Ground Applications Research Articles

An adaptive coding-angle-Doppler clutter suppression approach with extended azimuth phase coding array

The range ambiguity degrades the clutter suppression performance and incurs parameters estimation ambiguities in application of ground moving target indication (GMTI). Thus, in this paper, an adaptive clutter suppression approach based on extended azimuth phase coding (EAPC) for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar system is presented. The EAPC array encode the transmit pulses for each transmit element, which can introduce additional controllable degrees-of-freedom (DOFs) in coding dimension at the transmit elements. Then, with the DOFs in transmit, receive and pulse dimensions, the coding-angle-Doppler processing can be performed. The echoes from different range-ambiguous regions can be well separated in joint transmit-receive spatial frequency domain by properly designing the EAPC shift factor. In the sequel, the three-dimensional localization (3DL) technique is employed to suppress the range ambiguous clutters, which can evidently reduce the dimensions of the processor. Finally, the results of the experiments based on simulated data demonstrate that the proposed framework can effectively alleviate the space-time adaptive processing (STAP) performance degradation resulting from the range ambiguity.

A Review of Heat Pump Systems and Applications in Cold Climates: Evidence from Lithuania

Similar to other cold climate countries, space heating and domestic hot water (DHW) accounts form the largest share of household energy demand in Lithuania. Heat pump technology is considered to be one of the environmentally friendly solutions to increase energy efficiency and reduce the carbon footprint of buildings. Heat pumps have been finding their way into the Lithuanian market since 2002, and currently there are many good practice examples present in the country, especially in the residential and public sectors. Heat pump use is economically advantageous in the Baltic Region, and the market share of these systems is growing. Studies have reported seasonal performance factor (SPF) ranges within 1.8 and 5.6. The lower SPF values are typically attributable to air source heat pumps, whereas the higher efficiency is achieved by ground or water source heat pump applications. While the traditional heat pump techniques are well established in the region, there is a slow uptake of new technologies, such as solar-assisted heat pumps, absorption heat pumps and heat pumps integrated into foundations, tunnels or diaphragm walls. This paper provides a critical review of different heat pump technologies, using Lithuania as a cold climate case study to overview the market trends within the European context. Potential trends for the heat pump technology development in terms of application areas, cost-benefit predictions, as well as environmental aspects, are discussed.

A new synthetic lure for management of the invasive giant African snail, Lissachatina fulica.

Synthetic chemical lures mimicking pheromones or food attractants are essential tools in eradication programs for invasive species. However, their uses in programs aiming to control or eradicate terrestrial gastropods are largely unexplored. The goal of this study was to find a synthetic attractant that could aid in the eradication or management of the giant African snail (Lissachatina fulica). Field studies in Hawaii showed that a commercial papaya-flavored oil attracted snails. Analysis of the odor profile of the oil identified a total of 22 chemicals, which comprised > 98% of the volatile compounds emitted by the oil. A synthetic blend was reconstructed that mirrored the release rates of the papaya oil odors. In laboratory and field bioassays, the reconstructed blend, applied to cotton wicks as water and canola oil or water and mineral emulsions, attracted more snails than the water and oil emulsion control wicks. Field studies in Hawaii and Florida showed that the reconstructed blend in an oil emulsion was not attractive to non-target species such as butterflies or bees. The snails were attracted from distances > 1 m and entered traps baited with the attractant emulsion. When tested in the South Florida giant African snail eradication program, direct ground application of the reconstructed papaya-flavored oil emulsion increased the number of snails killed by over 87% compared to water emulsion controls. Integrating tactics using the synthetic papaya oil attractant into control measures should increase the effectiveness of eradication and management programs.

Advances in entomological laser radar

During the past decade, the authors have developed and applied optical remote sensing instrumentation for in situ remote surveillance and quantification of the aerofauna. The sparse structure of aerofauna makes optical focusing challenging, but the authors solved this issue through applying the century old Scheimpflug condition. With this approach, the authors have managed to reduce size, cost and complexity of atmospheric lidars and accomplished an effective tool for ecological entomology capable of counting thousands of insects per hour. Due to the high sensitivity and resolution in time and space, the authors can retrieve target modulation signatures in the kHz range for target classification purposes. As opposed to the cm waves in entomological radar, the authors rely on near infrared (IR) light ∼1 μm. This allows superior beam quality, negligible ground clutter and applications close over ground or within vegetation structure. Near IR light can assess both molecular and microstructural properties of the target through differential absorption and depolarisation. Here the authors give the background of entomological lidar, summarise the authors’ recent progress and put it in context with contemporary work. The authors outline applications, ongoing activities and state of the art. The authors discuss future prospects and challenges.

