Ground Applications Research Articles

Effect of Coffee Grounds as Compost on The Growth of Vorstenlanden Tobacco

Tobacco is an important commodity in Indonesia because the tobacco industry makes a significant contribution to the Indonesian economy. Tobacco plants need nutrients to grow optimally. One source of nutrients for soil media is compost made from coffee grounds. These coffee grounds are often found as waste from the many coffee shops in Yogyakarta. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of organic fertilizer made from coffee grounds on soil fertility and the growth of Vorstenlanden tobacco plants on different compositions of growing media. This research was carried out using a non-factorial completely randomized design with 5 levels A0 (Without giving coffee grounds compost), A1 (53 gr compost), A2 (105 gr compost), and A3 (158 gr compost), A4 (210 gr compost). The results showed that the administration of coffee grounds compost with the lowest amount gave the highest growth pattern compared to the treatment with the high amount of coffee grounds compost, and the application of coffee grounds compost did not show a significant increase compared to the treatment with coffee grounds compost. Compost of coffee grounds fermented for 2 weeks should not be applied to Vorstenlanden tobacco plants.

Composites Additive Manufacturing for Space Applications: A Review.

The assembly of 3D printed composites has a wide range of applications for ground preparation of space systems, in-orbit manufacturing, or even in-situ resource utilisation on planetary surfaces. The recent developments in composites additive manufacturing (AM) technologies include indoor experimentation on the International Space Station, and technological demonstrations will follow using satellite platforms on the Low Earth Orbits (LEOs) in the next few years. This review paper surveys AM technologies for varied off-Earth purposes where components or tools made of composite materials become necessary: mechanical, electrical, electrochemical and medical applications. Recommendations are also made on how to utilize AM technologies developed for ground applications, both commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) and laboratory-based, to reduce development costs and promote sustainability.

Mo–Si–B alloys for ultra-high-temperature space and ground applications: liquid-assisted fabrication under various temperature and time conditions

Boron-doped molybdenum silicides have been already recognized as attractive candidates for space and ground ultra-high-temperature applications far beyond limits of state-of-the-art nickel-based superalloys. In this work, we are exploring a new method for fabricating Mo–Si–B alloys (as coatings or small bulk components) by utilizing a pressure-less reactive melt infiltration approach. The basic assumption of this approach is a synthesis of binary and/or ternary and complex intermetallic phases (silicides, borides, borosilicides), through a direct interaction of Si–B melt with molybdenum. The main purpose of this work was to examine the effect of temperature and time of Si–B melt interaction on the structure and morphology of the formed reaction products. For this purpose, sessile drop experiments were carried out on the eutectic Si–3.2B (wt%) alloy/Mo couples at temperature varying between 1385 and 1550 °C and holding time between 10 and 30 min. The solidified sessile drop couples were subjected to microstructural characterization by means of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy analyses performed both at “top-view” and cross-sectioned interfaces. The phases formed within the interaction zone were identified by using TEM/SAED and XRD techniques. It was documented that a thickness of both main product layer (MoSi2 + Mo5Si3) and boron-rich interlayer increases with raising temperature and time of the Si–B melt interaction with Mo substrates.

Pathways to Refugee Protection for Women: Victims of Violence or Genuine Lesbians?

Abstract Failures in UK decision-making for women seeking protection from gender-based violence vary depending on the claimant’s (purported) sexuality. These failures are attributable, at least in part, to the application of the particular social group Refugee Convention ground which channels claims along two distinct pathways: one path, for women assumed to be straight, focuses on the violence that threatens them; in contrast, for lesbian and bisexual women, the focus is on their sexuality. In either case, the claimant’s autonomy and individuality is eclipsed, but different stereotypes come into play depending on her (imputed) sexuality. This article argues that greater use of the political opinion Convention ground, and a holistic, rights-based approach would improve refugee status determination for all women, regardless of their sexuality.

