Applied Physics Research Articles

Quantum Anomalous Hall Effect from Inverted Charge Transfer Gap

A general mechanism is presented by which topological physics arises in strongly correlated systems without flat bands. Starting from a charge transfer insulator, topology emerges when the charge transfer energy between the cation and anion is reduced to invert the lower Hubbard band and the spin-degenerate charge transfer band. A universal low-energy theory is developed for the inversion of the charge transfer gap in a quantum antiferromagnet. The inverted state is found to be a quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) insulator with noncoplanar magnetism. Interactions play two essential roles in this mechanism: producing the insulating gap and quasiparticle bands prior to the band inversion, and causing the change of magnetic order necessary for the QAH effect after inversion. Our theory explains the electric-field-induced transition from a correlated insulator to a QAH state in AB-stacked transition-metal-dichalcogenides bilayer MoTe2/WSe2.3 MoreReceived 3 November 2021Revised 24 January 2022Accepted 9 March 2022DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.12.021031Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.Published by the American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)Research AreasQuantum anomalous Hall effectPhysical SystemsBilayer filmsCharge-transfer insulatorsTransition metal dichalcogenidesTechniquesDensity matrix renormalization groupHartree-Fock methodsHubbard modelCondensed Matter, Materials & Applied Physics

Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)

Abstract Following the reviews of atomic-weight determinations and other cognate data in 2015, 2017, 2019 and 2021, the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW) reports changes of standard atomic weights. The symbol A r°(E) was selected for standard atomic weight of an element to distinguish it from the atomic weight of an element E in a specific substance P, designated A r(E, P). The CIAAW has changed the values of the standard atomic weights of five elements based on recent determinations of terrestrial isotopic abundances: Ar (argon): from 39.948 ± 0.001 to [39.792, 39.963] Hf (hafnium): from 178.49 ± 0.02 to 178.486 ± 0.006 Ir (iridium): from 192.217 ± 0.003 to 192.217 ± 0.002 Pb (lead): from 207.2 ± 0.1 to [206.14, 207.94] Yb (ytterbium): from 173.054 ± 0.005 to 173.045 ± 0.010 The standard atomic weight of argon and lead have changed to an interval to reflect that the natural variation in isotopic composition exceeds the measurement uncertainty of A r(Ar) and A r(Pb) in a specific substance. The standard atomic weights and/or the uncertainties of fourteen elements have been changed based on the Atomic Mass Evaluations 2016 and 2020 accomplished under the auspices of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP). A r° of Ho, Tb, Tm and Y were changed in 2017 and again updated in 2021: Al (aluminium), 2017: from 26.981 5385 ± 0.000 0007 to 26.981 5384 ± 0.000 0003 Au (gold), 2017: from 196.966 569 ± 0.000 005 to 196.966 570 ± 0.000 004 Co (cobalt), 2017: from 58.933 194 ± 0.000 004 to 58.933 194 ± 0.000 003 F (fluorine), 2021: from 18.998 403 163 ± 0.000 000 006 to 18.998 403 162 ± 0.000 000 005 (Ho (holmium), 2017: from 164.930 33 ± 0.000 02 to 164.930 328 ± 0.000 007) Ho (holmium), 2021: from 164.930 328 ± 0.000 007 to 164.930 329 ± 0.000 005 Mn (manganese), 2017: from 54.938 044 ± 0.000 003 to 54.938 043 ± 0.000 002 Nb (niobium), 2017: from 92.906 37 ± 0.000 02 to 92.906 37 ± 0.000 01 Pa (protactinium), 2017: from 231.035 88 ± 0.000 02 to 231.035 88 ± 0.000 01 Pr (praseodymium), 2017: from 140.907 66 ± 0.000 02 to 140.907 66 ± 0.000 01 Rh (rhodium), 2017: from 102.905 50 ± 0.000 02 to 102.905 49 ± 0.000 02 Sc (scandium), 2021: from 44.955 908 ± 0.000 005 to 44.955 907 ± 0.000 004 (Tb (terbium), 2017: from 158.925 35 ± 0.000 02 to 158.925 354 ± 0.000 008) Tb (terbium), 2021: from 158.925 354 ± 0.000 008 to 158.925 354 ± 0.000 007 (Tm (thulium), 2017: from 168.934 22 ± 0.000 02 to 168.934 218 ± 0.000 006) Tm (thulium), 2021: from 168.934 218 ± 0.000 006 to 168.934 219 ± 0.000 005 (Y (yttrium), 2017: from 88.905 84 ± 0.000 02 to 88.905 84 ± 0.000 01) Y (yttrium), 2021: from 88.905 84 ± 0.000 01 to 88.905 838 ± 0.000 002

