Exogenous Application Of Polyamines Research Articles

Endogenous plant metabolites influence on shelf-life extension of tuberose flowers

Tuberose is highly valuable for making floral ornaments, bouquets, artistic garlands, button holes and essential oil. The present study aimed to increase the shelf life of loose flowers by the exogenous application of endogenous plant metabolites i.e. polyamines-putrescine and spermidine at 15 and 20 mg each and with two controls (with/ without packaging). The polyamine-dipped tuberose florets were packed in polyethylene zip covers (56 microns thickness & 1% ventilation), and stored at room temperature (32±1oC and 65 ± 3% RH). Results revealed that putrescine (20 mg) and spermidine (20 mg) treated florets had reduced physiological loss in weight and spoilage percentage with delayed flower opening, and higher sensory acceptance when compared to other treatments and also extended vase life (4 days). The shelf life of untreated flowers without a package was just on the harvested day. Thus, the exogenous application of polyamines had a synergic effect on the shelf life of tuberose loose flowers and can be effectively utilized in the supply chain of tuberose.

Phenolic profile and evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer activities of Calendula officinalis L. using exogenous polyamines application

Polyamines (PAs) are active natural substances with multiple amino groups that are essential for numerous physiological and developmental functions in plants. This study aimed to examine the effects of foliar spraying of PAs on profiles of phenolic compounds (PCs), antimicrobial activity against clinical pathogens, and cytotoxic activity of aqueous and methanolic extracts (AEs and MEs) of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) (CoL). Three different quantities of the chemicals putrescine (PUT), spermidine (SPD), and spermine (SPM) were sprayed on the plants during their four or five completely expanded leaf stages.This experiment was carried out over the course of three months, using a randomized complete design with four replications. According to evaluations of various physiochemical characteristics, the treatments significantly increased the amount of glycosylated flavonols. The study also revealed noteworthy differences in the total phenolic acid and flavonoid content. The foliar spraying with 1 mM SPD had the most significant effect compared to other PAs. Additionally, the primary flavonols, including isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside (narcissin) and isorhamnetin-3-O-rhamnosylrutinoside (typhaneoside), were observed in the 1 mM SPD treatment. The antimicrobial activity (MIC µg/mL) of CoL AEs and MEs towards the six pathogen strains was significantly enhanced when exogenous application of PAs was introduced. On the other hand, the findings demonstrated that the application of PAs, particularly SPD, led to significant cytotoxic activity against five tumor cell lines in the CoL MEs and AEs. These results indicate that foliar spraying of PAs may have numerous possible uses in the pharmaceutical industry as a result of their influence on antimicrobial and anticancer capacities, as well as phenolic and flavonoid compounds.

Enhancement of genetic transformation efficiency in indica rice cultivar IR64 by vacuum infiltration and exogenous application of polyamines

Enhancement of genetic transformation efficiency in indica rice cultivar IR64 by vacuum infiltration and exogenous application of polyamines

Herbivory by Striped Stem Borer Triggers Polyamine Accumulation in Host Rice Plants to Promote Its Larval Growth.

Polyamines (PAs) are ubiquitous low-molecular-weight aliphatic polycations in all living organisms, which are crucial for plant response to abiotic and biotic stresses. The role of PAs in plant disease resistance has been well documented. However, their involvement in plant-pest interactions remains unclear. Here, the role of PAs in rice against striped stem borer (SSB, Chilo suppressalis Walker), a destructive pest in rice production worldwide, was investigated. SSB larval infestation led to a substantial accumulation of free putrescine (Put) in rice seedlings, which was in parallel with an elevated expression of host PA biosynthesis genes Arginine Decarboxylase1 (ADC1) and ADC2. Moreover, SSB larval oral secretion application with wounding further raised the transcripts of ADC1 and ADC2 in rice compared with wounding treatment alone. The larval growth on both rice plants and artificial diet was promoted by the exogenous application of PA and inhibited by a PA biosynthesis inhibitor. On the other hand, the rice defense responses, including polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) activities, as well as protease inhibitor level, were enhanced by a Put supplement and reduced by an ADC inhibitor. Our results indicate that SSB herbivory triggers polyamine accumulation in host rice plants, which is beneficial to SSB in rice-SSB interaction.

