Ground Applications Research Articles

Challenges of managing disease in tall orchard trees - pecan scab, a case study.

Abstract Managing disease in tall orchard trees presents unique issues not found in relatively shorter horticultural and agronomic crops, simply due to height Pecan scab (caused by Venturia effusa [G. Winter] Rossman & W.C. Allen) is used as an example of a major disease of one of the tallest orchard crops in the world (up to ∼44 m). This disease is a major issue for pecan ( Carya illinoinensis [Wangenh.] K. Koch) notwithstanding ∼120 years of research aimed at improving management approaches. The historic and current use of host resistance, ground and aerial application of fungicides (and issues associated with their use) and possible benefits of tree management tools are discussed. The problems in obtaining maximum scab control are presented, and the research needs and the possibilities offered by new technologies, including use of unmanned aerial vehicles and genomics tools are presented. Better utilization of existing scab management options, applying new orchard management tools and incorporating new technologies should help ensure that pecan scab has less impact on pecan production in the coming decades.

回転成分推定法の開発と小規模高密度微動アレイ記録への適用

回転成分推定法の開発と小規模高密度微動アレイ記録への適用

Classification of Meteorological Satellite Ground System Applications

Meteorological satellite ground application system carries a large number of applications. These applications deal with a variety of tasks. In order to classify these applications according to the resource consumption and improve the rational allocation of system resources, this paper introduces several application analysis algorithms. Firstly, the requirements are abstractly described, and then analyzed by hierarchical clustering algorithm. Finally, the benchmark analysis of resource consumption is given. Through the benchmark analysis of resource consumption, we will give a more accurate meteorological satellite ground application system.

Research on Hierarchical Scheduling of Operational Operation of Polar Meteorological Satellite Ground System

Meteorological satellite ground application system business operation scheduling is the core of the entire business operation, directly related to the entire system operating efficiency. This paper designs a hierarchical satellite terrestrial system business operation scheduling method. First of all, the satellite service is classified into first-level and second-level scheduling. Then, based on the hierarchical scheduling, task scheduling and scheduled scheduling are implemented. Through hierarchical scheduling and planning and scheduling to achieve the entire system job scheduling, thereby enhancing the efficiency of task scheduling and improve the overall system operating efficiency.

Research on Exception of Meteorological Satellite Ground System Application Based on Resource Bottleneck

Meteorological satellite ground application system resources are limited. Abnormal satellite missions often lead to hopple of system resources. In order to analyze the problem, this paper presents an anomaly analysis method for meteorological satellite ground system based on resource bottleneck. Through the CPU, memory and I/O, several types of resources in-depth were analyzed to find the bottleneck caused by the problem, thus providing recommendations for application optimization. Experimental analysis shows that the proposed method can reasonably analyze the resource bottleneck of CPU, memory and I/O, and draw a good conclusion. To solve the meteorological satellite application system application anomaly caused by the bottleneck of the problem, the application of optimization to a certain extent plays a positive role.

Resource Scheduling Method of Meteorological Satellite Ground System Based on Load Balancing

Meteorological satellite data is large, and the corresponding data tasks are complex and diverse. Satellite ground application system makes the entire ground system resources applications some bottlenecks due to carrying more tasks. That how to improve the resource utilization of the whole system has become a key problem in how to allocate the resources of the satellite ground application system rationally. In this paper, a resource scheduling method for meteorological satellite terrestrial application system based on load balancing is proposed. Firstly, the resources are defined quantitatively. Then, the resource requirements are formally described by matrix. Finally, the reasonable scheduling of resources is realized by load balancing. The proposed method can realize the load balance of the system resources under the premise of guaranteeing the efficiency of task execution.

Increasing the efficiency of rotary piston engines by the use of the diesel cycle

The article deals with the task of increasing the efficiency of rotary piston engines by implementing an economical diesel cycle in a module with a three-arc epitrochoid and an external gearing kinematics scheme. The necessity of the diesel cycle is caused by the need of reducing specific fuel consumption in rotary piston engines that are currently widely used in light aviation, mostly for remotely piloted aircraft. The Wankel rotary piston engine with a two-arc epitrochoid, though having a number of advantages over traditional piston engines, is inferior to them in efficiency, particularly in partial load modes. The implementation of the diesel cycle in а cycloidal piston engine with a three-arc epitrochoid makes it possible to reduce specific fuel consumption by 30% while retaining the listed positive qualities, as well as to use diesel fuel which is preferable for high-altitude aircraft due to lesser tendency to gas formation in pipelines. The engine stator inner loop is made up by three arcs of the epitrochoid that form three working chambers equally-spaced along the perimeter, which provides a decrease of the stator thermal deformation during the operation of the engine. A method is developed to determine the geometric parameters of a rotary piston engine with a three-arc epitrochoid, and design work is carried out in the КОМPAS-3D code for a 50 h. p. diesel engine to be used in light aviation and as a drive of electrical generators, pumps and compressors for ground application.

