postpartum inflammation in some dams.

The role of lipid peroxidation products in the development of iron deficiency anemia in cytomegalovirus infection in pregnant women of the first trimester

Aim. To establish the role of lipid peroxidation (LPO) products in the development of iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women of the first trimester during exacerbation of cytomegalovirus infection. Materials and methods . A prospective case-control study included 60 women in the first trimester of pregnancy (8-12 weeks), of which 35 were cytomegalovirus-positive with mild iron deficiency anemia (main group) and 25 - cytomegalovirus-seronegative (control group). Antibodies of IgM and IgG to CMV, low avid IgG (avidity index), and serum ferritin concentration were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In order to assess the intensity of LPO processes in blood serum spectrophoto-metric method was used to measure the levels of molecular products of oxidation: diene conjugates and active products of thiobarbituric acid. The concentration of arachidonic acid in blood serum was analyzed by means of the method of capillary gas-liquid chromatography. The concentration of total hemoglobin in red blood cells was measured by photometry. The study of iron metabolism included: evaluation of serum iron by spectrophotometric method, the total iron binding capacity of serum using commercial kits of the company “Lachema” (Czech Republic), transferrin saturation coefficient by means of calculation method. Results . Activation of LPO processes was noted in women of the main group, as evidenced by an increase in the concentration of diene conjugates by 1.54 times (p<0.001), active products of thiobarbituric acid by 2.4 times (p<0.001) and arachidonic acid by 1.3 times (p<0.001) compared with similar indicators of the control group. It has been found that hemoglobin levels were reduced by 1.2 times (p<0.001), serum iron and ferritin, respectively, by 1.4 (p<0.001) and 2 times (p<0.001), in the setting of an increase in the total iron binding capacity of serum while reducing the coefficient of iron saturation with transferrin. Conclusion . The data obtained indicate the important role of LPO products in the pathogenesis of iron deficiency anemia during exacerbation of cytomegalovirus infection in the first trimester of gestation.

The body fat distribution and fatty acid composition of muscles and adipose tissues in geese

In this study, we evaluated the body fat distribution and fatty acid composition of muscles and adipose tissues of Yangzhou geese, including thirty 60-day-old goslings (15 males and 15 females) and 20 320-day-old geese (10 males and 10 females). Adipose tissues of Yangzhou geese were distributed widely and could be divided into 5 types: subcutaneous fat, abdominal fat, sartorial fat, neck fat, and mesenteric fat. Higher contents of abdominal fat, sartorial fat, neck fat, and mesenteric fat but a lower content of subcutaneous fat were found in adult geese than in goslings (P ≤ 0.05). Adult female geese deposited more fat than adult male geese (P ≤ 0.05). No difference was found in the fat distribution and fat content between male and female goslings (P > 0.05). The breast muscle of adult geese was characterized by a higher content of total monounsaturated fatty acids (ΣMUFAs) and a lower content of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ΣPUFAs n-6) than that of goslings (P ≤ 0.05). Lower concentrations of total saturated fatty acids and ΣPUFA were found in adult female geese than in female goslings (P ≤ 0.05). In comparison with adult female geese, the breast muscle of adult male geese had higher total saturated fatty acids and stearic acid (P ≤ 0.05). For the thigh muscle, adult female geese had a higher ΣMUFAs content than adult male geese (P ≤ 0.05). In adipose tissues, adult geese had a higher Σn-6/Σn-3 ratio but had lower contents of erucic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, docosatetraenoic acid, and ΣPUFA n-3 than goslings, and adult female geese had a higher ΣMUFAs content than adult male geese (P ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, adult geese, especially adult female geese, accumulated more fat than goslings. Both age and sex affected the fatty acid composition of muscles and adipose tissues in geese. This research provides essential information not only for the nutritional evaluation of geese but also for the consumption and processing of goose products.

Moringa oleifera Intake during Pregnancy and Breastfeeding toward Docosahexaenoic Acid and Arachidonic Acid Levels in Breast Milk

BACKGROUND: Moringa oleifera is a nutritional food supplement that can save lives, particularly in countries with malnourished community. Such supplement can also be provided to breastfeeding mothers so that they can produce more breast milk.&#x0D; AIM: This study investigated the effect of M. oleifera on pregnant and breastfeeding mothers on their breast milk’s docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) concentration.&#x0D; METHODS: This was a longitudinal study which was the continuity from the previous experimental study. The research sample was 64 breastfeeding mothers given Moringa leaves powder (MLP), Moringa leaves extract (MLE), or iron-folic acid (IFA). The data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis test with the significance level of 95% aiming to assess the difference between the breast milk’s DHA and AA level on MLP, MLE, and IFA groups.&#x0D; RESULTS: This research indicated that most mothers had low education level (71.9 %) and did not work (89.1%). There was no significant difference between the DHA level (p = 0.215) and AA (p = 0.914) of the breast milk among the MLP, MLE, and IFA groups.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: The intervention might contribute a little effect on DHA and AA level in the breast milk.

Estimation of the content of lipids composing endothelial lipid droplets based on Raman imaging

Lipid droplets (LDs) are dynamic organelles involved in intracellular lipid metabolism, and the biogenesis of LDs in endothelium is triggered by the excess of lipids in the environment. In this paper we present the methodology aimed to define the composition of endothelial LDs formed upon stimulation with oleic acid (OA) in two models: endothelial cells cultured in vitro and in isolated blood vessel ex vivo. The biochemical composition of LDs was determined using Raman imaging, followed by the lipid unsaturation calibration analysis and modelling of spectral bands based on individual spectra of selected lipids. Among LDs formed in response to OA in vitro or ex vivo conditions there were two types of LDs; those with more unsaturated (average number of CC bonds equalled 1.40) or saturated (average number of CC bonds equalled 0.95) lipids. The modelling of endothelial LDs composition revealed the OA represented a major component of LDs (80.6–91.3%) with an important content of arachidonic acid (8.7–19.4%). In conclusion, endothelial LDs consist of exogenous oleic acid uptaken from the extracellular space, and the endogenous arachidonic acid released from plasma membranes.

A Lipidomic Perspective of the Action of Group IIA Secreted Phospholipase A2 on Human Monocytes: Lipid Droplet Biogenesis and Activation of Cytosolic Phospholipase A2α.

Phospholipase A2s constitute a wide group of lipid-modifying enzymes which display a variety of functions in innate immune responses. In this work, we utilized mass spectrometry-based lipidomic approaches to investigate the action of Asp-49 Ca2+-dependent secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) (MT-III) and Lys-49 sPLA2 (MT-II), two group IIA phospholipase A2s isolated from the venom of the snake Bothrops asper, on human peripheral blood monocytes. MT-III is catalytically active, whereas MT-II lacks enzyme activity. A large decrease in the fatty acid content of membrane phospholipids was detected in MT III-treated monocytes. The significant diminution of the cellular content of phospholipid-bound arachidonic acid seemed to be mediated, in part, by the activation of the endogenous group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2α. MT-III triggered the formation of triacylglycerol and cholesterol enriched in palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids, but not arachidonic acid, along with an increase in lipid droplet synthesis. Additionally, it was shown that the increased availability of arachidonic acid arising from phospholipid hydrolysis promoted abundant eicosanoid synthesis. The inactive form, MT-II, failed to produce any of the effects described above. These studies provide a complete lipidomic characterization of the monocyte response to snake venom group IIA phospholipase A2, and reveal significant connections among lipid droplet biogenesis, cell signaling and biochemical pathways that contribute to initiating the inflammatory response.