Beyond numerical quantity: A study of the sub-base-five effect in single-digit comparison.

Purpose This study examines how charity advertising appeals and numeric formats jointly influence donation intentions, drawing on construal-level theory and dual coding theory. Design/methodology/approach Five experiments (N = 1,338) investigated the effects of numeric formats (Arabic vs verbal numerals) and charity advertising appeals (competence-based vs warmth-based) on donation intentions, with perceived fit and expected value as mediators and sense of power as a moderator. Findings Competence-based appeals were more effective with Arabic numerals, whereas warmth-based appeals were more effective with verbal numerals. Perceived fit and expected value mediated these effects and sense of power moderated the interaction. Originality/value This study shows that aligning numeric formats with appeal types enhances donation intentions, offering insights into personalized interactive marketing. It extends research on cognitive mechanisms in charity advertising and provides practical guidance for designing more effective strategies to increase engagement and donations across diverse audiences.

Previous studies have demonstrated that numerical magnitudes can induce attentional biases mainly in a horizontal space. The present study aimed to clarify spatial-numerical association in horizontal, vertical, and two-dimensional square stimuli composed of visually aligned strings of relatively smaller Arabic numerals (i.e., 1 or 2) or larger numerals (i.e., 8 or 9). Neurologically and psychiatrically healthy participants, all of whom were Japanese speakers, were instructed to identify the veridical center of the stimuli. The results indicated that, with horizontal stimuli, participants placed their subjective midpoint farther left when smaller numbers were presented compared to larger numbers, consistent with the predicted left-to-right mental number line. With vertical stimuli, however, smaller numbers induced biases upwards, inconsistent with the predicted bottom-to-top representation. For the square, the stimuli with number strings elicited biases with a stronger vertical component, whereas the stimuli without number strings elicited biases with a stronger horizontal component. The upward biases for the square stimuli with number strings may reflect the activation of object-based processing rather than the cognitive function of numerical processing. These findings suggest that distinct mechanisms may predominate over spatial-numerical associations with regard to the biases in the two-dimensional plane.

Numbers present persistent challenges in interpreting, yet cognitive mechanisms underlying notation-specific processing remain underexplored. While eye-tracking studies in visually-assisted simultaneous interpreting have advanced number research, they predominantly examine Arabic numerals in non-Chinese contexts—neglecting notation diversity increasingly prevalent in computer-assisted interpreting systems where Automatic Speech Recognition outputs vary across languages. Addressing these gaps, this study investigated how number notation (Arabic digits vs. Chinese character numbers) affects trainee interpreters’ cognitive effort and performance in Chinese-to-English sight translation. Employing a mixed-methods design, we measured global (task-level) and local (number-specific) eye movements alongside expert assessments, output analysis, and subjective assessments. Results show that Chinese character numbers demand significantly greater cognitive effort than Arabic digits, evidenced by more and longer fixations, more extensive saccadic movements, and a larger eye-voice span. Concurrently, sight translation quality decreased markedly with Chinese character numbers, with more processing attempts yet lower accuracy and fluency. Subjective workload ratings confirmed higher mental, physical, and temporal demands in Task 2. These findings reveal an effort-quality paradox where greater cognitive investment in processing complex notations leads to poorer outcomes, and highlight the urgent need for notation-specific training strategies and adaptive technologies in multilingual communication.