Versatile roles of polyamines in improving abiotic stress tolerance of plants.

In recent years, extreme environmental cues such as abiotic stresses, including frequent droughts with irregular precipitation, salinity, metal contamination, and temperature fluctuations, have been escalating the damage to plants’ optimal productivity worldwide. Therefore, yield maintenance under extreme events needs improvement in multiple mechanisms that can minimize the influence of abiotic stresses. Polyamines (PAs) are pivotally necessary for a defensive purpose under adverse abiotic conditions, but their molecular interplay in this remains speculative. The PAs’ accretion is one of the most notable metabolic responses of plants under stress challenges. Recent studies reported the beneficial roles of PAs in plant development, including metabolic and physiological processes, unveiling their potential for inducing tolerance against adverse conditions. This review presents an overview of research about the most illustrious and remarkable achievements in strengthening plant tolerance to drought, salt, and temperature stresses by the exogenous application of PAs. The knowledge of underlying processes associated with stress tolerance and PA signaling pathways was also summarized, focusing on up-to-date evidence regarding the metabolic and physiological role of PAs with exogenous applications that protect plants under unfavorable climatic conditions. Conclusively, the literature proposes that PAs impart an imperative role in abiotic stress tolerance in plants. This implies potentially important feedback on PAs and plants’ stress tolerance under unfavorable cues.

Metabolomics and lipidomics insight into the effect of different polyamines on tomato plants under non-stress and salinity conditions

Polyamines (PAs) are key signaling molecules involved in plant growth and stress acclimation processes. This work investigated the effect of spermidine, spermine, and putrescine (alone and in a mixture) in tomato plants using a combined metabolomics and lipidomics approach. The experiments were carried out under non-stress and 100 mM NaCl salinity conditions. Shoot and root biomass, as well as SPAD values, were increased by the application of exogenous PAs but with differences across treatments. Similarly, root length density (F: 34, p < 0.001), average root diameter (F: 14, p < 0.001), and very fine roots (0.0–0.5 mm) increased in PA-treated plants, compared to control. Metabolomics and lipidomics indicated that, despite being salinity the hierarchically prevalent factor, the different PA treatments imposed distinct remodeling at the molecular level. Plants treated with putrescine showed the broader modulation of metabolite profile, whereas spermidine and spermine induced a comparatively milder effect. The pathway analysis from differential metabolites indicated a broad and multi-level intricate modulation of several signaling molecules together with stress-related compounds like flavonoids and alkaloids. Concerning signaling processes, the complex crosstalk between phytohormones (mainly abscisic acid, cytokinins, the ethylene precursor, and jasmonates), and the membrane lipids signaling cascade (in particular, sphingolipids as well as ceramides and other glycerophospholipids), was involved in such complex response of tomato to PAs. Interestingly, PA-specific processes could be observed, with peculiar responses under either control or salinity conditions.

The kinetochore protein NNF1 has a moonlighting role in the vegetative development of Arabidopsis thaliana

The kinetochore is a supramolecular protein complex assembled on the chromosomes, essential for faithful segregation of the genome during cell divisions. More than 100 proteins are known to constitute the eukaryotic kinetochore architecture, primarily identified using non-plant organisms. A majority of them are fast evolving and are under positive selection. Thus, functional characterization of the plant kinetochore proteins is limited as only a few conserved orthologs sharing sequence similarity with their animal counterparts have been examined. Here, we report the functional characterization of the Arabidopsis thaliana homolog of the yeast NNF1/human PMF1 outer kinetochore protein and show that it has both kinetochore and non-kinetochore functions in plant growth and development. Knockout of NNF1 causes embryo lethality implying its essential role in cell division. AtNNF1 interacts with MIS12 in Y2H and co-immunoprecipitation assays, confirming it is one of the constituents of the plant MIS12 complex. GFP-NNF1 localizes to the kinetochore, rescuing the embryo lethal nnf1-1-/- phenotype, but the rescued plants (GFP-NNF1nnf1-/- ) are dwarf, displaying hypomorphic phenotypes with no evidence of mitotic or meiotic segregation defects. GFP-NNF1nnf1-/- dwarf plants have reduced levels of endogenous polyamines, which are partially rescued to wild-type levels upon exogenous application of polyamines. Mutations in the putative leucine zipper-like binding motif of NNF1 gave rise to a dominant-negative tall plant phenotype reminiscent of constitutive gibberellic acid (GA) action. These contrasting hypomorphic dwarf and antimorphic tall phenotypes facilitated us to attribute a moonlighting role to Arabidopsis NNF1 affecting polyamine and GA metabolism apart from its primary role in kinetochores.

