Flat bands have emerged as a cornerstone of contemporary condensed matter physics, with promising applications in photonic and phononic crystals that have garnered significant attention. In three-dimensional (3D) crystals, flat bands can be realized through Landau levels (LLs) induced by synthetic magnetic fields with crystal lattice distortions, forming partially flat bands that nevertheless become dispersive around the boundaries and surfaces. However, the realization of ideal all-flat (non-dispersive) LLs in 3D systems has remained elusive thus far. Here, we propose a general model to generate all-flat LLs in 3D systems and experimentally demonstrate the exotic wave propagation behavior with 3D acoustic Fock-state lattices. Notably, this framework can be generalized to other wave systems, such as photonics and electronics. Our findings not only resolve controversies regarding the existence of all-flat (non-dispersive) LLs, but also advance the exploration of flat bands and quantized physics in classical wave systems, providing new possibilities for high-Q detection and energy harvesting applications.

Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) often suffers from low spatial and angular resolution due to inherent limitations in imaging hardware and system noise, adversely affecting the accurate estimation of microstructural parameters with fine anatomical details. Deep learning-based super-resolution techniques have shown promise in enhancing dMRI resolution without increasing acquisition time. However, most existing methods are confined to either spatial or angular super-resolution, disrupting the information exchange between the two domains and limiting their effectiveness in capturing detailed microstructural features. Furthermore, traditional pixel-wise loss functions only consider pixel differences, and struggle to recover intricate image details essential for high-resolution reconstruction. We propose SHRL-dMRI, a novel Spherical Harmonics Representation Learning framework for high-fidelity, generalizable super-resolution in dMRI to address these challenges. SHRL-dMRI explores implicit neural representations and spherical harmonics to model continuous spatial and angular representations, simultaneously enhancing both spatial and angular resolution while improving the accuracy of microstructural parameter estimation. To further preserve image fidelity, a data-fidelity module and wavelet-based frequency loss are introduced, ensuring the super- resolved images preserve image consistency and retain fine details. Extensive experiments demonstrate that, compared to five other state-of-the-art methods, our method significantly enhances dMRI data resolution, improves the accuracy of microstructural parameter estimation, and provides better generalization capabilities. It maintains stable performance even under a 45× downsampling factor. The proposed method can effectively improve the resolution of dMRI data without increasing the acquisition time, providing new possibilities for future clinical applications.

Transition-metal dichalcogenides have attracted a great deal of attention in the context of two-dimensional materials because of their electronic properties, derived from their layered crystal structures, as well as their exfoliability. Surprisingly, the combination of high pressure and high temperature has been rarely exploited in the study of these systems, although it is expected to be an efficient way of inducing the formation of novel polymorphs. Here, rhenium and carbon disulfide were observed to react at a pressure of 54 GPa in a laser-heated diamond anvil cell to form a hitherto unknown polymorph of rhenium disulfide, denoted as m P 12 − ReS 2 in the Pearson notation. Its crystal structure was solved and refined using synchrotron single-crystal x-ray diffraction data, revealing that m P 12 − ReS 2 adopts the arsenopyrite structure type (space group P 2 1 / c ). The structure is characterized by an extended three-dimensional framework of corner- and edge-sharing distorted ReS 6 octahedra. Raman spectroscopy data further confirm the formation and structure of m P 12 − ReS 2 . Remarkably, upon decompression, m P 12 − ReS 2 was recovered to ambient conditions and found to be stable in air. Thermodynamic, electronic, and bonding properties of the new phase were also studied computationally within the framework of density functional theory. From these, m P 12 − ReS 2 is found to be semimetallic at 0 GPa, and to have a lower enthalpy than the previously known ReS 2 polymorph from ∼ 0.5 GPa onwards. The discovery of this new compound warrants further investigations of its physical properties, and may open new possibilities for applications.