Conflict tasks often yield smaller mean congruency effects when relevant (target) and irrelevant (distractor) information is mostly incongruent rather than mostly congruent. While this proportion congruency effect may reflect proactive control adaptation, only a few previous studies have provided convincing evidence for proactive control adaptation when ruling out contingency learning and reactive (item-specific) control adaptation. In this study, we present further evidence for proactive control adaptation (as reflected in proportion congruency effects and asymmetrical list-shifting effects in contingency-controlled diagnostic items) across three experiments (each N = 100 participants) using manual counting Stroop tasks (Experiment 1: number words as distractors; Experiment 2: Arabic numerals as distractors; Experiment 3: number words and Arabic numerals as inducer and diagnostic items or vice versa). To better understand the processes underlying proactive control adaptation, we conducted fine-grained distributional analyses (delta functions) and model-based analyses (diffusion model for conflict tasks). These analyses suggest that proactive control adaptation in manual counting Stroop tasks mainly reflects adjustments in the strength of distractor suppression rather than in the timing of distractor suppression, the strength of target amplification, or response caution. Additional distributional and diffusion model reanalyses of the data by Spinelli and Lupker (2023, Experiments 1-3) revealed a similar pattern in vocal color Stroop tasks. In conclusion, the present study provides new evidence for proactive control adaptation in manual counting Stroop tasks and indicates that proactive control adaptation mainly reflects adjustments in the strength of distractor suppression in both manual and vocal Stroop tasks. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Integration of symbolic and non-symbolic numerical information in children: Task dependence and its link to math abilities.

It is debated whether there is an abstract, format-independent representation of number in the human brain, eg whether "four" shares a neural representation with "4." Most previous studies have used magnitude to investigate this question, despite potential confounds with relative quantity processing. This study used the numerical property of parity. Electroencephalogram recordings were collected from participants performing a fixation-cross task, while viewing 20-s sequences of alternating even and odd Arabic numerals presented at 7.5Hz: responses to parity were selectively tagged at the asymmetry frequency of 3.75Hz. Parity asymmetry responses emerged significantly over the occipito-temporal (OT) cortex, and were larger than control asymmetry responses to isolated physical stimulus differences, replicating a previous study. Following 20-s adaptation to cross-font even numerals, larger parity responses were recorded over the right OT cortex, further supporting distinct representations of even/odd numbers; there was no corresponding control adaptation effect. Interestingly, adaptation to even canonical dot stimuli also produced significantly larger parity asymmetry responses; adaptation to even number words trended non-significantly. These results are in line with parity being processed automatically, even across formats. More generally, they suggest that parity is a useful means for probing abstract representation of number in the human brain.

ABSTRACTBackground/AimsTraumatic dental injuries (TDIs) can result in complications that may manifest long after the initial injury. Long‐term follow‐up is essential. Registration systems must be easy to use. This study aimed to describe and validate a simple registration system for clinician‐important TDI outcomes as an index.Materials/MethodsThe clinical and radiological outcome findings were formulated with five digits in line with the Eden Baysal Dental Trauma Index. Twenty‐five experts (n = 15 in a primary expert panel and n = 10 in a feedback panel) from seventeen countries participated in the validation process using the e‐Delphi method. After two rounds to reach consensus, the second version of the proposed system was presented to the feedback group. The revised post‐feedback version was re‐evaluated by the primary experts. All experts commented freely and answered four questions on the system's use using a three‐point Likert‐scale.ResultsThe approved name of the proposed system is “Eden Dental Trauma Outcome Index”. The first digit reports the success of the restoration, and the second digit reports the healing type of root fracture. Coding the first two digits changed from Roman to Arabic numerals after the first round. The third digit records the external root resorption type with capitalised first letters of the two words describing the type. The fourth digit reports the maturity of the apex with lowercase first letters. The fifth digit records pulp status with Arabic numerals. Codes for unclear situations and tooth loss were added to all digits in the final version. All experts in the primary panel and 83.3% in the feedback panel reported that the index is practical but needs experience.ConclusionAfter four validation rounds, the “Eden Dental Trauma Outcome Index” for reporting clinician‐important outcomes was approved for face and content validity and external validity.