Impact of NPK fertilization on hazelnut yield and soil chemical-microbiological properties of Hazelnut Orchards in Western Georgia

In this study, the effects of ground and foliar applications of the NPK fertilizers in hazelnut orchards on the soil chemical and microbiological properties and hazelnut yield were investigated. The fertilization practicesses from ground were done two times using NPK (20:10:10 +trace elements) on March and May while the fertilization practices from leaf were done three times using NK (15:12 +trace elements) on May, June and July at six different hazelnut orchards located on Samegrelo, Guria and Adjara regions in Western Georgia in 2018. The alkaline characterized fertilizer applications from soil generally increased soil reaction (pH), nutrient contents and EC values in different magnitude depends on the soil characteristics of locations. The lowest soil pH (4,40) and EC (0,107 dS m-1) values showed the highest increment (10,7% and 77,6%, respectively) over the control. The basal soil respiration and Cmic values of all hazelnut orchards were generally increased by the NPK ferilization. Increasing soil pH and EC by the fertilization also increased CA and DHA activity. The mean values of percent increase in yield and yield parameters by the NPK fertilization were obtained as 8,3% in yield, 13,3% in shelled nut weight, 10,0% in kernel weight and 5,1% in percent kernel efficiency. The hazelnut yield value had significant positive correlation with soil pH (0,669*), EC (0,652*) and Cmic (0,620*) values. The foliar fertilization and improving the soil properties of hazelnut orchards by the application of alkaline characteristic NPK fertilizer from soil increased hazelnut yield and yield parameters compare with the farmer applications or control treatments. The increments in soil microbiological properties and nutrients are considered as a desirable result in terms of sustainable soil management and plant nutrition for hazelnut orchards.

Environmental life cycle assessment of spent coffee ground pellet

Coffee, the most globally prevalent beverage, entails environmental and economic consequences due to the high content of toxic compounds in leftover from brewing. Waste-to-energy technologies propose recovering energy from solid or liquid wastes via various treatment methods. This study investigates the environmental performance of the spent coffee ground application in pellet production as a valuable bio-product by life cycle assessment. System boundaries comprise four stages: (1) spent coffee ground collection; (2) pellet production; (3) thermal energy generation; and (4) waste disposal. The LCA model is interpreted by ReCipe 2016 in both midpoint and endpoint levels per 1 MJ of thermal energy as functional unit. Alternative waste-to-energy approaches into transesterification, pyrolysis, and direct combustion of spent coffee ground are also assessed. The impact assessment shows that the pelletizing process significantly contributes to all impact categories except ozone formation and terrestrial ecotoxicity, which is influenced primarily by the transportation process in the spent coffee ground collection stage. The spent coffee ground pellet can lead to climate change mitigation, and reduction in freshwater eutrophication and use of resources due to credits from ash disposed to landfill.Biodiesel is the worst potential option among alternative scenarios, while pellet production and bio-oil demonstrate the most favorable environmental profiles for all impact categories. Damage assessment indicates that pellet production and alternative scenarios mainly influence human health.

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF DUAL CHANNEL OPTOELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM WITH NEURAL NETWORK INFORMATION FUSION

Optoelectronic surveillance systems are widely used in many areas of human activity: in agriculture, medicine, military systems, in search and rescue operations. These systems are designed for space, airborne, ground and maritime applications. They have to work under all climate conditions with absolute certainty under all light and weather conditions. And on the other hand, they have to be cost effective. That’s why optoelectronic surveillance systems use channels which provide complimentary information about the object and background. And for the most applications channels that operate in visible and thermal ranges of optical spectrum are indispensable element of such systems. Optoelectronic surveillance systems have to continuously meet and even exceed today’s performance and reliability requirements. That’s why there is a need to use not only cutting-age technology, but also adaptive signal processing. Information fusion is state-of-the-art technic to improve overall system performance. Numerous image fusion methods have been proposed during several decades but the most promising are neural networks. Television system, which work in visible range of optical spectrum, and thermal system, which work in long-wave infrared range where chosen for the modeling. Probability of target detection, recognition and identification was used for performance evaluation. Probability of target detection, recognition and identification for separate long-wave infrared and television channels were modeled. Also, probabilities were estimated for the fused data. Information fusion was done with the help of convolutional neural networks. Simulation results showed that probability of target detection, recognition and identification are almost for 6% higher for fused data compared to separate channels.

Bi-order multimodal integration of single-cell data

Integration of single-cell multiomics profiles generated by different single-cell technologies from the same biological sample is still challenging. Previous approaches based on shared features have only provided approximate solutions. Here, we present a novel mathematical solution named bi-order canonical correlation analysis (bi-CCA), which extends the widely used CCA approach to iteratively align the rows and the columns between data matrices. Bi-CCA is generally applicable to combinations of any two single-cell modalities. Validations using co-assayed ground truth data and application to a CAR-NK study and a fetal muscle atlas demonstrate its capability in generating accurate multimodal co-embeddings and discovering cellular identity.