Development of Powerful Spatially Extended W-Band Cherenkov Maser of Planar Geometry With Two-Dimensional Distributed Feedback

A powerful spatially extended planar Cherenkov maser project operating in <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${W}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -band is under development in collaboration between Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences (BINP RAS) (Novosibirsk) and Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IAP RAS) (Nizhny Novgorod). The ELMI accelerator (1 MeV/5–7 kA/ <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3~\mu \text{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) forms a sheet electron beam with the transverse size (width) of up to 18 cm, which serves to drive the oscillator. The electrodynamic system of this Cherenkov maser is based on doubly periodical structure, which combines the properties of a slow wave system that realizes conditions for an effective Cherenkov interaction with a high-current rectilinear sheet electron beam and a high- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${Q}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> resonator that implements the mechanism of two-dimensional distributed feedback and provides selective excitation of the operating mode in the strongly oversized interaction space. In this article, the crucial elements and design parameters of the oscillator are discussed, and the results of simulations are presented to demonstrate the possibility of achieving a stable narrow-band generation regime for a transverse system size reaching about 50 wavelengths and a gigawatt output power level. To provide a single-directed output of radiation, a planar Bragg reflector is elaborated for installation at the cathode side of the interaction space. A mode converter formed by a slowly tapered waveguide section for transformation of the radiated wavebeam into a Gaussian-type wavebeam was designed to be installed at the oscillator output. In the electron-optical experiments, the formation of a large-width sheet electron beam with parameters acceptable to drive designed <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${W}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -band Cherenkov maser is demonstrated.

Qualification of Membrane Filtration for Planetary Protection Flight Implementation.

Planetary protection is the practice of preventing forward and backward contamination of solar system bodies. Spacecraft and associated surfaces are sampled to ensure compliance with bioburden requirements. Current planetary protection sampling and processing methodologies consist of extracting microbial cells from wipe or swab samples through a procedure (NASA Standard Assay) that includes sonication, heat shock, and pour-plate steps. The pour-plate steps are laborious and prolonged. Moreover, results can be imprecise because only a fraction of the sample fluid is plated for CFU enumeration (80% for swabs and 25% for wipes). Thus, analysis requires that a pour fraction extrapolation factor be applied to CFU counts to account for bioburden in the remaining sample volume that is not plated. This extrapolation results in large variances for data, decreasing the accuracy of spore bioburden estimation of spacecraft hardware. In this study, we investigated the use of membrane filtration as an alternative method to pour-plate processing. Membrane filtration is an appealing methodology for planetary protection because it can process greater sample volumes and reduces the data variance for bioburden enumeration. A pour fraction extrapolation factor is still applied for both swabs and wipes (92%), however, it is a greater pour fraction than the pour-plate method. Here we present data collected by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the Applied Physics Laboratory to experimentally determine the equivalency of membrane filtration to pour-plate methodology for implementation during the NASA Standard Assay. Additionally, we outline the planned procedures for two membrane filtration systems: Pall® Laboratory Manifold system and Milliflex® Plus Vacuum Pump System. Both systems demonstrated equivalence of the membrane filtration method to the pour-plate method.