Effective adaptation of managerial personnel in the public service system is a key factor in improving the professional effectiveness and sustainability of public institutions. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to improve onboarding mechanisms in Kazakhstan to reduce the risks of professional maladaptation of managers and increase managerial potential. The methodological base of the research includes a systematic and comparative analysis, as well as a content analysis of regulatory documents, adaptation programs, and methodological materials from foreign government institutions. The analysis covers organizational models, mentoring programs, digital support tools, performance evaluation mechanisms, and the integration of new managers into the corporate culture of government agencies. The analysis revealed the key factors of successful adaptation: consistency, mentoring, digital support, individualization and strategic integration. Modern trends in the adaptation of managerial personnel have also been identified: digitalization of processes, personalized approach, mentoring and peer-learning, efficiency assessment through KPIs, integration of adaptation into the human resources development strategy. Based on the conducted research, a conceptual management model for the adaptation of managerial personnel in Kazakhstan is proposed, taking into account the institutional and cultural characteristics of the national public service system. The scientific novelty of the work is to substantiate the possibility of applying an integrated approach of international experience to the adaptation of managerial personnel in Kazakhstan and to formulate management recommendations to improve the effectiveness and sustainability of the managerial potential of government agencies.

Platinum (Pt) nanoparticles favor the hydrogenation of CO2 to CO, presenting a significant challenge for value-added methanol synthesis. Herein we report a sulfonic acid group docking strategy for the gram-scale synthesis of monodispersed Pt clusters within the cavities of double sulfonated zirconium terephthalate UiO-66. The resulting catalyst enables the efficient hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol, achieving nearly 100% methanol selectivity at 60 °C and sustaining stable performance for 500 h of continuous operation. Computational and experimental investigations reveal that sulfonic acid groups facilitate the modulation of the electronic structures of adjacent Pt clusters and defective zirconium sites, thereby promoting the adsorption and activation of H2 and CO2. Consequently, the interfaces between Pt edges and defective zirconium sites efficiently promote the hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol at low temperatures. Our developed sulfonic acid group docking strategy can be extended to synthesize a wide range of highly active and stable metal clusters in porous supports, opening new possibilities for important catalytic applications.

Colloidal cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) nanocrystals (NCs) are excellent candidates for various photonic and optoelectronic applications due to their bright and stable green emission. Here, we establish armlength control as a central structural parameter that governs both the optical properties of individual CsPbBr3 NCs and their self-assembly behavior. Armed NCs, featuring a cubic core with multiple protruding arms, are synthesized by controlling seed size, concentration, and injection temperature, while arm length is tuned via cesium oleate concentration. Prolonged storage in toluene is shown to lead to a time-dependent morphological evolution from armed NCs to 26-faceted rhombicuboctahedra, with short-armed structures as intermediates. NCs with a longer arm length yield enhanced radiative efficiency, extended photoluminescence (PL) lifetimes, and suppressed blinking, making such NCs suitable for light-emitting devices and quantum photonic applications. In contrast, short-armed NCs exhibit faster recombination, stronger PL intermittency, and increased surface accessibility, which are favorable for sensing and high-speed single-photon emission. The arm length also governs self-assembly behavior, hereby opening new possibilities for applications. Armed NCs form densely 3D-packed assemblies with tunable configurations. This work demonstrates how arm length tuning expands the functional potential of CsPbBr3 NCs by linking morphological control to both optical response and self-assembly characteristics.

Lattice materials with negative Poisson's ratios (NPR) exhibit exceptional mechanical properties, but their design has largely been limited to periodic cell structures, constraining their anisotropic potential. Irregular lattice cell architecture offers superior tunability, yet the complex relationship between its non-cyclic geometries and metamaterial properties has posed significant design challenges. Here, we introduce an AI-driven framework combining deep neural networks and genetic algorithms to parametrically optimize the anisotropic NPR and energy absorption of irregular 3D lattice cells. Through microscale and macroscale 3D printing, coupled with in situ and quasi-static compression tests, we experimentally validate the programmable NPR effects across varied materials and scales. Micro-DIC analysis reveals the strain localization patterns governing microscale deformation and pinpoints the critical buckling instabilities in compressed architectures. Our approach enables the inverse design of 3D lattice metamaterials composed of irregular unit cells with tailored mechanical properties, unlocking new possibilities for applications in lightweight structures, energy absorption, and beyond.