Fault‐tolerant method for anti‐SEU of embedded system based on dual‐core processor

The development of space applications based on commercial system on chip (SOC) FPGA devices has become an important direction for the development of aerospace technology, but single event upsets (SEUs) in space is a difficult problem for commercial SOC FPGAs for space applications. This article presents an anti-anti method for ARM processors in SOC FPGA. This method makes full use of the hardware resources of dual-core ARM in SoC FPGA and improves the system's anti-SEU capability through dual-core mutual-check and recovery mechanisms. At the same time, the data stream and control flow fault tolerant are used to improve the anti-SEU capability within the processor. Error detection and correction (EDAC) and triple modular redundancy (TMR) are used to improve anti-SEU capability of the data flow. A two-level watchdog and ARM exception handling are used to achieve the anti-SEU capability of the control flow. Experimental results show that the two-level fault-tolerance mechanism proposed here improves the system's anti-SEU capability without adding additional hardware resources. This method is currently carrying out satellite-borne ground application verification.

The potential therapeutic effect of NG-hydroxy-nor-L-arginine in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced breast cancer in rats

Advances in our understanding of the metabolism and molecular functions of arginine and their alterations in cancer have led to resurgence in the interest of targeting arginine catabolism as an anticancer strategy. Therefore, arginase inhibitors have been proposed as a way to treat cancer. In this study, the anti-tumor potential of the arginase inhibition by NG-hydroxy-nor-L-arginine (nor-NOHA) (3 mg/kg/day, i.p.), administered for 5 weeks (parallel tumors development, every 3th day) against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats has been investigated. Treatment by nor-NOHA has obvious inhibition effects on development of carcinogenesis in rats was shown. That was seen in downregulation of rats' tumors size and number, mortality rate, in stopped alteration of tissue histopathology, in decrease of polyamines, NO and MDA (malondialdeide) concentrations (in blood). Results have shown arginase and NO-synthase can cooperate to restrain quantities of polyamines and NO for cancer progression. The results obtained can serve as a base to use this model for determination of productive, noncytotoxic antitumor and immune modulating concentration of anticancer agents. Perspectives of targeting arginase and NOS in cancer management can ground application in clinical medicine.

High Temperature and High Reliability Performance of Electrically Conductive Film Adhesives for RF Grounding Applications

Abstract Over the past decade, electronic parts have become smaller, more complex and higher functioning. This is well-understood for many products within the consumer and handheld markets. Miniaturization, however, is also impacting sectors such as aerospace and automotive, pushing the limits of already harsh environments. As more power is driven through active devices, the integrity of materials used to provide the electrically conductive interfaces is becoming increasingly critical. For many applications, adhesive films have been the preferred material because they offer a variety of performance and operational advantages such high electrical and thermal conductivity, uniform bondlines, superior adhesion and low processing temperatures. Today, though, as miniaturization pushes power-density limits and devices are also being exposed to high operating temperatures, even traditionally robust adhesive films are challenged to cope with these conditions. In sectors such as aerospace where high reliability is essential, material capability must evolve to deliver on fail-safe performance expectations. This paper will compare the performance of an established and widely used electrically conductive film adhesive with that of a newly developed film designed to provide improved mechanical performance over a higher elevated temperature range.

Optimal Placement of Near Ground VHF/UHF Radio Communication Network as a Multi Objective Problem

Ultra high frequency (UHF) and very high frequency (VHF) bands are widely used with near ground applications especially for communication purposes. However, due to the limited antenna height, the VHF/UHF signals are very sensitive to the surroundings. The signal may attenuate, fade or loss depending on the condition of the environment. Therefore, it is a challenging task to find the optimal values for network topology planning. In this paper, three multi-objective algorithms namely NSGA-II, SPEA-II and OMOPSO are considered to mitigate the problem. This paper also intends to maximize the electromagnetic fields and signal propagation. On the other hand, it intends to minimize path loss and signal attenuation. Different environment settings such as diverse foliage depth and tree trunk height are considered to evaluate the proposed model. From the experiments, it is shown that NSGA-II outperforms other algorithms. The experiment also shows that the optimal foliage depth between sender and receiver is less or equal to 2 km and the optimal tree trunk height is less or equal to 7 m.