Abstract Electronically controlled modulation devices with highly tunable intensities operating in the terahertz (THz) band must be developed and improved for the integration and miniaturization of THz‐based systems. Notably, electronic THz modulation devices suffer from a trade‐off between low insertion loss and high modulation depth, which cannot be simultaneously achieved. In this work, a THz intensity modulation mechanism based on dual Fabry–Pérot cavity resonant coupling is proposed, modeled, and described. The electrically tunable intensity modulator is composed of quartz/PEDOT:PSS:DMSO/EMIM‐TFSI/gold/quartz. The reflectivity of the PEDOT:PSS:DMSO layer can be tuned using an electrical gate, thus adjusting the coupling between the two cavities. In this way, near‐perfect intensity modulation (modulation depth of 94.5%) is achieved at 0.64 THz. A controllable THz amplitude grating, which can switch between three modes through electronic control, is also designed to modulate the angle distribution of the reflected wave. Additionally, a 3 × 5 intensity modulation array with individually controlled pixels is built, and 10 Arabic numerals are displayed to demonstrate the validity of the device. This research not only supports the development of innovative THz modulators but also provides an opportunity for exploring the topological dynamics of multicavity resonance.

Suppose that you look Arabic numerals on transparent glass windows or in the air. Which does it mean '85' or '28'? You end up watching the mirrored images when you view from back side. This is the problem to be solved for air floating image or aero signage that is our research target. In 2018, our research group had solved this problem in glass windows. But observers could not freely pass through images although they appear to be floating in the air. In this paper, the authors describe optical elements for aerial display system using hard candy or thin films made from boiled down sugar with water which will harden and can keep its shape.

Previous task-switching research typically assumed that event-related potentials related to task switching, such as the target-locked switch positivity difference wave (SPDW), were indicators of cognitive control during task-set control. This study challenges that assumption. In two conventional numeric task-switching experiments (odd-even and low-high tasks), unknown symbols represented common Arabic numerals. Participants in the compound retrieval groups were unaware of the symbols' semantic meanings and relied solely on associative learning-based retrieval strategies, whereas those in the task rule groups understood the symbols and used standard task rules requiring cognitive control. Experiment 1 revealed that behavioral task-switching costs were significant only in the task rule group and completely disappeared in the compound retrieval group. However, both groups exhibited reliable SPDW without any between-group differences. Experiment 2 employed a dual-cue design to distinguish between cue-switching and task-switching. The results showed reliable cue-switch-related SPDW, while task-switch-related SPDW was not significant and showed no differences between the compound retrieval and task rule groups. Overall, there was no evidence to suggest that SPDW is a reliable marker of cognitive control. The study concluded that even if cognitive control can induce SPDW, using SPDW to represent cognitive control might not be the most appropriate approach.

Driven by religious fervor, intellectuals in Renaissance and Enlightenment Europe were eager to restore the primitive, universal language that was thought to prevail before Babel. Jesuit missionary reports of people from (present day) China, Japan, Vietnam, and South Korea speaking mutually unintelligible languages yet engaging in interactive and face-to-face intellectual exchange in writing fascinated these intellectuals. The non-alphabetic Chinese script (漢字 Mand: hànzì, Jap: kanji, Viet: chữ Hán, S. Kor: hanja) was widely construed as an ideal ideographic code or cipher not unlike Arabic numerals, mathematical symbols, and musical notation. Here, ideologies embodied by the script were such that it conveyed meanings by eye, through non-alphabetic ‘real characters’ and semantic imprecision, and which could overcome or avoid confusion frequently arising in European aural communication. (edited to here) That misguided belief unleashed the ‘ideographic myth’ concerning the semiotic affordance of written Chinese since the seventeenth century. That myth was laid to rest relatively recently in the twentieth century through evidence-based scholarly debate, buttressed by robust psycholinguistic research insights whereby to express any and all ideas in any natural language, morphographic Chinese included, writing must necessarily be mediated by speech. Even though the once popular but misguided belief in ideography was finally debunked, the interactional dynamics or modus operandi of how literati of Sinitic from different parts of Sinographic East Asia could comprehend and make meaning using the Sinitic script remains unaccounted for. In different parts of Sinographic East Asia, sinograms were acquired by those raised in socio- politically influential and/or econo-culturally resourceful families, often studiously through repetitious reading and writing practices using the local vernacular pronunciation. Shared knowledge of a range of literary canons written in Classical Chinese or Literary Sinitic was an indispensable condition behind its ‘scripta franca’ function in cross-border communication. With the help of selected documented examples of Sinitic brush-talk (漢文筆談), this paper illustrates how, for centuries until the 1900s, Sinitic-based ‘silent conversation’ was made possible by phonetic inter-subjectivity, in that individual brush-talkers were able to improvise and make sense of sinograms via their respective vernacular reading pronunciations.