Adjoint Kirchhoff’s Law and General Symmetry Implications for All Thermal Emitters

We study the relation between angular spectral absorptivity and emissivity for any thermal emitter, which consists of any linear media that can be dispersive, inhomogeneous, bianisotropic, or nonreciprocal. First, we establish an adjoint Kirchhoff’s law for mutually adjoint emitters. This law is based on generalized reciprocity and is a natural generalization of conventional Kirchhoff’s law for reciprocal emitters. Using this law, we derive all the relations between absorptivity and emissivity for an arbitrary thermal emitter We reveal that such relations are determined by the symmetries of the system, which are characterized by a Shubnikov point group. We classify all thermal emitters based on their symmetries using the known list of all three-dimensional Shubnikov point groups. Each class possesses its own set of laws that relates the absorptivity and emissivity. We numerically verify our theory for all three types of Shubnikov point groups: Gray groups, colorless groups, and black and white groups. We also verify the theory for both planar and nonplanar structures with single or multiple diffraction channels. Our theory provides a theoretical foundation for further exploration of thermal radiation in general media.Received 22 July 2021Revised 18 February 2022Accepted 7 March 2022DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.12.021023Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.Published by the American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)Research AreasHeat transferNanoantennasSpontaneous emissionPhysical SystemsOptical microcavitiesPhotovoltaic absorbersTechniquesGroup theoryCondensed Matter, Materials & Applied Physics

Erratum: Why the first magic-angle is different from others in twisted graphene bilayers: Interlayer currents, kinetic and confinement energy, and wave-function localization [Phys. Rev. B 105 , 115434 (2022)

Received 9 April 2022DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.105.159905©2022 American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)Research AreasDensity of statesElectronic structureSuperconductivityPhysical Systems2-dimensional systemsGrapheneTwo-dimensional electron systemCondensed Matter, Materials & Applied Physics

Topical issue celebrating the 40th anniversary of Applied Physics B: editorial

Topical issue celebrating the 40th anniversary of Applied Physics B: editorial

Erratum: Origin of orbital ordering in YTiO3 and LaTiO3 [Phys. Rev. B 102 , 035113 (2020)

Received 11 April 2022DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.105.159904©2022 American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)Research AreasExchange interactionOrbital orderPhysical SystemsStrongly correlated systemsTransition metal oxidesTechniquesDFT+DMFTDynamical mean field theoryQuantum Monte CarloCondensed Matter, Materials & Applied Physics

Harnessing nonadiabatic excitations promoted by a quantum critical point: Quantum battery and spin squeezing

Crossing a quantum critical point in finite time challenges the adiabatic condition due to the closing of the energy gap, which ultimately results in the formation of excitations. Such nonadiabatic excitations are typically deemed detrimental in many scenarios, and consequently several strategies have been put forward to circumvent their formation. Here, however, we show how these nonadiabatic excitations—originated from the failure to meet the adiabatic condition due to the presence of a quantum critical point—can be controlled and thus harnessed to perform certain tasks advantageously. We focus on closed cycles reaching the quantum critical point of fully connected models analyzing two examples. First, a quantum battery that is loaded by approaching a quantum critical point, whose stored and extractable work increases exponentially via repeating cycles. Second, a scheme for the fast preparation of spin squeezed states containing multipartite entanglement that offer a metrological advantage, analogous to a two-axis twisting scheme. The corresponding figure of merit in both examples crucially depends on the universal critical exponents and the scaling of the protocol in the vicinity of the transition. Our results highlight the rich interplay between quantum thermodynamics and metrology with critical nonequilibrium dynamics.Received 11 May 2021Accepted 11 March 2022DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.4.L022017Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.Published by the American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)Research AreasCoherent controlQuantum criticalityQuantum phase transitionsQuantum quenchQuantum statistical mechanicsQuantum thermodynamicsPhysical SystemsQuantum spin modelsTechniquesCritical phenomenaGeneral PhysicsAtomic, Molecular & OpticalStatistical PhysicsQuantum InformationCondensed Matter, Materials & Applied Physics

Experimental Realization of the Rabi-Hubbard Model with Trapped Ions

Quantum simulation provides important tools in studying strongly correlated many-body systems with controllable parameters. As a hybrid of two fundamental models in quantum optics and in condensed matter physics, the Rabi-Hubbard model demonstrates rich physics through the competition between local spin-boson interactions and long-range boson hopping. Here, we report an experimental realization of the Rabi-Hubbard model using up to 16 trapped ions and present a controlled study of its equilibrium properties and quantum dynamics. We observe the ground-state quantum phase transition by slowly quenching the coupling strength, and measure the quantum dynamical evolution in various parameter regimes. With the magnetization and the spin-spin correlation as probes, we verify the prediction of the model Hamiltonian by comparing theoretical results in small system sizes with experimental observations. For larger-size systems of 16 ions and 16 phonon modes, the effective Hilbert space dimension exceeds 2^{57}, whose dynamics is intractable for classical supercomputers.