Geomorphological and stratigraphic analysis applied to coastal management

Many of the current conflicts related to inadequate planning of coastal land use are due to the lack of public knowledge about coastal dynamics. With the objective of supporting Integrated Coastal Management actions and increasing public knowledge, this study presents results obtained from the application of Remote Sensing and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) to demonstrate the medium and long term behavior of the Cigana Beach barrier evolution in southern Brazil. The stratigraphic record enables definition of the Holocene retrogradational stacking pattern of the coastal barrier at the study area. On a more recent scale, the average of shoreline changes obtained from the aerial photos of 1938 and 1978 shows a historical erosion trend. The proposed use of the mean high tide line in 1831 to legally designate Federal Lands in coastal areas does not consider coastal dynamics and generates an overlap of public jurisdictions. Due to lack of information on a local scale, and the consequent missing application of coastal management tools for decision-making to resolve land use conflicts, incorporation of the knowledge generated in this work into municipal management instruments is suggested.

Ground application of mating disruption against the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Erebidae)

AbstractThe gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), is a non‐native defoliating insect that continues to expand its range in North America and undergo periodic outbreaks. In management efforts to suppress outbreaks, slow its spread and eradicate populations that arrive outside of the invaded range, aerial deployments of mating disruption tactics and pesticides are generally used. However, in some cases, such as in heavily urbanized areas or other landscapes where aerial deployments are not feasible or permitted, ground applications are required. Ground applications tend to be labour‐intensive to ensure adequate coverage. To better inform optimal deployment of ground applications of mating disruption, we measured the effectiveness of a pheromone formulation designed for ground application, SPLAT® GM, in forested areas of Virginia from 2011 to 2014 using different dosages and number of point applications. We observed that SPLAT® GM applied to the tree trunks at the dosages of 49.4 and 123.6 g AI/ha in 11 × 11 systematic grids (i.e., every 11 m) reduced male trap catch by >90% relative to untreated control plots, which based on previous studies corresponds to >95% reduction in gypsy moth mating success. Our observations suggest that ground applications of gypsy moth mating disruption can be a successful management tool when circumstances require it.

Some Geotechnical Properties of Pure and Waste Gypsum for Geoelectrical Grounding Applications

Natural occurring gypsum is a soft mineral consists of hydrated calcium sulphate, mainly used in cement industry. On the other hand, red gypsum (RG) is a waste generated from a sulphate process of ilmenite ore to acquire titanium dioxide. Due to the gypsum content in both materials are similar, it is expected that both gypsum type can be used for similar engineering applications. In this study, RG was tested and compared to pure gypsum for geoelectrical grounding applications. The geotechnical properties and plasticity characteristics were carefully measured and tested. In addition, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was employed to study the chemical constituents of the materials. Test results showed that, the geotechnical properties of RG is different to that of white gypsum. The plasticity index (PI) of RG was 239.6% greater due to the presence of Fe ions. Surprisingly, the electrical resistivity of both material were found to be similar. It was also noted that, although the plasticity of pure gypsum is high, the plasticity of pure gypsum was found to be short lived primarily due to instantaneous exothermic reaction between water and semi-hydrated gypsum. The change in the plasticity also affected the resistivity as gypsum hardened after short duration. Based on the geotechnical and plasticity characteristics determined, RG was found to be a better as grounding material as compared to gypsum.