Polyamines: Small Amines with Large Effects on Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance.

In recent years, climate change has altered many ecosystems due to a combination of frequent droughts, irregular precipitation, increasingly salinized areas and high temperatures. These environmental changes have also caused a decline in crop yield worldwide. Therefore, there is an urgent need to fully understand the plant responses to abiotic stress and to apply the acquired knowledge to improve stress tolerance in crop plants. The accumulation of polyamines (PAs) in response to many abiotic stresses is one of the most remarkable plant metabolic responses. In this review, we provide an update about the most significant achievements improving plant tolerance to drought, salinity, low and high temperature stresses by exogenous application of PAs or genetic manipulation of endogenous PA levels. We also provide some clues about possible mechanisms underlying PA functions, as well as known cross-talks with other stress signaling pathways. Finally, we discuss about the possible use of PAs for seed priming to induce abiotic stress tolerance in agricultural valuable crop plants.

Foliar application of exogenous polyamines to ameliorate drought-induced oxidative damage and physiological inhibition in Toona ciliata seedlings

ABSTRACTToona ciliata is a tree species native to Oceania, Southeast Asia, China and to the Indian subcontinent that is favoured for production of very high value timber. In this study, the potential for exogenous application of polyamines (PAs) for improving the ability of young trees to tolerate drought stress was examined. Two-year-old seedling trees were treated with foliar sprays of three PAs (putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm)) in 1 mM solutions three times at intervals of one day and then exposed to drought stress by withholding of irrigation over a period of 21 days. The PA pre-treatments reduced water loss and improved membrane integrity, photosynthetic capacity, antioxidant systems and upregulation of the expression of S-adenosylmethionine decarboylase (SAMDC) gene of trees under drought stress, with Spd or Spm pre-treatments generally being superior to that of Put. The enhanced drought tolerance of young T. ciliata seedlings induced by PA pre-treatment was associated with enhanced photosynthetic capacity, and a reduction in the loss of water in association with altered anatomical structure of leaflets.

Transcriptional Modulation of Polyamine Metabolism in Fruit Species Under Abiotic and Biotic Stress.

Polyamines are growth regulators that have been widely implicated in abiotic and biotic stresses. They are also associated with fruit set, ripening, and regulation of fruit quality-related traits. Modulation of their content confers fruit resilience, with polyamine application generally inhibiting postharvest decay. Changes in the content of free and conjugated polyamines in response to stress are highly dependent on the type of abiotic stress applied or the lifestyle of the pathogen. Recent studies suggest that exogenous application of polyamines or modulation of polyamine content by gene editing can confer tolerance to multiple abiotic and biotic stresses simultaneously. In this review, we explore data on polyamine synthesis and catabolism in fruit related to pre- and postharvest stresses. Studies of mutant plants, priming of stress responses, and treatments with polyamines and polyamine inhibitors indicate that these growth regulators can be manipulated to increase fruit productivity with reduced use of pesticides and therefore, under more sustainable conditions.