Truthmaking and fundamentality

Consider the idea that some entities are more fundamental than others, some entities ‘ground’ other, less fundamental, entities. What is it for something to be more fundamental than another, or for something to ‘ground’ something else? This paper urges the rejection of conceptions of grounding and fundamentality according to which reality has a hierarchical structure in which higher-level entities are taken to be distinct from but metaphysically dependent on more fundamental lower-level entities. Truthmaking is offered as an apt replacement for at least some of the many applications of grounding.

The Customized Automatic Processing Framework for HY-2A Satellite Marine Advanced Products

HY-2A, as the first Chinese ocean dynamic environment satellite, provides an effective and efficient way of observing ocean properties. However, in the operational stage, some inconveniences of the existing ground application system have appeared. Based on the review of users’ requirements for data services, the Customized Automatic Processing Framework (CAPF) for HY-2A advanced products is proposed and has been developed. As an extension of the existing ground application system, the framework provides interfaces for adding customized algorithms, designing on-demand processing workflows, and scheduling the processing procedures. With the customized processing templates, the framework allows users to easily process the products according to their own expectations, which facilitates the usage of HY-2A satellite advanced products.

Safety Characteristics in System Application Software for Human Rated Exploration Missions

ABSTRACT NASA and its industry and international partners are embarking on a bold and inspiring development effort to design and build an exploration class space system. The space system is made up of the Orion system, the Space Launch System (SLS) and the Ground Systems Development and Operations (GSDO) system. All are highly coupled together and dependent on each other for the combined safety of the space system. A key area of system safety focus needs to be in the ground and flight application software system (GFAS). In the development, certification and operations of GFAS, there are a series of safety characteristics that define the approach to ensure mission success. This paper will explore and examine a real world approach needed to implement safety characteristics of the GFAS development. The GFAS system integrates the flight software packages of the Orion and SLS with the ground systems and launch countdown sequencers through the ‘agile’ software development process. A unique approach is needed to develop the GFAS project capabilities within this agile process. NASA has defined the software development process through a set of standards. The standards were written during the infancy of the so-called industry ‘agile development’ movement and now must be tailored to adapt to the highly integrated environment of human exploration systems. Safety of the space systems and the eventual crew on board is paramount during the preparation of the exploration flight systems. A series of software safety characteristics have been incorporated into the development and certification efforts to ensure readiness for use and compatibility with the space systems. Three underlining factors in the exploration architecture require the GFAS system to be unique in its approach to ensure safety for the space systems, both the flight as well as the ground systems. The first are the missions themselves, which are exploration in nature, and go far beyond the comfort of low Earth orbit operations. The second is the current exploration system will launch only one mission per year even less during its developmental phases. Finally, the third is the partnered approach through the use of many different prime contractors, including commercial and international partners, to design and build the exploration systems. These three factors make the challenges to meet the mission preparations and the safety expectations extremely difficult to implement. As NASA leads a team of partners in the exploration beyond earth’s influence, it is a safety imperative that the application software used to test, checkout, prepare and launch the exploration systems put safety of the hardware and mission first. Sets of software safety characteristics, to integrate into the more classic ‘agile’ process, are built into the design and development process to enable the human rated systems to begin their missions safely and successfully. Exploration missions beyond Earth are inherently risky, however, with solid safety approaches in both hardware and software, the boldness of these missions can be realized for all on the home planet.