ИДЕНТИФИКАЦИЯ И КОНТРОЛЬ НЕУСТОЙЧИВЫХ РЕЖИМОВ РАБОТЫ ГТД ПО СИГНАЛАМ ДАТЧИКОВ ВИБРАЦИИ В ПРОЦЕССЕ ИСПЫТАНИЙ

Ensuring reliable and timely diagnostics and control of a rotating stall and self-oscillations on the fan blades and the first stages of GTE compressors for aviation and ground application with special bench tests, at the engine development stage, is a relevant topic. To solve the problem, spectral analysis of the vibration sensor signals, the bench control system, registered during the engine check for unstable modes of operation, was performed. Diagnostic components that appear in the signals of vibration sensors with rotating breakdown and auto-oscillations at the moments of the appearance of stresses on the blade components of the strain gauge signals are revealed. The existence of the dependence of the blade component and the diagnostic components on the rotor speed is determined. The dependence obtained makes it possible to isolate diagnostic components from the broadband signal, similar to the construction of vibrations using the first rotor harmonics. A method was developed to control rotating breakdown and self-oscillations in the course of GTE tests, with designated limit levels proportional to the stress levels on the fan blades. It is shown that the best, from the ease of implementation and efficiency, a method of monitoring unstable modes of operation is the method with the use of servo filters at diagnostic frequencies. At the same time, it is technically easier to use the available vibration sensors used in monitoring the first rotor harmonics than to install additional pulsation sensors, performing modifications to the engine design, without mentioning the work package required for strain gauging. Besides, the set of signals of standard and technological vibration sensors of the bench control allows determining the diagnostic frequencies of any element of the engine design: fan, compressor, turbine. After tuning the vibration equipment to the required diagnostic frequencies, a specialist with no skills in diagnosing vibration signals can maintain control, which is convenient for the first tests of the engine in operation, where the experimenter controls the flight.

Inversion Climatology in High-Production Agricultural Regions of Missouri and Implications for Pesticide Applications

ABSTRACTMost pesticides applied in the United States have labels that include language prohibiting application during temperature inversions. This restriction, which is well known and is followed by aerial pesticide applicators, has more recently become a focus for ground pesticide applicators. This is partially due to the recent introduction of genetically engineered soybean and cotton with tolerance to dicamba herbicide. Dicamba has been utilized for more than 50 years to control weeds in grain crops, such as corn. In 2017, dicamba was approved for use in dicamba-tolerant soybean and cotton. In 2017 and 2018, dicamba movement onto nontarget plants was substantial. As based on patterns of injury to nontolerant crops and time of applications, some of which occurred during the evening, inversions were likely contributors to off-target movement. Historically, most research on surface temperature inversions and pesticides focused on aerial applications. Research presented here focused on development of inversion profiles at atmospheric heights relevant to ground applications, which typically occur 46–107 cm above ground level (AGL). During the 2015–17 soybean growing seasons, data were collected at three heights AGL (46, 168, and 305 cm) in three soybean-producing regions of Missouri to characterize inversions. Over 600 inversions were characterized; all were nocturnal in nature. Inversions typically lasted overnight at two locations; duration varied at the third. The largest temperature difference recorded was 6°C. This research has resulted in real-time inversion monitoring that is available online to applicators (http://agebb.missouri.edu/weather/realTime/maps/index.php#temp_inversion), and the data generated can be utilized to improve accuracy of low-level inversion forecasting models.

Challenges in implementation of a moving coil linear compressor in a household refrigerator

A linear compressor is well known for its excellent performance in Stirling cryocooler, space application. Minimum linkages, lesser friction points and lower noise characteristics make the linear compressor more promising in the space application. The same technology has not emerged as an alternative compression technology for ground applications such as home refrigerators, air conditioners, electronic cooling. This paper discusses the challenges observed during the implementation of the moving coil linear compressor in home refrigerators. The prototype moving coil linear compressor has been developed and tested by integrating to the home refrigerator.

China's lunar and deep space exploration: touching the moon and exploring the universe.

The Chinese lunar probe Chang'e-4 (CE-4) landed in the Von Kármán crater within the South Pole–Aitken (SPA) basin on the far-side of the Moon on 3 January 2019. Following this, the moon rover Yutu-2 separated from the CE-4 lander and started its travels and exploration on the far-side of the Moon. Before this landing, humans had remotely observed the far-side of the Moon with lunar satellites. However, it was the first time that a man-made spacecraft had landed there and actually left behind wheel prints belonging to humanity.Since China's Lunar Exploration Project (CLEP), or Chang'e Project, started in 2004, China has accomplished the first two steps of its three-step plan of ‘Orbiting, Landing and Returning’. CE-3 and CE-4 landed successfully on the near-side and far-side of the Moon, respectively. In the near future, CE-5 will land again on the near-side of the Moon and take lunar rock and soil samples back to Earth, thus completing the three-step plan of CLEP. In April 2019, National Science Review (NSR) interviewed three key figures of CLEP: CLEP Chief Engineer Weiren Wu (), the first CLEP Chief Scientist and CLEP senior consultant Ziyuan Ouyang (), and CLEP third phase Vice-Chief Engineer, CE-4 Ground Research and Application System Director Chunlai Li (). They talked about the scientific expectations and future plans of China's lunar and deep space exploration.

