Global Positioning System Applications Research Articles

Triple-band high-temperature superconducting microstrip filter based on multimode split ring resonator

A compact triple-band high-temperature superconducting (HTS) YBa2Cu3Oy microstrip bandpass filter using multimode split ring resonator (SRR) is presented in this letter. Also, its properties and equivalent circuit models are investigated by even- and odd-mode analysis. Moreover, design method of the proposed triple-band HTS filter for the applications of global positioning system at 1.57 GHz, worldwide interoperability for microwave access at 3.5 GHz, and wireless local area networks at 5.8 GHz is discussed. The centre frequencies and the bandwidths of the three passbands can be allocated properly choosing the dimension parameters of the multimode SRR. In addition, four transmission zeros are produced to improve the selectivity of this filter.

Application of a Single-Antenna GPS–Based Attitude Estimation on the Stability Control of a Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

AbstractAttitude estimation is an important issue in the autonomous flight of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) system. However, for a micro-sized UAV with a wingspan of less than 2 m, a high performance Attitude and Heading Reference System (AHRS) is usually too heavy and large, whereas a low-cost AHRS of suitable size and weight may easily give erroneous attitude data. In this study, a single-antenna global positioning system (GPS)–based attitude estimation method, called pseudoattitude, in combination with the angular rate data given by the onboard gyroscopes, is applied to solve the problem. That is, the pseudoattitude estimated by the GPS velocity data provides a reference attitude with some time lag, whereas the gyroscope’s angular rate is integrated with the aid of a proposed complementary filter to eliminate the time lag problem. An experimental method is then developed to determine the filter parameters by a static ground test of the GPS and flight test data with postprocessing and analysis. A fuz...

Miniaturization and Low-Cost Microstrip Antenna Design for GPS Receiver

As the key components of the receiver in the GPS(Global Positioning System) system, the performance of the antenna has an important impact on the accuracy of navigation and positioning for a GPS receiver. The paper shows a novel microstrip antenna on the basis of the slot loaded method. The simulated results and the experimental test results indicate that the characteristics of impedance and circular polarization, as well as the radiation pattern of the proposed antenna can meet the requirements of the applications of GPS, which provides the theoretical and experimental basis for the practical applications of the proposed antenna.

이중 대역 GPS 배열 안테나 설계

본 논문에서는 하이브리드 급전 구조를 가지는 이중 대역 GPS 패치 안테나를 설계하였다. 설계된 개별 안테나는 GPS 배열 안테나로 사용되며, 배열에서 개별 안테나의 방향을 조절하여 패턴 왜곡 및 간섭을 최소화하였다. 제안된 안테나는 GPS <TEX>$L_1$</TEX>(1.5754 GHz), <TEX>$L_2$</TEX>(1.2276 GHz) 대역에서 각각 공진하는 2개의 방사 패치를 가지고 있으며, 광대역 및 원형 편파 특성을 구현하기 위해 칩 커플러를 이용한 2-포트 급전 방법을 사용하였다. 설계된 개별 안테나를 각각의 장착 위치에서 네 방향(<TEX>${\phi}=0^{\circ}$</TEX>, <TEX>${\phi}=90^{\circ}$</TEX>, <TEX>${\phi}=180^{\circ}$</TEX>, <TEX>${\phi}=270^{\circ}$</TEX>)으로 돌려가며 중앙 안테나와 가장 적은 패턴 왜곡과 간섭을 가지는 방향으로 안테나를 장착하였다. 배열 안테나 측정 결과, 중앙 안테나의 전면 방향 이득은 <TEX>$L_1$</TEX>과 <TEX>$L_2$</TEX> 대역에서 0.3 dBic, -1.0 dBic, 측면 안테나의 전면 방향 이득은 <TEX>$L_1$</TEX>과 <TEX>$L_2$</TEX> 대역에서 1.6 dBic, 1.0 dBic를 가지며, 이를 통해 제안된 배열 안테나가 이중 대역 GPS 배열 안테나로 사용 가능함을 확인하였다. In this paper, we propose a design of dual-band patch antennas for Global Positioning System(GPS) applications, and the designed antenna is used as an individual element of GPS arrays. A low distortion and a high isolation of the array are achieved by adjusting rotating angles of each array element. The antenna consists of two radiating patches that operate in the GPS <TEX>$L_1$</TEX> and <TEX>$L_2$</TEX> bands, and the two ports feeding network with a hybrid chip coupler is adopted to achieve a broad circular polarization(CP) bandwidth. The rotating angles of each antenna element are varied with four directions(<TEX>${\phi}=0^{\circ}$</TEX>, <TEX>${\phi}=90^{\circ}$</TEX>, <TEX>${\phi}=180^{\circ}$</TEX>, <TEX>${\phi}=270^{\circ}$</TEX>) in order to minimize the pattern distortion and maximize the isolation among array elements. The measurement shows bore-sight gains of 0.3 dBic(<TEX>$L_1$</TEX>) and -1.0 dBic(<TEX>$L_2$</TEX>) for the center element. Bore-sight gains of 1.6 dBic(<TEX>$L_1$</TEX>) and 1.0 dBic(<TEX>$L_2$</TEX>) are observed for the edge element. This results demonstrate that the proposed antenna is suitable for GPS array applications.