Focus on materials, semiconductors, vacuum, and cryogenics

Focus on materials, semiconductors, vacuum, and cryogenics

Measuring Spray Droplet Size from Agricultural Nozzles Using Laser Diffraction

When making an application of any crop protection material such as an herbicide or pesticide, the applicator uses a variety of skills and information to make an application so that the material reaches the target site (i.e., plant). Information critical in this process is the droplet size that a particular spray nozzle, spray pressure, and spray solution combination generates, as droplet size greatly influences product efficacy and how the spray moves through the environment. Researchers and product manufacturers commonly use laser diffraction equipment to measure the spray droplet size in laboratory wind tunnels. The work presented here describes methods used in making spray droplet size measurements with laser diffraction equipment for both ground and aerial application scenarios that can be used to ensure inter- and intra-laboratory precision while minimizing sampling bias associated with laser diffraction systems. Maintaining critical measurement distances and concurrent airflow throughout the testing process is key to this precision. Real time data quality analysis is also critical to preventing excess variation in the data or extraneous inclusion of erroneous data. Some limitations of this method include atypical spray nozzles, spray solutions or application conditions that result in spray streams that do not fully atomize within the measurement distances discussed. Successful adaption of this method can provide a highly efficient method for evaluation of the performance of agrochemical spray application nozzles under a variety of operational settings. Also discussed are potential experimental design considerations that can be included to enhance functionality of the data collected.

Measuring Spray Droplet Size from Agricultural Nozzles Using Laser Diffraction.

When making an application of any crop protection material such as an herbicide or pesticide, the applicator uses a variety of skills and information to make an application so that the material reaches the target site (i.e., plant). Information critical in this process is the droplet size that a particular spray nozzle, spray pressure, and spray solution combination generates, as droplet size greatly influences product efficacy and how the spray moves through the environment. Researchers and product manufacturers commonly use laser diffraction equipment to measure the spray droplet size in laboratory wind tunnels. The work presented here describes methods used in making spray droplet size measurements with laser diffraction equipment for both ground and aerial application scenarios that can be used to ensure inter- and intra-laboratory precision while minimizing sampling bias associated with laser diffraction systems. Maintaining critical measurement distances and concurrent airflow throughout the testing process is key to this precision. Real time data quality analysis is also critical to preventing excess variation in the data or extraneous inclusion of erroneous data. Some limitations of this method include atypical spray nozzles, spray solutions or application conditions that result in spray streams that do not fully atomize within the measurement distances discussed. Successful adaption of this method can provide a highly efficient method for evaluation of the performance of agrochemical spray application nozzles under a variety of operational settings. Also discussed are potential experimental design considerations that can be included to enhance functionality of the data collected.

Site, local, and regional earthquake ground motion characterization and application

A systematic overview and comparison is presented on the seismic hazard assessment based on the observations and seismic hazard model and the characteristics of earthquake ground motions for a site, a local area, and a region. It shows that the seismic hazard estimated by directly using the observations could differ from that evaluated using an adopted seismic hazard model. It indicates the importance to judiciously select the seismic hazard model, as well as to understand that historical records for a limited period may not fully reflect the seismic hazard. The comparison of the ground motion characteristics is focused on the variability of the ground motion measures, the coherency for record components in two orthogonal orientations, and the spatial correlation and spatial coherency. Procedures for simulating bidirectional excitations at a site and record components at multiple sites for a scenario seismic event are given. The application of the simulated record components to estimate the seismic loss for a portfolio of hypothetical buildings by considering a scenario event is shown, indicating the effectiveness of the presented methodology for seismic loss estimation.

Empirical metod of predicting aviation piston engine noise

The article suggests an empirical method of predicting noise of aircraft gasoline engines with carburetion used in light and unmanned aviation. The method is based on classical approaches of aeroacoustics to the calculation of environmental noise from different sources. The spectrum of acoustic power is proposed to be obtained on the basis of an empirical model similar to the known M. Khekl҆ model for the calculation of noise of internal combustion piston engines of ground application, but at the same time taking into account the key features of aircraft engines. The calculated and experimental data on integral characteristics of the acoustic field of aviation piston engines are shown to be in good agreement. Experimental data on the noise of aviation piston engines like Ash-62IR, M-14P, ROTAX-912ULS with and without cowling, ROTAX-582UL were obtained during acoustic tests of light propeller aircraft An-2, Yak-18T, MAI-223M, MAI- 890U and MAI-890, respectively, under static conditions at a local aerodrome. At the same time the acoustic field of the piston engine was supposed to be axially symmetrical relative to the crankshaft axis and the noise of the engine was determined by the total radiation at the harmonics of flash recurrence rate in the cylinders.