Abstract 4-Quinolones are a class of heterocycles traditionally known for their biological properties. More recently, those derivatives have gained attention as versatile ligands for the construction of metal-centered molecular materials, such as coordination polymers (CPs), opening new possibilities for environmental applications. In this study, a novel dicarboxylated organic compound, 1-ethyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3,6-dicarboxylic acid ( H 2 L ), was synthesized and employed to construct zinc-based materials. The synthetic parameters (temperature, time, modulator type, and modulator/ligand precursor ratio) were systematically evaluated, notably highlighting the replacement of the conventional solvothermal solvent (DMF) with a greener alternative (H 2 O) to synthesize the Zn-based materials. Under optimized conditions, two new materials were obtained, namely Material 1 (synthesized in DMF) and Material 2 (synthesized in H 2 O). Additionally, Material 2 - [Zn(L)(H 2 O)] n - was obtained as single crystals and structurally characterized via synchrotron X-ray diffraction. As for the application, Material 2 demonstrated an adsorption capacity of 24.6 mg g -1 for the removal of the toxic dye methylene blue (MB). Different adsorption essays revealed that the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model best described the behavior of Material 2 . This material achieved 100% selectivity toward the cationic dye (MB) and demonstrated excellent reusability, with only approximately 10% loss in removal efficiency over three adsorption/desorption cycles. Post-adsorption characterization provided valuable insights into the underlying interaction mechanisms. Together, these results highlight the potential of the developed quinolone-based coordination polymer as an efficient material for environmental remediation applications and underscore the relevance of further exploring this emerging class of compounds. Graphical Abstract

This work reviews the current state of development in laser-plasma welding processes for steels and alloys. The novelty of the work lies in revealing the effectiveness of the combined effect of compressed arc plasma and laser radiation with a wavelength of 1.03 – 1.07 μm (mainly from fiber lasers) on steels and alloys and analyzing the possibilities of industrial application of laser-plasma welding, in particular in the pipe industry. Also, for the first time, several scientific papers have been compared, revealing the physical mechanisms underlying the synergistic (hybrid) effect of combining laser and plasma. Specifically, it was determined that increasing the efficiency of the synergistic effect is related to improved plasma arc combustion within the ionized vapor plume generated by focused laser radiation, and also to simplified laser keyhole formation due to plasma arc.

Įvadas. Straipsnyje analizuojami ūminės B limfoblastinės leukemijos gydymo iššūkiai suaugusiems pacientams, esant recidyvuojančiai ar refrakterinei ligos eigai. Vertinamas CAR-T ląstelių terapijos efektyvumas, saugumas ir galimybės pasiekti ligos remisiją, remiantis literatūra ir klinikinio atvejo analize. Tyrimo tikslas. Aptarti CAR-T terapijos taikymo eigą ir komplikacijas didelės molekulinės rizikos ūminės B limfoblastinės leukemijos atveju. Metodai. Atlikta sisteminė literatūros apžvalga, naudojant „PubMed“ duomenų bazę, taikant PRISMA gaires ir PICOS modelį. Analizuoti straipsniai anglų kalba, publikuoti 2021–2025 metais, nagrinėjantys ūminės B limfoblastinės leukemijos gydymą ir CAR-T terapijos taikymą. Aprašytas Vilniaus universiteto ligoninės Santaros klinikų pacientės, kuriai diagnozuota refrakterinė B-ŪLL ir taikyta CAR-T terapija, klinikinis atvejis. Rezultatai. Iš 236 rastų publikacijų į galutinę apžvalgą buvo įtraukti 45 straipsniai, atitinkantys įtraukimo kriterijus. Klinikinis atvejis parodė, kad pacientė, nepaisant sunkios ligos eigos ir intensyvios chemoterapijos metu atsiradusių komplikacijų, po CAR-T terapijos pasiekė pilną molekulinę remisiją. Išvados. CAR-T terapija yra efektyvi alternatyva pacientams su recidyvuojančia ar refrakterine B-ŪLL, kai standartinė chemoterapija nepakankamai veiksminga. Aptartas klinikinis atvejis parodo, kad individualizuotas gydymo planas pasitelkiant CAR-T terapiją gali užtikrinti pilną remisiją bei stabilų paciento būklės pagerėjimą.