Experimental and numerical investigation of self-pressurization with different methods of insulation for ground and space applications

The necessity of precise estimation and understanding of self-pressurization in a cryogenic storage vessel has increased rapidly over the years because of the influence of self-pressurization phenomena on the design of cryogenic engines. Since propellants are stored at their boiling temperature or subcooled condition, very small heat infiltration itself causes self-pressurization. When heat is transferred to the propellant tank, the liquid near the sidewall is heated up, and a warm stratified layer is developed at the liquid vapor interface, which causes self-pressurization. A numerical model is developed, and experiments are conducted to investigate the self-pressurization effects of cryogenic storage vessels to precisely understand the mechanisms causing it and the effect of methods of insulations, including multi-layer insulations in tanks. The numerical model is developed based on the available correlation to predict the self-pressurization and related parameters of a double wall cryogenic storage tank with different sets of insulations such as air, foam, vacuum, and MLI and different cryogens; hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. A double wall cryogenic storage tank using SS 304 is also developed, conducted self-pressurization studies using liquid nitrogen under different methods of insulation. The experimental results were compared with the numerical model and found in good agreement. Comparing the self-pressurization rate of different cryogens, the value is higher for hydrogen. Since the boiling point of hydrogen is less, the axial heat flux acting will be higher. The low-density fluids will quickly move towards the interface and deposit, causing a warm layer at the liquid-vapour interface. The amount of phase change is also higher for liquid hydrogen, which in turn aid in rapid self-pressurization. Among the insulations used, multi-layer insulation shows the best performance in terms of thermal resistance. The analytical and heat transfer model developed predicts and compared well with the experimental results and can be used for a variety of situations in ground and space for self-pressurization and roll over phenomenon studies and prediction of results in advance.

A Novel Method for Rubidium Bulb Bonding and Key Characterization for Future Space Clocks.

RF-discharge lamp is a key component in space- and ground-based compact and portable atomic clocks, such as rubidium atomic frequency standards (RAFSs). Precise thermal, structural design, and control of a rubidium (Rb) bulb is of crucial importance for long-term reliable operation of the onboard clocks. An important aspect is the potting material that is used to mount the Rb bulb. Potting material directly determines the thermal contact between liquid Rb pool inside glass bulb enclosure and the heating element, which is the only path to control the Rb bulb's temperature. Failure or degradation of thermal contact of the Rb bulb with its metallic base will lead to Rb clock degradation or failure. Considering this, we have successfully designed, simulated, implemented, characterized, and tested the use of indium metal as a replacement to epoxy for the Rb bulb bonding that can be implemented in future space Rb atomic clocks. Its thermal advantage over other routine space-qualified epoxies and flexibility for multiple bonding and unbonding mechanisms make it ideal for such applications. The usefulness of key properties of indium for various other space and ground applications is discussed.

A Survey of Multi-Agent Cross Domain Cooperative Perception

Intelligent unmanned systems for ground, sea, aviation, and aerospace application are important research directions for the new generation of artificial intelligence in China. Intelligent unmanned systems are also important carriers of interactive mapping between physical space and cyberspace in the process of the digitization of human society. Based on the current domestic and overseas development status of unmanned systems for ground, sea, aviation, and aerospace application, this paper reviewed the theoretical problems and research trends of multi-agent cross-domain cooperative perception. The scenarios of multi-agent cooperative perception tasks in different areas were deeply investigated and analyzed, the scientific problems of cooperative perception were analyzed, and the development direction of multi-agent cooperative perception theory research for solving the challenges of the complex environment, interactive communication, and cross-domain tasks was expounded.

Spray Deposition on Watermelon Crop in Aerial and Ground Application

The quality and quantity production of watermelon requires the effective control of pests, diseases, and weeds, which is directly related to spraying techniques. The method of application of phytosanitary products is essential, but, most of the time, emphasis is given mainly to the applied product and little attention to the application technique. The objective of the present study was to characterize the ejected spray in the aerial and terrestrial spraying of watermelon crops, with the use of adjuvants in a liquid solution. The experiment was carried out in two commercial plantations, in an entirely randomized design, employing a 6 × 2 factorial scheme, with six forms of application and two liquid compositions. The droplet spectrum was assessed employing water-sensitive card imaging. Smaller drop sizes and relative amplitudes were produced by aerial applications. In turn, the largest droplet diameters and the lowest percentage of drops smaller than 100 μm were obtained when using air induction flat double-jet nozzles. The adjuvant did not interfere in the numerical and volumetric median diameters, the relative amplitude, or the volume rate of droplets smaller than 100 μm.