Evaluation of the Capability of Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast to Meet the Requirements of Future Airborne Surveillance Applications

Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) Out supports various ground applications including Air Traffic Control (ATC) surveillance in radar airspace, non-radar airspace and on the airport surface. In addition, the capability of aircraft to receive ADS-B Out messages from other aircraft within their coverage (ADS-B In) enables enhanced airborne surveillance applications. The requirements of the application vary depending on its safety-criticality. More stringent applications will require higher levels of performance. It is therefore critical that the ADS-B system performance is measured against the most stringent application it is designed for. This paper reviews the various enhanced airborne surveillance applications and the required ADS-B information to support them. It identifies the ADS-B based applications required for Air Traffic Management (ATM) modernisation under the SESAR/NextGen programs. It discusses existing ADS-B Out versions and their capabilities. A mapping exercise is undertaken to assess the credibility of the ADS-B system performance to support the functionalities and requirements of the various enhanced airborne surveillance applications and establish those that require further research and development, highlighting some of the key challenges.

Influence of Application Methods of Bio-Fertilization on Vegetative Growth, Seed Yield and Chemical Composition of Fenugreek Plants

THE FIELD work was carried out at the experimental farm "Demo" in faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, during two successive seasons of 2013/2014 and 2014/2015. The aim was to investigate the effect of foliar, ground application (soil drenching) and both the two methods using (0, 5, 10 and 15g/l) of bio-fertilization with yeast (

Joined Cases Aranyosi and Căldăraru: Converging Human Rights Standards, Mutual Trust and a New Ground for Postponing a European Arrest Warrant

This case-note provides a critical overview of Joined Cases C-404/15 and C-659/15 ppu, Aranyosi and Căldăraru. The cjeu tries to reconcile the principles of mutual trust and recognition with the protection of the fundamental rights of the requested person. Instead of introducing a new ground of refusal for a European Arrest Warrant based on the breach of fundamental rights, the cjeu opted for a ground of postponement. Furthermore, it brings its two-tier ‘systemic deficiencies’ test closer to the standards used by the ECtHR and encourages dialogue between the issuing and executing judicial authorities. Nevertheless, the scope of application of the new ground of postponement is not entirely clear and it is not yet sure what happens after the executing judicial authority postpones its decision due to evidence of a real risk that the requested person will be subjected to inhuman and degrading treatment in the issuing Member State.

Effects of Ground and Unground Rice Straw on the Yield and Proximate Composition of Groundnut (<i>Arachis hypogeae</i> L.)

A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the influence of ground and unground rice straw application as organic manure on the yield and proximate composition of groundnut seeds, at the University of Ilorin teaching and research farm. The field layout was a split plot Complete Randomized Block Design with four replications. The ground and unground rice straw were in the main plot and different application rates of the rice straw (0; 1,250; 2,500; 3,750 and 5,000 kg /ha) were in the subplots. The results revealed that ground and unground rice straws at 1,250 and 2,500 kg/ha application rates significantly increased (p < 0.05) yield attributes such as pods’ number with a range of 48.33-74.33 pod weight (23.95-42.70), number of seeds (45.67-77.33), seeds’ weight (13.55-25.56 g) and hundred seed weight (34.34-38.05 g) as well as some aspect of proximate composition such as ash content, crude protein and crude fats which ranged between 2.71-2.79%, 31.47-31.56% and 46.61-47.13% respectively, in order of their mention. The forgoing study revealed that ground and unground rice straw applied at the rate of 1,250 and 2,500 kg/ha can serve as an alternative for soil nutrient amendment in groundnut as it ensured a reasonable yield that is able to meet the nutritional needs of man and livestock.

A fast multichannel SAR raw data simulator of clutter and moving targets

Accessibility of a fast and accurate multichannel synthetic aperture radar raw data generator of stationary clutter and moving targets has high importance, especially in the application of ground moving target indication. In this paper, a fast four-stage algorithm for generating the raw data of each channel stationary clutter and moving targets, has been proposed respectively in the frequency and the hybrid time–frequency domain. Using this simulator, in different conditions in terms of target motion speed, acceleration and direction, for each of the channels, after generating the raw data, its final image has been extracted by the range-Doppler algorithm. Then, using clutter suppression techniques such as DPCA, ATI and hybrid DPCA–ATI, the multichannel SAR final image has been obtained in ideal and nonideal conditions. Finally, the obtained images of the first channel have been studied using the extracted formulas for predicting the effects of target motion parameters on the SAR images as well as analyzing the multichannel SAR final image. The results show that the proposed algorithm for generating the raw data of each channel stationary clutter and moving targets has better performance in terms of speed and accuracy than the other existing simulators and the proposed multichannel SAR simulation method has high quality.