Spin-Group Symmetry in Magnetic Materials with Negligible Spin-Orbit Coupling

Symmetry formulated by group theory plays an essential role with respect to the laws of nature, from fundamental particles to condensed matter systems. Here, by combining symmetry analysis and tight-binding model calculations, we elucidate that the crystallographic symmetries of a vast number of magnetic materials with light elements, in which the neglect of relativistic spin-orbit coupling (SOC) is an appropriate approximation, are considerably larger than the conventional magnetic groups. Thus, a symmetry description that involves partially-decoupled spin and spatial rotations, dubbed as spin group, is required. Spin group permits more symmetry operations and thus more energy degeneracies that are disallowed by the magnetic groups. One consequence of the spin group is the new anti-unitary symmetries that protect SOC-free Z_2 topological phases with unprecedented surface node structures. Our work not only manifests the physical reality of materials with weak SOC, but also shed light on the understanding of all solids with and without SOC by a unified group theory.

High-Temperature Superconducting Phase in Clathrate Calcium Hydride CaH_{6} up to 215K at a Pressure of 172GPa.

The recent discovery of superconductive rare earth and actinide superhydrides has ushered in a new era of superconductivity research at high pressures. This distinct type of clathrate metal hydrides was first proposed for alkaline-earth-metal hydride CaH_{6} that, however, has long eluded experimental synthesis, impeding an understanding of pertinent physics. Here, we report successful synthesis of CaH_{6} and its measured superconducting critical temperature T_{c} of 215K at 172GPa, which is evidenced by a sharp drop of resistivity to zero and a characteristic decrease of T_{c} under a magnetic field up to 9T. An estimate based on the Werthamer-Helfand-Hohenberg model gives a giant zero-temperature upper critical magnetic field of 203T. These remarkable benchmark superconducting properties place CaH_{6} among the most outstanding high-T_{c} superhydrides, marking it as the hitherto only clathrate metal hydride outside the family of rare earth and actinide hydrides. This exceptional case raises great prospects of expanding the extraordinary class of high-T_{c} superhydrides to a broader variety of compounds that possess more diverse material features and physics characteristics.

Erratum: Pressure-induced emission enhancement and bandgap narrowing: Experimental investigations and first-principles theoretical simulations on the model halide perovskite Cs3Sb2Br9 [Phys. Rev. B 105 , 104103 (2022)

Received 17 March 2022DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.105.139901©2022 American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)Research AreasPhase transitionsPressure effectsTechniquesDensity functional theoryPhotoluminescenceRaman spectroscopyX-ray powder diffractionCondensed Matter, Materials & Applied Physics

Evidence for near-unity radiative quantum efficiency of bright excitons in carbon nanotubes from the Purcell effect

The efficiencies of photonic devices are primarily governed by radiative quantum efficiency, which is a property given by the light-emitting material. Quantitative characterization for carbon nanotubes, however, has been difficult despite being a prominent material for nanoscale photonics. Here we estimate the radiative quantum efficiency of bright excitons in carbon nanotubes by modifying the exciton dynamics through cavity quantum electrodynamical effects. Silicon photonic crystal nanobeam cavities are used to induce the Purcell effect on individual carbon nanotubes. Spectral and temporal behavior of the cavity enhancement is characterized by photoluminescence microscopy and the fraction of the radiative decay process is evaluated. We find that the radiative quantum efficiency can reach near unity for bright excitons in long air-suspended carbon nanotubes at room temperature.Received 19 March 2021Revised 27 February 2022Accepted 23 March 2022DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.4.L022011Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.Published by the American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)Research AreasCavity quantum electrodynamicsExcitonsPhysical SystemsNanotubesOptical microcavitiesTechniquesPhotoluminescenceCondensed Matter, Materials & Applied Physics

Erratum: Topological band evolution between Lieb and kagome lattices [Phys. Rev. B 99, 125131 (2019)