Larviciding to prevent malaria transmission.

BackgroundLarviciding refers to the regular application of chemical or microbial insecticides to water bodies or water containers to kill the aquatic immature forms of the mosquito (the larvae and pupae).ObjectivesTo summarize research evidence evaluating whether larviciding with chemical or microbial insecticides prevents malaria transmission.Search methodsWe searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register; the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), published in the Cochrane Library; MEDLINE; Embase; CAB s; LILACS; the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP); ClinicalTrials.gov; and the ISRCTN registry up to 6 June 2019.Selection criteriaWe included cluster‐randomized controlled trials (cRCTs), interrupted time series (ITS), randomized cross‐over studies, non‐randomized cross‐over studies, and controlled before‐and‐after studies (CBAs) that compared larviciding with no larviciding.Data collection and analysisWe independently assessed trials for eligibility and risk of bias, and extracted data. We assessed the certainty of evidence using the GRADE approach.Main resultsFour studies (one cRCT, two CBAs, and one non‐randomized cross‐over design) met the inclusion criteria. All used ground application of larvicides (people hand‐delivering larvicides); one evaluated chemical and three evaluated microbial agents. Studies were carried out in The Gambia, Tanzania, Kenya, and Sri Lanka. Three studies were conducted in areas where mosquito aquatic habitats were less extensive (< 1 km²), and one where habitats were more extensive (> 1 km²; a cross‐over study from The Gambia).For aquatic habitats of less than 1 km², one cRCT randomized eight villages in Sri Lanka to evaluate chemical larviciding using insect growth regulator; and two CBA studies undertaken in Kenya and Tanzania evaluated microbial larvicides. In the cRCT, larviciding across all villages was associated with lower malaria incidence (rate ratio 0.24, 4649 participants, low‐certainty evidence) and parasite prevalence (risk ratio (RR) 0.26, 5897 participants, low‐certainty evidence) compared to no larviciding. The two CBA studies reported lower malaria prevalence during the intervention period (parasite prevalence RR 0.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.71 to 0.89; 70,902 participants; low‐certainty evidence). The Kenyan study also reported a reduction in the incidence of new malaria cases (RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.38 to 1.01; 720 participants; very low‐certainty evidence).For aquatic habitats of more than 1 km², the non‐randomized cross‐over trial using microbial larvicides did not detect an effect for malaria incidence (RR 1.58, 95% CI 0.94 to 2.65; 4226 participants), or parasite prevalence (RR 1.15, 95% CI 0.41 to 3.20; 3547 participants); both were very low‐certainty evidence. The Gambia trial also reported the mean haemoglobin level, and there was no difference across the four comparisons (mean difference –0.13, 95% CI –0.40 to 0.13; 3586 participants).We were unable to summarize or pool entomological outcomes due to unreported and missing data.Authors' conclusionsMost controlled studies on larviciding have been performed with microbial agents. Ground larviciding for non‐extensive larval habitats may have an effect on malaria transmission, and we do not know if there is an effect in large‐scale aquatic habitats. We found no studies using larviciding application techniques that could cover large aquatic habitats, such as aerial spraying using aircraft.16 September 2019Up to dateAll studies incorporated from most recent searchAll published trials found in the last search (6 Jun, 2019) were included, and we did not identify any ongoing trials.