A Novel 1.575‐GHz Dual‐Polarization Textile Antenna for GPS Application

ABSTRACTThis article presents a novel dual‐polarization textile antenna (DPTA) for Global Positioning System applications. In this design, four sector radiating elements are centrally fed by a coaxial probe. A novel antenna structure is successfully achieved by integrating electronic components into a wearable textile antenna. Silver loaded epoxy adhesive is used in embedding four PIN diode switches on ShieldIt super textile of the proposed antenna. The activation of certain PIN diode switches configuration determines the polarization of DPTA. Dimension‐wise, this antenna is compact and small where it consists of 40‐mm radius .The proposed DPTA design successfully generated dual‐polarization omnidirectional radiation pattern with maximum gain 1.81 dB at angle of 0°/360°, 90°, 180°, and 270°. Its small size, flexible, and wearable features enables this DPTA to be easily integrated onto safety jacket and rain coat for tracking, search, and rescue applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:2414–2420, 2013

GIS FOR HEALTH SERVICES

Technology controls our life in almost all fields. Health services are one of these fields which are widely affected by the advances in spatial information technology. Spatial information technology includes Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Global Positioning Systems (GPS), remote sensing, and spatial data management. GIS helps planners in planning and monitoring health care facilities. This enables health authorities matching the facility supply with the relevant demand. Utilization of GIS spatial analysis also promotes the standards of health services. That is why health authorities give investment priority to improve health services employing GIS. Other Applications of GIS and GPS in emergency geographic information services and infection control are appeared. Using GIS in planning new health care facility opens multiple issues. These issues are the locality definition, spatial epidemiology, socio- economic status and health status taking into account age and sex variations in the area concerned. In this paper, the existing situation of public health care facilities in Assuit city, Egypt is assessed according to the guidelines of the Ministry of Health and Population in Egypt MOHP.

Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and Microtechnology Sensors in Team Sports: A Systematic Review