Received 18 March 2022DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.105.159901©2022 American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)Research AreasElectronic structurePhase transitionsTopological phases of matterPhysical SystemsKagome latticeTopological materialsTechniquesTight-binding modelCondensed Matter, Materials & Applied Physics

Multilayer Capacitances: How Selective Contacts Affect Capacitance Measurements of Perovskite Solar Cells

Capacitance measurements as a function of voltage, frequency, and temperature are a useful tool to gain a deeper insight into the electronic properties of semiconductor devices in general and of solar cells in particular. Techniques such as capacitance-voltage, Mott-Schottky analysis, or thermal-admittance spectroscopy measurements are frequently employed in perovskite solar cells to obtain relevant parameters of the perovskite absorber. However, state-of-the-art perovskite solar cells use thin electron- and hole-transport layers to improve the contact selectivity. These contacts are often quite resistive in nature, which implies that their resistance will significantly contribute to the total device impedance and thereby also affect the overall capacitance of the device, thus partly obscuring the capacitance signal from the perovskite absorber. Based on this premise, we develop a simple multilayer model that considers the perovskite solar cell as a series connection of the geometric capacitance of each layer in parallel with their voltage-dependent resistances. Analysis of this model yields fundamental limits to the resolution of spatial doping profiles and minimum values of doping and trap densities, built-in voltages, and activation energies. We observe that most of the experimental capacitance-voltage-frequency-temperature data, calculated doping and defect densities, and activation energies reported in the literature are within the derived cutoff values, indicating that the capacitance response of the perovskite solar cell is indeed strongly affected by the capacitance of its selective contacts.2 MoreReceived 21 December 2021Revised 16 February 2022Accepted 25 February 2022DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PRXEnergy.1.013003Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.Published by the American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)Research AreasCapacitanceImpedanceSolar energyPhysical SystemsPerovskitesSolar cellsTechniquesDielectric spectroscopyInterdisciplinary PhysicsCondensed Matter, Materials & Applied Physics

Franz-Keldysh and Stark Effects in Two-Dimensional Metal Halide Perovskites

The established theory of a two-dimensional (2D) Wannier exciton in a uniform electric field is used to analyze the electroabsorption response of an archetypal 2D metal halide perovskite (MHP), phenethylammonium lead iodide. The high level of agreement between the electroabsorption simulation and measurement allows for a deepened understanding of the redshift of exciton energy, according to the quadratic Stark effect, and the continuum wave function leaking, according to the Franz-Keldysh effect. We find the field dependency of each of these effects to be rich with information, yielding measurements of the exciton Bohr radius, transition dipole moment, polarizability, and reduced effective mass of the exciton. Most importantly, the band-gap energy and exciton binding energy are unambiguously determined with 1σ variance of 4 meV. The high precision of these new measurement methods opens the opportunity for determining the influence of chemical and environmental factors on the optoelectronic properties of MHPs, which would enable the fabrication of highly efficient and reproducible light-harvesting and light-emitting optoelectronic devices.8 MoreReceived 21 September 2021Revised 22 December 2021Accepted 2 February 2022DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PRXEnergy.1.013001Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.Published by the American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)Research AreasStark effectPhysical SystemsPerovskitesQuantum wellsTechniquesOptical absorption spectroscopyCondensed Matter, Materials & Applied Physics

A room temperature polar magnetic metal

The emergence of long-range magnetic order in noncentrosymmetric compounds has stimulated interest in the possibility of exotic spin transport phenomena and topologically protected spin textures for applications in next-generation spintronics. Polar magnets, with broken symmetries of spatial inversion and time reversal, usually host chiral spin textures. This work reports on a wurtzite-structure polar magnetic metal, identified as AA′-stacked (Fe0.5Co0.5)5GeTe2, which exhibits a Néel-type skyrmion lattice as well as a Rashba-Edelstein effect at room temperature. Atomic resolution imaging of the structure reveals a structural transition as a function of Co-substitution, leading to the emergence of the polar phase at 50% Co. This discovery reveals an unprecedented layered polar magnetic system for investigating intriguing spin topologies, and it ushers in a promising new framework for spintronics.Received 16 October 2021Accepted 8 March 2022DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.6.044403©2022 American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)Research AreasMagnetotransportSkyrmionsSpintronicsPhysical SystemsTransition metal dichalcogenidesCondensed Matter, Materials & Applied Physics

Interstellar probe – Destination: Universe!