Surface science is an important field of study in chemical reactions since all reactions have to proceed from the surface. In the large amounts of applications, one important theme is the effect of surface facets in reactions. Further extrapolation can go to the study of nanoparticles, which has improved to allow for more control in experiments, and open up many possibilities of applications. This work will highlight several points focusing more on the effects of both variables, with appropriate applications being covered in order to illustrate the differences between surfaces, as well as provide interesting points regarding trade-offs in the utilization of such materials.

This paper outlines the long-term project ‘Wortfamilien diachron’ (= Word Families in Diachrony; WoDia), funded by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) and executed at the Universities of Frankfurt/M., Hamburg, Kiel, and Trier. Its primary goal is the development of an online database-driven research environment for the historical word formation of German, and it is intended for implementation in both research and teaching. The dataset comprises lemmas from the Old High German, Middle High German, Old Saxon and Middle Low German dictionaries. WoDia integrates these lemmas into an overarching word family structure by putting each word in its position within its word family. The individual word formation elements and the word formation hierarchy are mapped in a structural formula. The four vocabularies are interconnected and linked to the online dictionary resources and to the reference corpora of historical German. This approach used in the research environment WoDia enables the user to analyse processes of change within the historical vocabularies of German, particularly transformations in word family structures and the usage of word formation elements. The methodical approach employed in constructing the database is presented in this paper, and concrete possibilities of application are illustrated by means of three exemplary case studies.

Semiconducting single walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWNTs) have shown great promise in a variety of thin-film transistor (TFT) applications. Although several solution processing techniques have resulted in high-quality s-SWNT network films, exquisite control of film morphology at wafer-scale to achieve desired s-SWNT density and uniformity remains challenging. In addition to this hurdle is the slow s-SWNT absorbing dynamics in large-scale fabrication schemes that requires several hours to days to complete. Here, we report a photoinduced rapid-deposition technique to prepare wafer-scale s-SWNT films. Leveraging the tendency for azo-benzene materials to preferentially migrate to substrate surface under light, we utilize a light-sensitive polymer poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl))-alt-co-(4,4'-azobenzene)] (PFNAB) to wrap s-‍SWNTs and accelerate s-SWNT deposition. S-SWNT networks prepared from this method affords films with high-density (>‍ 50‍ s-SWNTs per micrometer) and high-uniformity across a 4-inch wafer. More importantly, the deposition can be completed within 30 ‍minutes. Field-effect transistors comprising these s-SWNT films as active layers exhibit an on-state current of 2.44 μA μm^-1 at source-drain voltage of -1 V (V_ds=‍‍ -‍‍‍1 V), which is among the highest in reported field-effect transistors (FETs) with s-SWNT network films for TFT applications. This new photo-deposition technique is amenable for new application possibilities in s-SWNT TFT electronics.

Polyphenol-mediated hierarchical porous hydrogel evaporators for accelerated water transport and reduced evaporation enthalpy.