Use of Global positioning system (GPS) technology in team sport permits measurement of player position, velocity, and movement patterns. GPS provides scope for better understanding of the specific and positional physiological demands of team sport and can be used to design training programs that adequately prepare athletes for competition with the aim of optimizing on-field performance. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the depth and scope of reported GPS and microtechnology measures used within individual sports in order to present the contemporary and emerging themes of GPS application within team sports. A systematic review of the application of GPS technology in team sports was conducted. We systematically searched electronic databases from earliest record to June 2012. Permutations of key words included GPS; male and female; age 12-50 years; able-bodied; and recreational to elite competitive team sports. The 35 manuscripts meeting the eligibility criteria included 1,276 participants (age 11.2-31.5 years; 95 % males; 53.8 % elite adult athletes). The majority of manuscripts reported on GPS use in various football codes: Australian football league (AFL; n = 8), soccer (n = 7), rugby union (n = 6), and rugby league (n = 6), with limited representation in other team sports: cricket (n = 3), hockey (n = 3), lacrosse (n = 1), and netball (n = 1). Of the included manuscripts, 34 (97 %) detailed work rate patterns such as distance, relative distance, speed, and accelerations, with only five (14.3 %) reporting on impact variables. Activity profiles characterizing positional play and competitive levels were also described. Work rate patterns were typically categorized into six speed zones, ranging from 0 to 36.0 km·h⁻¹, with descriptors ranging from walking to sprinting used to identify the type of activity mainly performed in each zone. With the exception of cricket, no standardized speed zones or definitions were observed within or between sports. Furthermore, speed zone criteria often varied widely within (e.g. zone 3 of AFL ranged from 7 to 16 km·h⁻¹) and between sports (e.g. zone 3 of soccer ranged from 3.0 to <13 km·h⁻¹ code). Activity descriptors for a zone also varied widely between sports (e.g. zone 4 definitions ranged from jog, run, high velocity, to high-intensity run). Most manuscripts focused on the demands of higher intensity efforts (running and sprint) required by players. Body loads and impacts, also summarized into six zones, showed small variations in descriptions, with zone criteria based upon grading systems provided by GPS manufacturers. This systematic review highlights that GPS technology has been used more often across a range of football codes than across other team sports. Work rate pattern activities are most often reported, whilst impact data, which require the use of microtechnology sensors such as accelerometers, are least reported. There is a lack of consistency in the definition of speed zones and activity descriptors, both within and across team sports, thus underscoring the difficulties encountered in meaningful comparisons of the physiological demands both within and between team sports. A consensus on definitions of speed zones and activity descriptors within sports would facilitate direct comparison of the demands within the same sport. Meta-analysis from systematic review would also be supported. Standardization of speed zones between sports may not be feasible due to disparities in work rate pattern activities.

Application of global positioning system and questionnaires data for the study of driver behaviour on two‐lane rural roads

Methodologies based on naturalistic observation provide the most accurate data for studying drivers' behaviour. This study presents a new methodology to obtain naturalistic data related to drivers' behaviour in a road segment. It is based on the combination of using global positioning system data and drivers' questionnaires. The continuous speed profiles along a road segment and the characteristics of drivers, of their trips and the type of their vehicles can be obtained for a great amount of drivers. It has already been successfully used for several studies, such as the development of models to estimate operating speed profile in two-lane rural road segments; or the characterisation of driving styles. These operating speed models have been the key for the development of a new geometric design consistency model, allowing an easier road safety evaluation. Besides, knowledge on the human factors that influence speed choice may be useful for road safety media campaigns and education programs designers, and also for the improvement of intelligent driver assistance systems.

A bee-hive frequency selective surface for Wi-Max and GPS applications

The paper presents investigations on a bee-hive cell, concentric aperture frequency selective surface (FSS) tuned to pass 1.5 GHz for global positioning system application and 3.5 GHz for worldwide interoperability for microwave access applications. The designed dual-band FSS screen is easy to fabricate with low cost materials, exhibiting low weight, with two broad transmission bands, where the maximum recorded −10 dB transmission percentage bandwidth is 68.67 %. Due to symmetrical nature of design, FSS is insensitive to variation of RF incidence angle for 60° rotations. A computationally efficient method for analysing this FSS is presented. Experimental investigation is performed using standard microwave test bench. It is observed that the computed and experimental results are in close agreement.

Teaching High-Accuracy Global Positioning System to Undergraduates Using Online Processing Services

ABSTRACTHigh-accuracy Global Positioning System (GPS) has become an important geoscientific tool used to measure ground motions associated with plate movements, glacial movements, volcanoes, active faults, landslides, subsidence, slow earthquake events, as well as large earthquakes. Complex calculations are required in order to achieve high-precision positions and thereby high-accuracy displacement measurements. It is difficult to familiarize undergraduates with the complex data processing within a period of one semester. Several national organizations offer free online GPS processing services. Using these online services, a GPS beginner can bypass the complex aspect of data processing and focus on applications of the high-accuracy GPS technology. This paper introduces the author's experience using Online Positioning User Service, provided by the National Geodetic Survey (NGS) and Automatic Precise Positioning Service, provided by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in teaching two undergraduate courses, Applications of GPS in Geosciences and Geological Hazards, at the University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez. Two class projects, “Where is My House?” and “GPS Landslide Monitoring,” were designed to practice GPS data collection, processing, and analysis. The enrollments of the two courses were about 10 senior undergraduate students. Online GPS data processing helped both the instructor and students in teaching and learning the intricacies of GPS data processing, understanding different reference frames and coordinate systems, and familiarizing local permanent reference stations. Students who had taken the GPS classes often help professors in the geology department and other departments to survey field sites with centimeter-level accuracy.

