Physical Applications Research Articles

Exponential Learning Advantages with Conjugate States and Minimal Quantum Memory

The ability of quantum computers to directly manipulate and analyze quantum states stored in quantum memory allows them to learn about aspects of our physical world that would otherwise be invisible given a modest number of measurements. Here we investigate a new learning resource, which could be available to quantum computers in the future—measurements on the unknown state accompanied by its complex conjugate ρ⊗ρ∗. For a certain shadow tomography task, we surprisingly find that measurements on only copies of ρ⊗ρ∗ can be exponentially more powerful than measurements on ρ⊗K, even for large K. This expands the class of provable exponential advantages using only a constant overhead quantum memory, or minimal quantum memory, and we provide a number of examples where the state ρ∗ is naturally available in both computational and physical applications. In addition, we precisely quantify the power of classical shadows on single copies under a generalized Clifford ensemble and give a class of quantities that can be efficiently learned. The learning task we study in both the single copy and quantum memory settings is physically natural and corresponds to real-space observables with a limit of bosonic modes, where it achieves an exponential improvement in detecting certain signals under a noisy background. We quantify a new and powerful resource in quantum learning, and we believe the advantage may find applications in improving quantum simulation, learning from quantum sensors, and uncovering new physical phenomena. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Accelerating the convergence of coupled cluster calculations of the homogeneous electron gas using Bayesian ridge regression.

The homogeneous electron gas is a system that has many applications in chemistry and physics. However, its infinite nature makes studies at the many-body level complicated due to long computational run times. Because it is size extensive, coupled cluster theory is capable of studying the homogeneous electron gas, but it still poses a large computational challenge as the time needed for precise calculations increases in a polynomial manner with the number of particles and single-particle states. Consequently, achieving convergence in energy calculations becomes challenging, if not prohibited, due to long computational run times and high computational resource requirements. This paper develops the sequential regression extrapolation (SRE) to predict the coupled cluster energies of the homogeneous electron gas in the complete basis limit using Bayesian ridge regression and many-body perturbation theory correlation energies to the second order to make predictions from calculations at truncated basis sizes. Using the SRE method, we were able to predict the coupled cluster double energies for the electron gas across a variety of values of N and rs, for a total of 70 predictions, with an average error of 5.20 × 10-4 hartree while saving 88.9h of computational time. The SRE method can accurately extrapolate electron gas energies to the complete basis limit, saving both computational time and resources. Additionally, the SRE is a general method that can be applied to a variety of systems, many-body methods, and extrapolations.

Measurement of ascorbic acid samples’ optical rotation via an improvised polarimeter for purity assessment

Abstract The polarization of light finds practical application in physics and chemistry through the optical activity phenomenon, where polarimeters play a crucial role. This research builds on the improvised polarimeter designed by Kvittingen and Sjursnes [1], implemented with relevant modifications, to measure optical rotations of over-the-counter ascorbic acid samples. The study aims to assess the purity of two brands of ascorbic acid through polarimetry, comparing the calculated specific rotation with the literature values and supplementing the characterization with melting point determination. The constructed polarimeter, assembled using Lego bricks, provides an affordable alternative for educational purposes, addressing the challenges observed in the accessibility of commercial polarimeters for classroom demonstrations. The methodology encompasses pre-experiment steps involving polarimeter construction, the experiment utilizing polarimetry and complementary melting point determination, and post-experiment analysis to determine specific rotation from the measured optical rotations. Results indicate that Brand X exhibited specific rotations close to theoretical values, inferring high purity. Conversely, Brand Y shows significant deviations, suggesting potential impurities. These conclusions are supported by melting point data. The comprehensive approach combining polarimetry and melting point determination enhances the reliability of purity assessments, showcasing the effectiveness of the improvised polarimeter in practical applications.