Polyamines protect mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] plants against drought stress

Drought is a major environmental factor that limits crops productivity. To cope with the adverse effects of drought, plants have evolved various adaptive mechanisms, such as accumulation of osmolytes. Polyamines (PAs) play an important role in the plant growth and development and response to abiotic stresses. This experiment was conducted to investigate the role of exogenous PAs on drought tolerance of mung bean. Mung bean seeds were soaked in 0 or 100 uM putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), spermine (Spm), or their mixture for 10 hr. Then, treated seeds were sown in the field and were exposed to drought stress condition. The growth attributes including shoot length, biomass, leaf area index (LAI), and grain yield markedly reduced due to drought stress. Drought stress also decreased soluble protein content, relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll value, stomatal conductance (gs), and net photosynthetic rate (PN) but increased malondialdehyde (MDA), total soluble sugars (TSS), and proline contents. Nonetheless, seed priming with the mixture of PAs alleviated adverse effects of drought stress and improved all growth attributes. Exogenous application of PAs also increased soluble protein content, RWC, chlorophyll value, PN, and more increased TSS and proline contents but decreased gs and MDA level. These results indicated that seed treatment with PAs especially combined treatment of Put + Spd + Spm could enhance drought tolerance of mung bean plants through the accumulation of osmoprotectants, improving water status, chlorophyll value, and PN as well as reduction of oxidative damage.

Exogenous application of polyamines influences fruit quality of ‘Zaferani’ peach

Exogenous application of polyamines influences fruit quality of ‘Zaferani’ peach

Efficient direct plant regeneration from immature leaf roll explants of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) using polyamines and assessment of genetic fidelity by SCoT markers

A rapid and efficient method for in vitro direct plant regeneration from immature leaf roll explants of Saccharum officinarum L. (sugarcane) cv. Co 86032 was developed by the application of exogenous polyamines (PA). The effect of explant source from apical meristems and pre-culture of explants in the dark on shoot regeneration was studied. Adventitious shoot regeneration occurred on the proximal regions of immature leaf roll explants when pre-incubated in the dark for 2 wk and the regeneration response was decreased from the middle to distal end. A higher number of direct shoots (130 primary shoots explant−1) and multiple shoots (657 secondary shoots explant−1), were obtained with a combination of spermidine (103.27 μM), spermine (49.42 μM), and putrescine (31.04 μM) along with plant growth regulators. Shoot induction was increased up to twofold and multiplication was increased up to threefold in the medium supplemented with PA. Profuse rooting was observed in putrescine (93.12 μM), spermidine (68.84 μM), and spermine (24.71 μM), with mean number of 57 roots. A twofold increase in the number of roots was observed in medium supplemented with PA with respect to control cultures, which facilitated the successful transplantation and acclimatization process of in vitro propagated sugarcane plants. Histology and scanning electron microscopy analyses supported adventitious direct shoot regeneration from immature leaf roll explants. The genetic stability of in vitro regenerated plants was confirmed using start codon targeted polymorphism marker system.

Modulation of cadmium toxicity and enhancing cadmium-tolerance in wheat seedlings by exogenous application of polyamines

Cadmium (Cd) stress causes several negative physiological, biochemical and structural changes due to the oxidative stress caused through the generation of ROS, leading to a reduction in plant growth. To look for an effective method to increase Cd tolerance of wheat seedlings, the effect of presoaking Triticum aestivum L. seeds in spermidine (Spd; 2mM) or spermine (Spm; 2mM) on seedling growth, physiological attributes and antioxidant defence system under 1mM Cd stress were investigated. Spm or Spd alleviated the adverse effects of Cd stress to convergent degrees. Presoaking wheat seeds in either polyamine increased the seedling growth and the activities of antioxidant enzymes compared to the control, but other attributes were slightly affected. Under Cd stress, presoaking seeds in either polyamine significantly increased seedling growth, membrane stability index, relative water content, concentrations of protein, starch, ascorbic acid, total glutathione, Spm and Spd, and the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase. In contrast, electrolyte leakage, concentrations of proline, total soluble sugars, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and Cd2+, and the activities of peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase were reduced compared to the control. These results are important as the potential of Spd or Spm to alleviate the harmful effects of Cd stress offer an opportunity to increase the resistance of wheat seedlings to growth under Cd stress conditions.