Comparative Analysis of GPS Data

Abstract. The goal of this project is to calculate the distance traveled during a bike ride around the University of South Florida using information gathered by a GPS (Global Positioning System) application on a smartphone. We calculate the route distance in two ways: from latitudes and longitudes using the haversine formula and 2) from velocities and times using the trapezoidal rule. These computed distances were compared to the distance given by the smartphone application.

Compact Circularly Polarized Composite Cavity-Backed Crossed Dipole for GPS Applications

In this paper, we present a circularly polarized (CP) composite cavity-backed crossed dipole antenna for global positioning system (GPS) applications. We produce the CP radiation by crossing two dipoles through a <TEX>$90^{\circ}$</TEX> phase delay line of a vacant-quarter printed ring, which also has a broadband impedance matching characteristic. Two techniques, insertion of meander lines in the dipole arm and arrowhead-shaped trace at its end, are employed to reduce the sizes of the primary radiation element. The compact radiator is backed by a cavity reflector to achieve a wide CP radiation beamwidth. The proposed antenna exhibits a measured bandwidth of 1.450~1.656 GHz for a voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) < 2 and 1.555~1.605 GHz for AR < 3-dB. At 1.575 GHz, the antenna has a gain of 7 dBic, a frontto-back ratio of 27 dB, AR of 1.18 dB, and 3-dB AR beamwidths of <TEX>$130^{\circ}$</TEX> and <TEX>$132^{\circ}$</TEX> in the x-z and y-z planes, respectively.

Compact and high performance microstrip diplexer for GPS and WLAN application

AbstractIn this article, a novel compact and high performance microstrip diplexer is designed for global position system (GPS) and wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. The compact diplexer consists of two filters with short centered stepped impedance resonators (SCSIRs) and quarter‐wavelength resonators (QWRs), operated at 1.575 GHz and 5.8 GHz, respectively. Due to the intrinsic characteristics and mutual loading effect of two filters, multiple transmission zeros can be generated to achieve sharp skirt, wide stopband, and high isolation of the diplexer. Moreover, more compact size can be obtained without the extra junction matching. Finally, a microstrip diplexer with 1 dB absolute bandwidth 100 MHz for GPS channel and 1 dB fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 3.45% at 5.8 GHz for WLAN channel is designed and fabricated. The simulated and measured results show a better agreement and validate the proposed theory. The size without the 50 Ω feedline is only 0.156 λg × 0.103λg, in which λg is the guided wavelength at 1.575 GHz. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:1233–1237, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27550

Stochastic modeling of high-stability ground clocks in GPS analysis

In current global positioning system (GPS) applications, receiver clocks are typically estimated epoch-wise in the data analyses even for clocks with high performance like Hydrogen-masers (H-maser). Applying an appropriate clock model for high-stability receiver clocks should, in view of the strong correlation between the station height and the clock parameters, significantly improve the positioning results. Recent experiments have shown that modeling the deterministic behavior of high-quality receiver clocks can improve the kinematic precise point positioning considerably. In this paper, well-behaving ground clocks are studied in detail applying constraints between subsequent and near-subsequent clock parameters. The influence of different weights for these relative clock constraints on the positioning quality, especially on the height, is investigated. For excellent clocks, an improvement of up to a factor of 3 can be obtained for the repeatability of the kinematic height estimates. This may be essential to detect small but sudden changes in the vertical component (e.g., caused by earthquakes). Troposphere zenith path delays (ZPD) are also heavily correlated with the receiver clock estimates and station heights. All these parameters are usually estimated simultaneously. We show that the use of relative clock constraints allows for a higher time resolution of the ZPD estimates (smaller than 2 h) without compromising the quality of the kinematic height estimates.