Thermal analysis of mathematical model of heat and mass transfer through bioconvective Carreau nanofluid flow over an inclined stretchable cylinder

In this proceeding the main focus to scrutinize the heat and mass transfer rate increment due to the involvement of motile microorganisms in the Carreau nanofluid flow through an inclined stretchable cylinder under the consequences of activation energy and thermal radiation. This phenomenon has many physical applications in the field of civil, mechanical and seismographic engineering. The research focuses on creating and analyzing new nanocomposites with applications in energy storage, showcasing the transformative impact of nanotechnology on the advancement of high-performance materials. First of all, for the numerical treatment of the above physical model mathematical model is developed in the form of partial differential equations (PDE's) by considering all involving quantities. The resultant model is highly nonlinear and of higher order. Appropriate similarity variables are defined to transform this system of PDE's into first order ordinary differential equations (ODE's). For numerical results we develop a numerical algorithm from nonlinear ODE's and use ‘bvp4c’ built in package of MATLAB. Numerical results are acquired from software in the form of graphical visuals and tabular data as narrated in the results and discussion section. Using this tabular data streamlines are constructed for the better understanding of heat and mass transfer through this phenomenon under the defined constraints. From results, velocity profile increased by the augmentation of values of curvature parameter. Thermal profile is stronger when values of thermophoresis parameter is boosted, Concentration of nanoparticle profile get smoother when temperature coefficient increased, and motile microorganism's density profile is enlarged upon inclining the values of bioconvection lewis number.

Magnetically Tunable Electric Dipolar Interactions of Ultracold Polar Molecules in the Quantum Ergodic Regime.

By leveraging the hyperfine interaction between the rotational and nuclear spin degrees of freedom, we demonstrate extensive magnetic control over the electric dipole moments, electric dipolar interactions, and ac Stark shifts of ground-state alkali-dimer molecules such as KRb(X^{1}Σ^{+}). The control is enabled by narrow avoided crossings and the highly ergodic character of molecular eigenstates at low magnetic fields, offering a general and robust way of continuously tuning the intermolecular electric dipolar interaction for applications in quantum simulation, quantum sensing, and dipolar spinor physics.

Increasing the electric field amplification in the metal-insulator-metal structure with a grating hybrid of bowtie nanotriangle and cylindrical nanodisc

In this paper, the strong electromagnetic coupling between an integrated grating of an array of periodic gold nanodiscs and an array of bowtie nanotriangles placed on layers of a dielectric and a metal has been investigated. The upper layer is periodically created by removing each nanodisk in the array of nanodisks and replacing it with bowtie nanotriangles. The structure for near field radiation with linear polarization at 800nm wavelength is optimized so that it has the highest amount of amplification in the gap space between the tips of the nanotriangle with a minimum value of 188 times and a maximum of 320 times. The simulation results confirm that the huge field enhancement obtained is due to the strong coupling between the LSPR formed in the grating of bowties nano triangle and nanodiscs and the SPPs formed in the metal film. The amount of amplification compared to the array of only nanodiscs (about 32 times) or only bowtie nano triangles (about 120 times) is not only higher, but also the anti-crossing behavior is observed. The high amplification obtained at the mentioned wavelength can be used for laser oscillators with a central wavelength of 800nm, such as titanium sapphire, etc., which has many applications in near-field physics, SERS, and ultrafast lasers.

A rapid compression large-volume press with a high pressure jump above 10GPa within milliseconds.

A high pressure jump through a rapid compression within milliseconds (ms) provides an important approach for searching novel matters and investigating their physical and chemical properties. Herein, we report a unique rapid-compression large volume press with a high pressure jump above 10GPa within 20ms by introducing a Walker-type module and hydraulic accumulators. The sample pressure can be rapidly increased from 1-5GPa to 12-16GPa by different modest compression rates varying from 10-2 to 633.5 GPa/s. The rapid pressure jump on the specimen has been successfully verified through the observed rapid phase transition of ZnTe from semiconductor to metal transitions, as evidenced by the variation in its electrical conductivity. The highest pressure jump of 10.2GPa within a rise time of 16.1ms is achieved, which is significantly higher than previous results (5.8GPa within 20ms) using a Bridgman-type anvils in such an apparatus. We found that rapid compression significantly enhances the phase transformation of C70 fullerene from a disordered graphite to an amorphous phase compared to static high-pressure experiments. The high pressure jump technique developed in this study will thus have great applications in materials science, physics, chemistry, and earth science.