Creeping Bentgrass Responses to Drought Stress and Polyamine Application

Polyamines (PAs) such as spermidine (Spd), spermine (Spm), and putrescine are involved in various biological functions including abiotic stress response. Whether PAs play an important role in cool-season turfgrass tolerance of drought stress is not well investigated. We have conducted a series of growth chamber (GC) studies including one hydroponic and two soil-based GC studies with creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) ‘Penncross’ and ‘Penn-G2’ to determine whether exogenous application of PAs may affect plant growth and stress tolerance. Application of relatively low concentrations of Spd (500 or 750 μM) or Spm (500 μM) promoted tillering rates under optimal growth conditions in hydroponics. The same levels of PA treatments moderated the damages associated with drought stress in the soil-based GC studies. The most notable differences in drought response associated with PA treatment were increased membrane health. This was observed as greater photochemical efficiency, higher quantum yield, less electrolyte leakage, and less lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde content) in PA-treated plants compared with control plants. The relatively low level of exogenous PAs used in this study did not have a major effect on plant water relations under drought stress. Canopy temperatures and soil moisture content were unaffected by any PA treatment; however, on some days during early drought stress, relative water content was significantly higher in PA-treated plants compared with controls. PA could play a major role in protecting photosynthetic and cellular membranes during drought stress of creeping bentgrass.

Comparative Proteomic and Physiological Analyses Reveal the Protective Effect of Exogenous Polyamines in the Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Response to Salt and Drought Stresses

Polyamines conferred enhanced abiotic stress tolerance in multiple plant species. However, the effect of polyamines on abiotic stress and physiological change in bermudagrass, the most widely used warm-season turfgrasses, are unknown. In this study, pretreatment of exogenous polyamine conferred increased salt and drought tolerances in bermudagrass. Comparative proteomic analysis was performed to further investigate polyamines mediated responses, and 36 commonly regulated proteins by at least two types of polyamines in bermudagrass were successfully identified, including 12 proteins with increased level, 20 proteins with decreased level and other 4 specifically expressed proteins. Among them, proteins involved in electron transport and energy pathways were largely enriched, and nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) and three antioxidant enzymes were extensively regulated by polyamines. Dissection of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels indicated that polyamine-derived H2O2 production might play dual roles under abiotic stress conditions. Moreover, accumulation of osmolytes was also observed after application of exogenous polyamines, which is consistent with proteomics results that several proteins involved in carbon fixation pathway were mediated commonly by polyamines pretreatment. Taken together, we proposed that polyamines could activate multiple pathways that enhance bermudagrass adaption to salt and drought stresses. These findings might be applicable for genetically engineering of grasses and crops to improve stress tolerance.

The nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside regulates polyamine and proline metabolism in leaves of Medicago truncatula plants

Nitric oxide (NO), polyamines, and proline have all been suggested to play key roles in a wide spectrum of physiological processes and abiotic stress responses. Although exogenous application of polyamines has been shown to induce NO production, the effect of NO on polyamine biosynthesis has not yet been elucidated. Several reports exist that demonstrate the protective action of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a widely used NO donor, which acts as a signal molecule in plants responsible for the regulation of the expression of many defense-related enzymes. This study attempted to provide a novel insight into the effects of application of low (100μΜ) and high (2.5mM) concentrations of SNP on the biosynthesis of two major abiotic stress response-related metabolites, polyamines and proline, in mature (40 day) and senescing (65 day) Medicago truncatula plants. Physiological data showed that long-term (24h), higher SNP concentration resulted in decreased photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance followed by intracellular putrescine and proline accumulation, as a result of an increase in biosynthetic arginine decarboxylase (ADC) and Δ11Abbreviations used: ROS, reactive oxygen species; RNS, reactive nitrogen species; SNP, sodium nitroprusside; PA, polyamine; ODC, ornithine decarboxylase; ADC, arginine decarboxylase; SPDS, spermidine synthase; SPMS, spermine synthase; SAMDC, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase; DAO, diamine oxidase; PAO, polyamine oxidase; Put, putrescine; Spd, spermidine; Spm, spermine; P5CS, Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase; P5CR, pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase. -pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) enzymatic activity, respectively. Further analysis of polyamine oxidase (PAO)/diamine oxidase (DAO) polyamine catabolic enzymes indicated that DAO enzymatic activity increased significantly in correlation with putrescine accumulation, whereas PAO activity, involved in spermidine/spermine degradation, increased slightly. Moreover, transcriptional analysis of polyamine and proline metabolism genes (P5CS, P5CR, ADC, SPMS, SPDS, SAMDC, PAO, DAO) further supported the obtained data and revealed a complex SNP concentration-, time-, and developmental stage-dependent mechanism controlling endogenous proline and polyamine metabolite production. This is the first report to provide a global analysis leading to a better understanding of the role of the widely used NO donor SNP in the regulation of key stress-related metabolic pathways.