The idea of an “Outer solar system probe: to be aimed away from the Sun in the plane of the ecliptic” dates from a report of the “Simpson Committee” of the Space Science Board of the National Academy of Sciences in March of 1960. After many studies and name changes, what is now known as “Interstellar Probe” has matured as a concept for making new discoveries that can be made in no other way, by going places yet to be explored. The central technical question has always been propulsion with “near-future” capabilities taken as the backdrop for defining the mission requirements. However, the real issue has always been to unite compelling science with engineering and technical reality. With that perspective in mind the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) has been tasked by the NASA Heliophysics Division to (re-)study the mission and provide a Technical Report to be delivered late 2021 for input to next Solar and Space Physics Decadal Survey. This “pragmatic Interstellar Probe” of the study is a mission through the outer heliosphere and to the nearby “Very Local” interstellar medium (VLISM), uses today's technology to take the first explicit step on the path of interstellar exploration, and can pave the way, scientifically, technically, and programmatically for more ambitious future journeys (and more ambitious science goals). To enforce these goals broadly-based engineering requirements include (1) readiness to launch no later than January 1, 2030; (2) capability to transmit useful scientific data from 1000 au; (3) powered by no more than 600 W (electric) at the beginning of the mission and no more than half of that at mission's end; and, (4) lifetime of no less than 50 years. To travel as far and as fast as possible with available technology, the use of the Space Launch System Block 2 (SLS B2) cargo version is enabling: carrying the spacecraft as well as a 3rd and 4th stage, solar system escape speeds of at least twice that of Voyager 1 (i.e., up to 7.2 au/yr) should be possible. We provide a top-level summary of work accomplished to date, focusing on how the science goals drive and are affected by telecommunication options, guidance and control requirements, trajectory options, and the baseline system architecture and approach.“It isn't about where we are going. It's about the journey out there."

Preface

With the successful organizing a series of world-class conferences, and a close cooperation among the University of Messina, Italy; University of Ferrara, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); Wuhan University, China, we have been making great efforts to hold the the 2022 First International Conference on Advances in Modern Physics Sciences and Engineering Technology-PSET 2022, which will be happened on March 5-6th 2022, in Beijing, China, organized by Wuhan University, China and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN).3 sessions are included in PSET22: Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Automation, Engineering Technologies and Applications. This volume comprises 47 selected papers from 72 submissions, which introduces latest advancements in the subjects of applied physics, material sciences, modelling, simulation and design, optimization techniques, and their applications in real world for solving real problems. These contributions, which were selected by means of a rigorous international peer-review process, present a wealth of exciting ideas that will open novel research directions among specialists.Our vision is to be internationally recognized as one of the Internationally-leading Platform in the world’s physics community, pursuing excellence in research, education and knowledge transfer.We are all working to achieve highly goals. We foster research opportunities that will improve tomorrow’s physics sciences and modern engineering technologies, in cooperation with people from universities and industries all over the world, especially for the young scientists and engineers.PSET appreciates the invited spkeaers from different unviersities: Prof. Dr. Osman Adiguzel, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey; Prof. Alexander G. Ramm, Mathematics Department, Kansas State University, USA; Prof. Dr. Shuifa Shen, Institute of Nuclear Energy Safety Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Prof. Dr. Bayram Gündüz, Department of Opticians, Malatya Turgut Ozal University,Turkey, who made great academic presentation for PSET participants. Meawhile, many thanks for authors who contributed their latest researches to PSET, the publishing editors and reviewers who made great effort on PSET22 conference proceedings, as well as the support from IOP Publishing and their publishing team.This volume of proceedings are beneficial for readers from both academia and industry to understand and tackle the challenges in an efficient manner and to adopt appropriate solutions in the mentioned fields above. Building on the success of previous conferences were held, we hope PSET will be one of the mostspectacular events in those areas.The Committee of PSET22Prof. Roberto ZivieriNational Institute of High Mathematics (INdAM), Rome, ItalyList of titles Committees Members, General Chairs, Honorary Chairs, Co-Chairs, Editors, International Committee Members are available in this Pdf.