Analysis of Student Problem-Solving Skills on Static Fluid Topics

Abstract Finding high school students’ Problem-Solving Skills (PSS) on static fluid is the aim of this study. A sample of 125 students from a high school in East Java, Indonesia, was employed in this quantitative study employing a survey methodology. The Problem-Solving Skills Test (Cronbarch’s Alpha reliability of 0.66), which consists of six essay questions with a scoring range of 1 to 5, was used to collect the study data. The research data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The average PSS of the students according to the research results was 20.54 with the conversion of the PSS Test score to a scale of 0-100, placing them in the beginner category. According to the PSS indicators, the rank of students from highest to lowest level is Useful Description, Specific Application of Physics, Mathematical Procedures, Physics Approach, and Logical Progression. Students find that Archimedes’ Law, Pascal’s Law, and Hydrostatic Pressure are the most difficult static fluid subtopic to go through. It is highly recommended that learning methods that can support students’ problem-solving skills, such as project-based learning in conjunction with Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, and Mathematics (STEAM), provide them with the skills to use logic in their thinking when solving problems.

Spherical image potentials for an N-charged particle system

The potential energy interaction between a system of N -charged particles and a spherical conducting surface is obtained by means of direct integration of the electrostatic energy density. Making use of the image charge method, we show that the full potential can be split into a sum of one-body central potentials and two-body contributions related to particle–particle and particle–sphere interactions. Analytical expressions are provided for all contributions. The spherical surface of radius R can be considered to correspond to a cavity inside a conductor or a metallic ball, with two different electric conditions, namely the grounded and isolated charged cases. By taking the limit R → ∞ of the spherical case, one recovers the image potential for an N -charged particle system interacting with a planar conductor. While the final results for the potential do not appear as unexpected, the provided analytical expressions should help in diverse physical applications modelled by a number of charged particles interacting close to a spherical surface.

On separability of semigroups: application to models of physics and discrete optimization

Nilpotent semigroups are used in various fields of physics to model processes like system decay in quantum mechanics, state transitions in statistical mechanics, and simplifying dynamical systems. They also assist in optimizing control processes. The set of nilpotent matrices forms a semigroup and plays a key role in Jordan decomposition, which has many physical applications. In quantum mechanics, the Jordan form helps analyze linear operators on Hilbert spaces, especially with systems involving eigenvalue multiplicities. In vibration analysis, it aids in studying normal modes of mechanical systems with degenerate frequencies. Additionally, Jordan decomposition simplifies control theory for linear time-invariant systems, stability analysis in dynamical systems, and the behavior of coupled oscillators, as well as solving systems of linear differential equations. Certainly, the semigroup theory has even more applications in theoretical computer science: suffice it to say, for example, that some authors identify semigroups and finite automata. In this paper, we address the problem of P-separability of semigroups with respect to three key predicates: equality-separability, divisibility-separability, and subsemigroup-separability, achieved through homomorphisms into a nilpotent semigroup. We present some significant results that advance the understanding of these concepts.

Further Results for Hermite-Based Milne-Thomson Type Fubini Polynomials with Trigonometric Functions

This paper examines generating functions of r-parametric Hermite-based Milne-Thomson polynomials. Using generating function methods, the relationships among these polynomials, Fubini type polynomials, and trigonometric functions are given. Moreover, new formulas are derived by utilizing not only the generating functions of these polynomials but also associated functional equations. These formulas pertain to r-parametric Hermite-based sine-and cosine-Milne-Thomson Fubini polynomials, as well as Stirling type polynomials and numbers. Additionally, by analyzing special cases of newly obtained results, some known formulas are also derived. Furthermore, some identities involving secant and cosecant numbers are derived through the properties of trigonometric functions. Special polynomials and their generating functions are an important tool for solving some problems in many areas such as combinatorics and number theory. By introducing new formulas, this paper significantly enhances these problems-solving abilities in these areas. Consequently, these results have potential to shed light on important applications in mathematics, engineering, and mathematical physics.

Validity of IntegratedE-Modules Contextual Teaching and Learning Approaches SubjectMatterElasticity to ImproveCritical Thinking Abilityof Students Senior High School

Students need to develop their critical thinking skills, which include the 4Cs of the 21st century: creativity, collaboration, communication, and critical thinking. These 4Cs are qualities that are essential for success in the modern world. So it's important to acquire knowledge that can sharpen critical thinking abilities. In three high schools in Sungai Punuh City, the pupils' critical thinking abilities were not as good as anticipated. The first research revealed that the lack of connections between the teaching materials and the usage of physics in daily life was the root of the students' poor critical thinking skills. 77% of students said that the professors' teaching resources did not incorporate real-world applications of physics. Textbooks predominate in the instructional resorces utilized, however they do not promote critical thinking or self-learning. Therefore, in order to develop students' critical thinking abilities, autonomous learning tools are required that meet their demands. In order to enhance critical thinking abilities, research was done on the construction of integrated e-modules using the CTL technique on material elasticity. The findings of expert validity tests are especially communicated in this study. Three experts from the Faculty of mathematics and natural sciences UNP Physics Department conducted the validity test, which had an average validity score of 85.7% in the extremely valid category. According to the validity test results, the e-module is combined with the CTL method to resources elasticity to improve critical thinking abilities that are prepared to be evaluated for applicability and efficacy in the actual world.