Decoding Aesop: Blumenberg’s Fabulistic Turn

This article develops Hans Blumenberg’s intensifying interest in fables during the 1970s and 1980s and argues that it marked his decisive turn away from academic philosophy toward a rethinking of storytelling as a philosophical practice. Blumenberg’s simultaneous writings on anecdotes are thus reframed as a testing ground and subsequent application of a philosophy of fabulistic storytelling. The systematic reach of this fabulistic turn is exhibited by tracing a set of concepts—pensiveness (Nachdenklichkeit), nonunderstanding (Unverstand), and disturbance (Störung)—that Blumenberg coined to define the specific phenomenological conditions of being interrupted by a fable-type story. Though no actual “fabulology” ensued from these plans, the fabulistic turn can be contextualized with Blumenberg’s metaphorology as it represents his ultimate attempt to study the role of language for philosophy, however, with a shift from analysis to pragmatism: while metaphorology demanded, retroactively, that absolute metaphors be revisited throughout the history of philosophy to gauge the plasticity lost by philosophical language, Blumenberg’s fabulology proposes, proactively, to change philosophical language itself by conducting narratological experiments with the lifeworld to rethink the relation between lifeworld, reality, and storytelling.

Towards improving the global water application uniformity of centre pivots through lateral speed adjustment

An initial step is made towards improving the global water application uniformity of centre pivots by adjusting the lateral speed based on diurnal changes of wind drift and evaporation losses (WDEL). A large WDEL dataset was used to construct an artificial neural network (ANN) model capable of predicting the above ground application efficiency (AGAE ≈ 1- WDEL) from input weather data. Given its reasonably good accuracy (RMSE = 1.5%), the ANN model was then applied in heuristic, simple and dynamic algorithms that used forecasted or real-time weather parameters corresponding to the hourly time intervals of the pivot's revolution time. For each timing interval, the final output of the algorithms is a coefficient ( λ ), that when multiplied by the lateral speed, can ensure a more consistent water delivery depth across the field. The proposed algorithms were theoretically tested for extremely hot, dry, humid, and windy days. These efforts indicated that under the climatic conditions of the study, λ could potentially vary between 0.92% and 1.06% if the revolution time is about 24 h. The λ coefficient typically increased from 1:00 AM to 9:00 AM, then decreased until the sunset, between 19:00 to 21:00, and then increased again until midnight. This general trend for λ could however, be disrupted by sudden changes in the wind speed. Future studies should conduct extensive field work to test the efficacy of the proposed algorithms and quantify the improvement of centre pivot global water application uniformity through the lateral speed adjustment. • Centre pivot lateral speed can be adjusted to account for a changing application efficiency. • Two theoretical algorithms were developed to improve the global water application uniformity. • The first algorithm uses forecasted weather data while the second uses real time data. • The lateral speed adjustment factor varied within ±6% during a 24-hr cycle. • Centre pivot lateral speed adjustment is easy to implement.

Specific features of pressure pulsation control in combustion chambers of land based gas turbine units

LLC SPC Teplofizika, developing low-emission combustion chambers with premixing of fuel for ground application gas turbine installations, investigates the problems associated with the occurrence of pressure pulsations in the combustion chambers, as well as with the methods of their registration and measurement. To date, there is no unified method for assessing and calculating the amplitude-frequency characteristics of these pulsations and their measurement in general. This article is based on many years of experience in measuring and recording pressure pulsations under the conditions of a test bench and operation. Methods for evaluating and accumulating measurement results are presented, criteria for determining the average frequency and amplitude of oscillations are developed, reproducible in the course of experiments and during full-scale measurements. To detect vibrating combustion, an additional criterion of coherence of vibrations is also used with the aid of the entropy coefficient. As a result of the computational and experimental study, we find that the pulsation pressure in the volume of the combustion chamber does not allow the use of probes for measuring pressure pulsations in the air volume of the combustion chamber to reliably prevent the occurrence of vibrating combustion during its operation.