Teaching and Developing Reading Skills

As an ESL instructor and administrator, I often find myself uneasy when approaching textbook-like sources for teachers, with long and fragmented books providing hyper-specific information regarding teaching a particular language skill. These books must walk a difficult line between theoretical grounding and practical application, and although they often try to please everyone, all too frequently they do not. In contrast, Peter Watkins’s Teaching and Developing Reading Skills is a helpful volume written for teachers by an experienced researcher/teacher. Watkins moves away from traditional intensive reading and comprehension checks for assessment, instead arguing for a more holistic and reflective approach to teaching reading. The stated goal for the book in the introduction is ‘to support teachers, and the successful teaching of reading, through providing practical classroom activities’ (p. 10). These activities are all included in the book, with printable electronic versions available through the Cambridge University Press website. In the introduction, Watkins summarizes the motivation for the book. The complexity of the reading process and different perspectives on the best way to teach L2 reading are central here. Watkins focuses on perspectives on how learners read, on intensive versus extensive reading, and on moving toward a more balanced reading programme, away from factual comprehension checks. The reader (who he assumes to be a reading instructor) is encouraged to use the book as a resource guide, both for the brief summary sections of the challenges in teaching reading skills at the beginning of each chapter, and for the activities themselves.

Field assessment of insecticide dusting and bait station treatment impact against rodent flea and house flea species in the Madagascar plague context.

Bubonic is the most prevalent plague form in Madagascar. Indoor ground application of insecticide dust is the conventional method used to control potentially infected rodent fleas that transmit the plague bacterium from rodents to humans. The use of bait stations is an alternative approach for vector control during plague epidemics, as well as a preventive control method during non-epidemic seasons. Bait stations have many advantages, principally by reducing the amount of insecticide used, lowering the cost of the treatment and minimizing insecticide exposure in the environment. A previous study reported promising results on controlling simultaneously the reservoir and vectors, when slow-acting rodenticide was incorporated in bait stations called “Boîtes de Kartman”. However, little evidence of an effective control of the fleas prior to the elimination of rodents was found. In this study, we evaluated bait stations containing insecticide powder and non-toxic attractive rodent bait for their potential to control rat fleas. Its efficacy was compared to the standard method. The impact of both methods on indoor and outdoor rodent fleas, as well as the human household flea Pulex irritans were analyzed at different time points after treatments. Bait stations did not cause any significant immediate or delayed reduction of rat fleas and increasing the number of operational bait stations per household did not significantly improve their efficacy. Insecticide ground dusting appeared to be the most efficient method to control indoor rat fleas. Both methods appeared to have little impact on the density of outdoor rat fleas and human fleas. These results demonstrate limited effectiveness for bait stations and encourage the maintenance of insecticide dusting as a first-line control strategy in case of epidemic emergence of plague, when immediate effect on rodent fleas is needed. Recommendations are given to improve the efficacy of the bait station method.

Reversibly compressible and freestanding monolithic carbon spherogels

We present a versatile strategy to tailor the nanostructure of monolithic carbon aerogels. By use of an aqueous colloidal solution of polystyrene in the sol-gel processing of resorcinol-formaldehyde gels, we can prepare, after supercritical drying and successive carbonization, freestanding monolithic carbon aerogels, solely composed of interconnected and uniformly sized hollow spheres, which we name carbon spherogels. Each sphere is enclosed by a microporous carbon wall whose thickness can be adjusted by the polystyrene concentration, which affects the pore texture as well as the mechanical properties of the aerogel monolith. In this study, we used monodisperse polystyrene spheres of approximately 250 nm diameter, which result in an inner diameter of the final hollow carbon spheres of approximately 200 ± 5 nm due to shrinkage during the carbonization process. The excellent homogeneity of the samples, as well as uniform sphere geometries, are confirmed by small- and angle X-ray scattering. The presence of macropores between the hollow spheres creates a monolithic network with the benefit of being reversibly compressible up to 10% linear strain without destruction. Electrochemical tests demonstrate the applicability of ground and CO2 activated carbon spherogels as electrode materials.

Основанието за възобновяване на административнонаказателните производства по чл. 70, б. „д“ от ЗАНН

The subject of this article is the grounds for resumption of the administrative penal proceedings in accordance with art. 70, letter “e” of the Law for the administrative offences and sanctions. The text presents a detailed analysis of the stipulations of the above stated law. It also compares the new grounds in accordance with art. 70, letter “e” of the Law for the administrative offense and sanctions to the grounds in accordance with art. 70, letter “d”, as well as in the context of the stipulations in Penal Procedure Code and the related provisions. A distinction is drawn between the field of application of the new grounds in accordance with art. 70, letter “e” and the grounds in accordance with art. 70, letter “d”.