Application of Global Positioning System Measuring Technology in Safety Monitoring of Long-Span Bridges

With the application of Global Positioning System (GPS) echnology using in the field of modern transport, more and more long-span bridges have set up the GPS system to monitor the real-time deformation in safety monitoring system. Nowadays the highest measuring accuracy of GPS technology achieves millimeter, and the sampling frequency can reach 20Hz. It can solve real-time deformation data and adapt to the complexity and poor working environment. Based on the application of GPS technology using in long-span bridges safety monitoring system, this paper set the Huangpu bridge as the engineering project and demonstrate how to apple the GPS technology in deformation monitoring and security evaluation.

Application of Global Positioning System Measuring Technology in Safety Monitoring of Highway Slope

The displacement is an important indicator of safety evaluation for highway slope. The highest measurement accuracy of global positioning system (GPS) achieves millimeter, and the sampling frequency can reach 20Hz. The displacement can be solved real-time, and the GPS measuring receiver adapts to the complex and harsh working environment. The paper summarizes the current technology level of GPS application in highway slope monitoring and introduces a low-cost monitoring technology that one receiver assemble multi-antenna to measure several points’ displacement. Based on the application of GPS technology using in highway slope safety monitoring system, this paper set the FuYin Highway as the engineering project and demonstrate how to apple the GPS technology in displacement monitoring and security evaluation.

Spectral Analysis and Mitigation of GPS Multipath Error Using Digital Filtering for Static Applications

Multipath is one of the prominent error sources in Global Positioning System (GPS), which adversely affects the accuracy of the user’s position. This paper describes the estimation of frequency components of multipath error signal using spectral analysis and its effective mitigation using time-varying digital Alters. Four types of 2nd order Alters, namely, Butterworth, Type I and II Chebyshev and Elliptic filters, are examined for mitigation of multipath and their performance is compared. It is observed that by applying digital filters of different cut-off frequencies over the spectrum of the multipath, one can significantly reduce the multipath errors. The designed filters are applied to GPS data acquired from a typical urban environment site and found that Butterworth filter reduced the error most effectively. To extract the magnitude of error contribution in low and medium multipath frequency ranges, its mitigation is carried out with Butterworth filter. The performance of the filter is validated by the spectral analysis for multipath signals before and after filtering process. However, this spectral analysis followed by digital filtering is different from the approaches reported elsewhere in the open literature. This new approach is very useful in identifying least-affecting multipath sites for GPS applications.

Ground antenna for GPS using lumped elements

A compact and low-profile antenna for the global positioning system application is presented, based on two capacitors and one inductor. Since the system ground plane is fully utilized as a radiating structure in this antenna, the antenna size can be miniaturized while radiation efficiency keeps high. This ground antenna occupies 15 × 5 mm2 on the ground plane and has a bandwidth of 45 MHz (1540–1585 MHz) for the voltage standing wave ratio < 3. In this work, we further illustrate the operation of the ground antenna by using the electromagnetic coupling concept.

Dual-band wearable compact antenna for GPS and UMTS applications

A novel dual-band wearable compact antenna for the Global Positioning System (GPS) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is presented.The proposed antenna pattern is connected to the ground plane vertically and consists of a folded inverted-F connected to two folded branches and a parasitic coupling arm. The measured antenna gain and radiation efficiency of the dual-band antenna are 2.84 dBi/55.14 % and 3.05 dBi/94.08 % for the low band and high band, respectively. With a supporting sponge on the shielding ground, 1-g average specific absorption rate (SAR) is decreased significantly to only 1.38 W/kg to comply with the linking power budget (21 dBm) for the UMTS band. Therefore, the proposed wearable compact dual-band antenna is suitable for wearable device applications. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:859–863, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI: 10.1002/mop.27455

A Wearable Active Antenna for Global Positioning System and Satellite Phone

A wearable multiband circularly polarized active antenna is presented for use in Global Positioning System and Iridium satellite phone applications. The square patch antenna is constructed using flexible foam and fabric substrates and conductors etched on thin copper-on-polyimide films. The feed substrate integrates a compact low-noise amplifier chip directly underneath the antenna patch. The antenna performance is studied under bending conditions and in the presence of a human body. The active antenna exhibits a gain higher than 25 dBi and a 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth exceeding 183 MHz in free-space conditions and is robust to bending and on-body placement.