Nickel-metallaphotoredox catalysis has emerged as a groundbreaking approach in organic synthesis research over the last decade. It integrates the accessibility of the redox states of inexpensive, earth-abundant nickel to capture carbon-centred radicals with the ability of photoredox catalysts (PCs) to mediate single-electron transfer (SET) or energy transfer (ET) for efficient, selective, and sustainable transformations. Advances in catalyst design, reaction optimization, and mechanistic understanding have unlocked a wide range of cross-coupling protocols, enabling previously inaccessible or less efficient C-C bond formations. This progress opens new possibilities for innovative applications in pharmaceuticals, materials science, and beyond. This mini-review focuses on advancements in the last three years in the formation of challenging C(sp3)-C(sp3) and C(sp3)-C(sp2) bonds, both in two-component and three-component systems, featuring a broad substrate scope, with chemo-, regio-, and stereo- selectivity under mild conditions. Although mechanistic studies have been conducted for some systems, and kinetic isotope effects have been probed for others, detailed investigations using computational methods to understand the molecular interactions are lacking or sometimes fail to indicate a general trend of the catalytic mechanism. The discovery of novel approaches to open-shell radical species, which dictate reactivity and selectivity, will be of utmost importance in developing new reactions. These advances will enrich all areas of chemical sciences and create numerous opportunities for interdisciplinary research.

The past decade has witnessed remarkable advancements in musculoskeletal radiology, driven by increasing demand for medical imaging and rapid technological innovations. Contrary to early concerns about artificial intelligence (AI) replacing radiologists, AI has instead enhanced imaging capabilities, aiding in automated abnormality detection and workflow efficiency. MRI has benefited from acceleration techniques that significantly reduce scan times while maintaining high-quality imaging. In addition, novel MRI methodologies now support precise anatomic and quantitative imaging across a broad spectrum of field strengths. In CT, dual-energy and photon-counting technologies have expanded diagnostic possibilities for musculoskeletal applications. This review explores these key developments, examining their impact on clinical practice and the future trajectory of musculoskeletal radiology.

• This work reports the first application of the BCl 3 -Ar ALE system to SiC. • This paper comprehensively elucidates the mechanism of BCl 3 -Ar ALE system. • Optimal ALE parameters determined experimentally for desirable etching results. • This paper is grounded in traditional ALE, the BCl 3 -Ar ALE process notably reduces damage caused by ICP etching, thereby enhancing surface quality. As a prominent third-generation semiconductor material, SiC (silicon carbide) has found widespread use in advanced high-power and high-frequency devices. To enhance the performance of SiC-based devices, developing a low-damage etching technique is essential. This work comprehensively developed a novel 4H-SiC ALE (atomic layer etching) system utilizing a BCl 3 -Ar loop. We systematically investigated its self-limiting mechanism and evaluated the resulting surface roughness. In the modification step, we examined the relationship between the thickness of the modified layer and parameters such as ICP power, and also analyzed the modification mechanism. In the etching step, we explored the effects of parameters like bias power and ICP power on the etching results, identified the self-limiting windows, and analyzed the etching mechanism. Our ALE system achieves an etch rate of 4.8 Å/cycle, which is considered one of the highest in existing SiC ALE processes. Additionally, damage repair through the system significantly reduced the surface roughness of SiC to around 1 Å after just three loops, offering precise control over surface quality. This breakthrough in SiC etching technology enhances the capabilities of precision processing and opens up new possibilities for SiC applications in microelectronics and optoelectronics.

Unveiling carbon quantum dots from lignocellulose wastes between evaluability and possibility for biomedical applications: productions, properties, and characterizations

High-temperature and laser-induced phase transitions in α-Ag3VO4 nanoparticles: A Raman and DFT study.

Soft materials like hydrogels hold great promise for biomedical and engineering applications. While various strengthening and toughening methods have been developed, they often produce anisotropic structures or require specific liquid conditions to maintain enhanced mechanical properties. Inspired by the hierarchical collagen architecture of articular cartilage, we report here a biomimetic multilayer fibrous hydrogel that overcomes these limitations. Through controlled stacking of aligned fibrous monolayers, we create a hierarchical structure exhibiting exceptional isotropic mechanical properties while maintaining full functionality, regardless of liquid environments. Additionally, our hydrogel demonstrates remarkable crack resistance under both static and cyclic loading conditions, sustaining 10,000 loading cycles without structural degradation. Our work establishes a generalized framework for designing hydrogels with isotropically high mechanical performance and structural durability without dependence on specific liquid environments, opening new possibilities for load-bearing applications in biomedical devices and soft robotics where both mechanical reliability and aqueous stability are essential.