Introduction: Meningiomas are group of mostly benign and commonest non glial tumours. The revised 5th edition of WHO 2021 classification of tumours of the central nervous system categorized meningiomas into single type, with its broad morphological spectrum reflected in 15 subtypes. Aim and Objectives: The main objective of new classification was on grading of tumour along with molecular emphasis. New classification also favoured use of Arabic numerals for grading compared to traditional Roman numerals. The biological behaviour and recurrences are difficult to predict from morphology alone, so Ki-67 Proliferation Index aide in grading of meningioma. The aim of study was to evaluate the histomorphology and grade of meningiomas according to CNS 5th edition classification and correlating the grading and subtyping of meningiomas with Ki-67 Proliferation Index. Materials and methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study of 18 months duration. Sample size included 30 cases. After processing and staining with H and E, cases were classified according to WHO 5th edition classification; Ki-67 staining was done on respective slides and proliferation index was calculated. Results: Our study observed that meningiomas were more common in female population (73.3%) with common age of presentation was 4th and 6th decade of life and the most common subtype being transitional meningioma (46.66%). Majority of cases belonged to CNS WHO grade 1 (86.66%) followed by grade 2 (10%) and grade 3 (3.33%). Average Ki-67 PI for grade 1, grade 2 and grade 3 tumours were 3.57,12.47 and 23.20 respectively. Significant co-relation was found between higher grades of meningioma and Ki-67 Proliferation Index. Conclusion: Histomorphology along with Ki-67 proliferation index is an important diagnostic tool for grading of meningiomas and helps the surgeon in establishing better follow up criteria and long-term management strategies for the benefit of the patient. Keywords: Meningioma, New WHO classification, Ki-67 Proliferation Index

This study delves into the intriguing interplay between numbers and letters, with a focus on their role in letter calculation and encoding among Muslims in the Western Islamic world. It traces the historical evolution of Arabic numerals, originating from the Indian numeral system known as Ghubār numerals, and their lasting impact in the Maghreb region until the 19th century AD. The research meticulously examines the sophisticated system of obfuscation and encryption, essential for safeguarding sensitive information during confidential exchanges, thus leaving a profound imprint on numerical practices in the Islamic West. These cryptographic techniques not only ensured information security but also significantly influenced the cultural and socio-economic landscape of the region, fostering trust in commercial transactions and potentially affecting diplomatic exchanges and the preservation of religious texts. This intricate symbiosis between numbers and letters showcases the intellectual ingenuity of Muslim scholars, who utilized mathematics and encryption methodologies to navigate and shape the complexities of their society.

Background: The figures for partial edentulism increase each year. Epidemiological data predict that by 2050, there will be approximately 8.6 million individuals with tooth loss. Objective: To determine the Kennedy classifications by dental arch in adult patients aged 20 years and older seen at the Odontomedic Oral Rehabilitation Specialty Clinic in Portoviejo, Ecuador, during the period from January to April 2024. Method: A quantitative, descriptive, retrospective, and cross-sectional study using purposive sampling for convenience, selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in a total of 37 sample data distributed across 74 arches analyzed using intraoral plaster models. The obtained data were compiled in Microsoft Excel and tabulated using Arabic numerals in SPSS statistical software version 27. Results: Class II predominated in the upper maxillary arch at 34.6%, with the female gender at 56.8% and the age group of 40 to 64 years at 51.35%. Conclusions: The predominant figures reflect a population vulnerable to total edentulism in Portoviejo, Ecuador, and indicate a potential increase in edentulism in this population.