A New Configuration Of Broadband Patch Antenna With Circular Polarization For Wireless Power Transmission

An innovative design of a circular polarization antenna for wireless power transmission is described. The suggested antenna is simply constructed, which consists of a square radiating patch having a slotted center with feeding via a probe and an L-shaped ground plane. The application of this L-shaped ground allows a short connection of the probe power supply to the square patch while retaining a certain elevation from the ground plane to the square patch while using an air layer substrate, thereby allows a proper adaptation of the impedance and an improvement of the bandwidth. The purpose of utilizing the slot in the center of the square patch is to create a circular polarization with an axial ratio value of under 3dB. By means of a through-hole through the vertical L-shaped ground plane, the patch radiating can be readily excited with a probe feed pointing into the same plane as the patch. This approach allows to further improve the bandwidth of the circular polarization. In this way, the CP bandwidth of the proposed antenna is significantly extended by about 10% and a good impedance matching over a wide bandwidth is obtained. The features of the proposed design are investigated and optimized using a 3D electromagnetic (EM) solver. It was found that the proposed antenna covers a broad band of 425MHz, has a 3 dB axial ratio CP bandwidth of approx. 85% of the resonant band, and a gain level of 7.4 dBi or more in the bandwidth of the resonant band. Besides the low cost of the proposed antenna arising from its simplest structure, the resulting performance leads the antenna to be a strong candidate among circularly polarized, single element, and single feed patch antennas.

ONCLE (One Clock Ensemble) for Galileo’s Next-Generation Robust Timing System

<h3>Abstract</h3> This paper presents the ONCLE (One Clock Ensemble) solution for the Galileo time and frequency reference system with advanced features in terms of robustness, performance, continuity, and simplicity. Each component clock is frequency-steered to the ensemble time, which itself creates an average of those steered clock outputs, while clock faults are detected and corrected in real time within an integrated system. The feasibility of algorithm and hardware approaches has been demonstrated on an elegant breadboard and verified by an extended test and validation campaign at the Engineering Model (EM) level, developed for the Galileo next-generation onboard timing system under European GNSS Evolutions Program. Based on the progress for space application and the heritage on the Galileo ground precise timing facility (PTF), we propose a robust solution for the upgrade of PTF for ground application aiming to provide a fully continuous and performance-improved timescale under automated operation. The capability is demonstrated by preliminary simulation results.

Different techniques in detection of buried objects using ground-penetrating radar

The application of ground -penetrating radar (GPR) is addressed in this study, with the main application being the detection and classification of an underground target using GPR technology. This study focuses on the important task of GPR that needs to be done to improve the detection process, as well as ways to eliminate unwanted signals from the GPR image. The accuracy of detecting buried objects using GPR largely depends on the algorithms used, as the smart algorithm technology has proven to be the most accurate, effective, and cost-effective

Problems of Applying Special Grounds for Exemption from Criminal Liability for Kidnapping

Despite the positive attitude towards the presence of compromise norms in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, containing the possibility of exemption from criminal liability for a committed crime, their mere presence seems insufficient. It is important to introduce a mechanism for the functioning of the norms, which will describe in detail all the stages necessary for their application. The article discusses controversial issues of insufficient legislative regulation of exemption from criminal liability on the basis of the application of a note to Art. 126 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The opinions of scientists concerning the application of special grounds for exemption from criminal liability for kidnapping are generalized, the position of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation regarding the understanding of the term “voluntary release of the kidnapped” is considered. A number of controversial issues that have not been taken into account by the legislator, which require mandatory regulation, are cited. The article examines the existing judicial practice of applying the note to Art. 126 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. A lack of uniformity in the law enforcement activities of the judiciary was revealed. Supplements are proposed to the new resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of December 24, 2019 No. 58 to increase the effectiveness of the application of the considered grounds for exemption from criminal liability. As a result, a proposal was put forward that is aimed at improving the note to Art. 126 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The issues raised in the article are of scientific and practical interest.

Lifetime estimation of tantalum capacitor for mobile applications using empirical and experimental techniques: a DOE approach

PurposeCapacitors are one of the most common passive components on a circuit board. From a tiny toy to substantial satellite, a capacitor plays an important role. Untimely failure of a capacitor can destruct the entire system. This research paper targets the reliability assessment of tantalum capacitor, to reduce e-waste and enhance its reusable capability.Design/methodology/approachThe residual lifetime of a tantalum capacitor is estimated using the empirical method, i.e. military handbook MILHDBK2017F, and validated using an experimental approach, i.e. accelerated life testing (ALT). The various influencing acceleration factors are explored, and experiments are designed using Taguchi's approach. Empirical methods such as the military handbook is used for assessing the reliability of a tantalum capacitor, for ground and mobile applications.FindingsAfter exploring the lifetime of a tantalum capacitor using empirical and experimental techniques, an error analysis is conducted, which shows the validity of empirical technique, with an accuracy of 95.21%.Originality/valueThe condition monitoring and health prognostics of tantalum capacitors, for ground and mobile applications, are explored using empirical and experimental techniques, which warns the user about its residual lifetime so that the faulty component can be replaced in time.