Implementing a Phase II Quality Control Protocol for a High Precision 137Cs Dosimetry Calibration Irradiator.

In medical physics, rigorous quality assurance and quality control protocols are vital for precise dose delivery applications. In many health physics applications, the allowable uncertainty for various processes is often greater than that of medical physics due to looser safety ties. This results in less demand for quality control and uncertainty analyses, since these may not be needed. However, certain applications can benefit from a comprehensive quality control program, as it may yield important insights, such as air kerma monitoring in dosimetry calibrations for environmental and low-dose applications. By implementing a thorough quality control program tailored to specific contexts and needs, uncertainties associated with dose measurements can be quantified with greater accuracy and reliability. This proactive approach not only ensures the integrity of data collected but also enhances understanding of the measured doses. For these reasons, a comprehensive quality control initiative was implemented following documented failures in a 137Cs dosimetry calibration irradiator. This involved systematic charge collection using NIST-traceable ion chambers to observe long-term changes. A Phase I quality control protocol was previously implemented, which employed Shewhart control charts and Nelson's rules to analyze various datasets subgrouped under different conditions. This study addresses the development of a Phase II protocol, which focuses more on uncertainty quantification of systematic errors and irradiator changes, and air kerma precision for dosimetry calibrations. A designed experiment was performed to identify how much systematic errors influence the air kerma. Emphasis was placed on stricter quality assurance protocols, continuous data collection, and additional control charts to monitor short-term changes, such as exponentially weighted moving average control charts. A pre-irradiation control process was implemented to verify that the total air kerma met the measurement quality objective and to show how various uncertainties were applied before calibration. This study indicates how uncertainty is applied given observed air kerma measurements from the irradiator. Ongoing efforts aim to streamline the quality control procedure, ensure consistent data collection, and assess its impact on dosimetry applications.

Analysis of Lie symmetry, bifurcations with phase portraits, sensitivity and diverse W − M-shape soliton solutions for the (2 + 1)-dimensional evolution equation

This research investigates the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili-Benjamin-Bona-Mahony (KP-BBM) equation, a key model in nonlinear wave dynamics, particularly for shallow water waves. By integrating the features of the KP and BBM equations, it offers a comprehensive framework for studying the propagation, stability, and interactions of long waves. Using Lie group analysis for symmetry reductions and bifurcation with phase portraits to explore dynamic behaviour, the study also applies chaos theory to examine system features. Additionally, the new extended direct algebraic method (NEDAM) is employed to derive novel soliton solutions, including dark, bright-dark, W-shape, singular, periodic, and mixed forms. Sensitivity analysis is performed, and 3D, 2D, contour, and density plots visually demonstrate the results. These findings show that NEDAM effectively extracts exact solitons, providing a basis for further studies in nonlinear wave theory and its applications in engineering and physics.

Development of Scientific Attitude Profile Evaluation Using Accumulation, Demonstration, Exercise, Reflection and Create (ADERiC) Learning Models Based Self-Efficacy

Learning is a process of interaction between students and their environment so that changes in behaviour for the better occur. This research aims to develop and evaluate a scientific attitude profile evaluation tool that uses the Accumulation, Demonstration, Exercise, Reflection, and Create (ADERiC) Learning Model based on Self-Efficacy. Through a Research and Development (R&D) approach using a 4D model, this research designed and tested this evaluation tool in the context of physics learning. The research results show that the application of the ADERiC model evaluation tool significantly increases students' involvement in the learning process, as well as strengthening their ability to solve problems and develop a positive scientific attitude. Evaluations carried out through the instruments developed indicate an increase in students' self-efficacy along with the use of innovative learning models. These results confirm that the integration of ADERiC in physics learning can facilitate deeper conceptual understanding as well as the practical application of physics, contributing to improving the effectiveness of teaching and learning in schools. This research succeeded in designing and validating an evaluation tool that is able to measure these aspects effectively.