English

The role of polyamines in the heat-shock protection of soybean seedling by application of exogenous polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) and their biosynthetic inhibitors involving CHA (cyclohexylamine) and DFMO (D, L &alpha;-diflouromethylornithine) was investigated. Application of polyamines, as a pre-treatment at 28&deg;C for 2 h prior to heat-shock (45&deg;C for 2 h), enhanced the recovery growth of both roots and hypocotyls. Treatment with polyamine biosynthetic inhibitors, that is, CHA and DFMO resulted in thermo sensitization, making seedlings vulnerable to heat-shock. Treatment of polyamines plus inhibitors reduced inhibitory effects and enhanced the growth recovery of seedling. Application of polyamines decreased electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde from different tissue sections, suggesting protection of membrane integrity. Our results show that in comparisons with the heat-shock control, CaCl2&nbsp;application in similar to&nbsp;PAs&nbsp;decreased electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation from root and hypocotyl tissue sections, and&nbsp;in contrast, in the presence of&nbsp;EGTA (a chelator of calcium), the stress injury intensified and growth were severely inhibited, and electrolyte leakage and MDA content of roots were significantly increased.&nbsp;We&nbsp;suggest that under stress conditions, polyamines may replace calcium in maintaining membrane integrity by binding to phospholipids of the membrane. &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;Polyamines,&nbsp;Glycine max, electrolyte leakage, heat-shock, lipid peroxidation, seedling growth.

Tuber formation and development of Dioscorea cayenensis–Dioscorea rotundata complex in vitro effect of polyamines

Tuberisation was obtained in vitro on yam (Dioscorea cayenensis–Dioscorea rotundata complex). The effect of exogenous polyamines on tuber formation and development (length and weight of microtubers) was investigated and discussed in relation with changes in endogenous polyamines. Application of exogenous polyamines, inhibitors of their metabolism, and polyamines precursors in various concentrations positively affected microtuber formation by yam nodal cuttings and their further development. In control conditions, 3 wk are needed to obtain 100% of tuberisation. With low concentrations of putrescine (10−5 or 10−6 M), tuber formation occurred earlier. Polyamine endogenous level and metabolism can be significantly affected by exogenous polyamines, but modifications of endogenous free polyamines could not be directly correlated to the tuber formation process. Increases in endogenous putrescine and auxins were observed in tubers showing a better development in the presence of putrescine. These results can be used for optimising in vitro conditions for mass production of larger microtubers of the D. cayenensis–D. rotundata complex.

Paraquat 스트레스를 받는 무 (Raphanus sativus L) 유식물에서 H2O2분해 효소에 대한 폴리아민의 효과

Application of exogenous polyamines (PAs) reduced the paraquat (PQ)-induced cotyledon injuries in radish seedling plants with 1 mM spermidine (Spd) being the most effective protectant. PQ injury symptoms in the cotyledons, e.g., large accumulation of H2O2 , and losses of fresh weight, chlorophyll, and proteins, were significantly alleviated. Likewise, analysis of H2O2-scavenging enzymes such as catalase (CAT) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) showed that pretreatment with Spd among PAs remarkably increased total CAT activity and strongly retarded PQ-induced rapid decline in total GPX activity. In a native gel assay, one CAT isozyme (CAT1) and two GPX isozymes (GPX1 and a newly synthesized GPX isozyme) proved to be more responsible for PQ tolerance, as manifested by the strong increases in their activities by Spd pretreatment. Based on these results, we can suggest that PAs (especially 1 mM Spd) may function as antioxidant protectors by invoking CAT and GPX enzymes which control the endogenous H2O2 level in radish cotyledons exposed to PQ.