Highly stretchable, self-healing, adhesive, 3D-printable and antibacterial double-network hydrogels for multifunctional wearable sensors.

Some retailers use stars, while others use Arabic numerals to present product ratings. Do consumers evaluate product ratings differently depending on the format? Which format more accurately represents the true magnitude of ratings? Across 12 experiments, we find that neither format is veridical. Consumers overestimate fractional star ratings (e.g., ⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆) and underestimate fractional Arabic numerals (e.g., 3.5). The overestimation of graphical ratings arises from the visual-completion effect: when the visual system perceives an incomplete image of a star, it instinctively activates the complete image, causing consumers to anchor their magnitude judgments on rounded-up numbers (i.e., evaluation of ⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆ is anchored on ⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆). Importantly, our results show that this overestimation of star ratings can be mitigated by using visually complete stars (e.g., ⋆⋆⋆⋆ ). Conversely, the underestimation of Arabic numeral ratings stems from the left-digit effect, which leads consumers to anchor magnitude judgments on rounded-down numbers (i.e., evaluation of 3.5 is anchored on digit 3). Thus, both star and Arabic numeral ratings are systematically misestimated by consumers, with the extent of misestimation varying based on the fractional value and the star-filling technique employed. These findings demonstrate that prevalent rating formats are misleading, highlighting the need for new industry standards.

Associative learning can occur implicitly for stimuli that occur together probabilistically. It is debated whether probabilistic, implicit learning occurs not only at the item level, but also at the category level. Here, we investigated whether associative learning would occur between color and numerical categories, while participants performed a color task. In category-level experiments for each parity and magnitude, high-probability pairings of four numbers with one color were categorically consistent (e.g., the Arabic numerals 2,4,6, and 8 appeared in blue with a high probability, p = .9). Associative learning was measured as higher performance for high-probability vs. low-probability color/number pairings. For both parity and magnitude, performance was significantly better for high- vs. low-probability trials (parity: 3.1% more accurate; magnitude: 1.3% more accurate; 9 ms faster). Category-level learning was also evident in a subsequent color association report task with novel double-digit numbers (parity: 63% accuracy; magnitude: 55%). In control, item-level experiments, in which high-probability pairings were not categorically consistent (e.g., 2,3,6, and 7 appeared in blue with a high probability, p = .9), no significant differences between high- vs. low-probability trials were present. These results are in line with associative learning occurring at the category level, and, further, suggest automatic semantic processing of symbolic numerals in terms of parity and magnitude.

Input panel for handwriting detection based on triboelectric nanogenerator

This study aims to evaluate the performance of various classification methods in recognizing handwritten Arabic numerals, particularly the K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Gaussian Naive Bayes (GNB), and NU Support Vector Classifier (NU SVC) algorithms. In this study, a dataset of handwritten Arabic numerals consisting of 9,350 samples with 10 different classes was used. The research process involved data collection, data labeling, dividing the dataset into training and testing data, implementing classification algorithms, and performance testing using cross-validation methods. The results showed that NU SVC had more stable performance with accuracy close to KNN, while GNB showed the lowest performance. The conclusion of this study emphasizes that the selection of algorithms and parameter optimization is crucial to improve the accuracy and efficiency of handwriting recognition systems. Support Vector Machine (SVM) based algorithms proved to be superior in handling complex classification tasks compared to GNB. This study provides significant contributions to the field of handwriting recognition, particularly in the context of Arabic numeral handwriting, and can serve as a reference for developers of optical character recognition (OCR) systems in the future. Future research is recommended to increase the variety of datasets and further explore parameter optimization and data preprocessing techniques to improve system accuracy.