Differentiable vertex fitting for jet flavor tagging

This work explores the use of differentiable programming to integrate domain knowledge, in the form of domain specific software, into neural networks to develop scientific machine learning systems. We propose a differentiable vertex fitting algorithm that estimates the crossing point of multiple curves. In the high energy physics setting, these curves are defined by particle equations of motion and the crossing point represents the origin of particle production. This differentiable vertex fitting algorithm can be seamlessly integrated into neural networks, and we show its utility and efficacy in the high energy physics application of the classification of jets, i.e., collimated streams of particles in particle detectors whose originating parent particle we aim to classify. We demonstrate how differentiable vertex fitting can be integrated into larger transformer-based models for jet flavor tagging and show improvements in heavy flavor jet classification when compared to baseline models. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Further results on enumeration of perfect matchings of Cartesian product graphs

Abstract Counting perfect matchings is an interesting and challenging combinatorial task. It has important applications in statistical physics and chemistry. As the general problem is #P-complete, it is usually tackled by randomized heuristics and approximation schemes. Let G G and H H be two graphs. Denote by G × H G\times H the Cartesian product of graphs G G and H H . The number of perfect matchings of some types of Cartesian product G × H G\times H is investigated by the Pfaffian method, where G ≅ P 2 G\cong {P}_{2} , P 3 {P}_{3} , P 4 {P}_{4} or C 4 {C}_{4} , and H ≅ T H\cong T or H H is a non-bipartite graph with a unique cycle. In this article, we construct a Pfaffian orientation of the graph G × P 2 G\times {P}_{2} , where G G is a non-bipartite graph with k k odd cycles. We obtain the counting formula on the number of perfect matchings of G × P 2 G\times {P}_{2} .

Data Integrity Attacks and their Impact on Cyber- Physical Power System Control Applications

Data Integrity Attacks and their Impact on Cyber- Physical Power System Control Applications

Soliton solutions of nonlinear coupled Davey–Stewartson Fokas system using modified auxiliary equation method and extended (G′/G2)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$(G'/G^{2})$$\\end{document}-expansion method

The captivating realm of the nonlinear coupled Davey–Stewartson Fokas system is explored in this research paper. As a powerful tool, the proposed system is utilized for the realistic representation of various non-linear dynamical mechanisms in different fields of sciences and engineering including non-linear optical fibers, plasma physics and water waves theory. Two distinct exact methods, namely the modified auxiliary equation method and the extended (G′/G2)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$(G'/G^{2})$$\\end{document}-expansion method, are utilized to acquire the exact soliton solutions of the non-linear coupled Davey–Stewartson Fokas system. A plethora of novel soliton solutions containing anti-kink, kink, bright, dark, dark-bright, bright-dark and some other singular soliton solutions, have been obtained using the employed exact methods. The significance of proposed manuscript lies in the novelty of obtained solutions. Kink, dark and bright solitons have wide applications in optical fiber communications, plasma physics and water waves dynamics. The acquired nontrivial exact solutions contain exponential, trigonometric, rational and hyperbolic functions. Some obtained solutions are visually represented through graphical simulations of 3D, 2D-contour and 2D-line plots, providing a comprehensive visualization of the soliton dynamics.The modulation instability of the proposed nonlinear system has been investigated, which ensures the stability of the system.

The nanoparticles aggregation aspects on the chemically reactive unsteady flow of alumina-water based nanofluid: A Keller box approach with applications of wavelet physics inspired neural networks

The present study explores the unsteady flow of a nanoliquid past a stretching cylinder with the consequence of heat source/sink and chemical reaction. Additionally, the effect of nanoparticle aggregation, convective boundary conditions, and magnetic field on the liquid flow is taken into consideration. Utilizing similarity variables, the modeled equations are transformed into dimensionless ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Further, the obtained ODEs are numerically solved by using the Keller box method. Moreover, the physics-informed neural network (PINN) is applied to analyze the flow, heat, and mass transport features. Graphical illustrations are used to display the influence of various parameters on the velocity, concentration, and temperature profiles for aggregation and without aggregation cases. As the value of the magnetic parameter increases, the temperature and concentration profile upsurge, but the reverse trend can be seen in the velocity profile. The concentration and temperature profiles rise as the unsteadiness parameter increases, but the velocity profile declines. The concentration, velocity, and temperature profiles are strengthened by an improvement in the curvature parameter value. The intensification in the values of the chemical reaction parameter declines the concentration.